Robotics
First Quarter
Robotics
- Design, construction, and
use of machines (robots) to
perform tasks done
traditionally by human
beings
- Branch of technology that
deals with the design,
construction, operation, and
application of robots
- Consists of not just robots,
but also other devices and
systems used together with
robots
- May be used in
manufacturing
environments, in
underwater and space
exploration, for aiding the
disabled, or even for fun
- Interdisciplinary subject
that benefits from
mechanical engineering,
electrical and electronic
engineering, computer
science, cognitive sciences,
biology, and many other
disciplines
Isaac Asimov
- Earliest person recorded to
use the word robotics
- Science fiction novelist in his
short story “Liar!”
- Wrote prodigiously on a
wide variety of subjects
- Best known for his works of
science fiction
Robots
- First used in 1920 by Czech
playwright Karel Capek
- Comes from the Slavic word
“Robota” which means work
or labor
- Machine designed to
accomplish task
- Machines that used
programming to make
decisions
- Widely used in such
industries as automobile
manufacture to perform
simple repetitive tasks, and
in industries where work
must be performed in
environments hazardous to
humans
Rossum’s Universal Robot
(R.U.R)
- Word robot was first
introduced here
- Opened in Prague in
January 1921
- Plot: man makes robot then
robot kills man
- Robots can clearly think for
themselves, though they’re
content to serve. They
remember everything, but
think of nothing original or
unique
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First Quarter

Autonomous Robot Sense Sensors

- Mobile computer that is
capable of interacting with - Sight - Light
the environment through - Smell - Camera
- Touch - Tempera
sensors and actuators in
- Hear ture
order to perform various - Taste - Gas
intelligent tasks without - Touch
constant attention from - Accelero
humans meter

Dr. Grey Walter Light Sensors

- Neurologist who built the
first autonomous robot
called “The Tortoise” in 1949
- Without the aid of modern
day computer processor he
built the first reactive,
autonomous robots that
could wander about and
avoid obstacles
- His autonomous robot
represent the first real world
demonstration of artificial
life
Components of a Robot
Sensors
- Must be able to detect
things like images and
sound accurately
- Devices that allow robots to
measure physical properties
of its environment
- Allows a robot to have
different functions
- Detects light, generates
change in voltage
- Photoresisor, photovoltaic
cell (found in solar panels)
Sound Sensor
- Has diaphragm which
vibrates when hit by sound
waves
- Decibel meter (most known
example of sound sensor,
found in microphones)
Temperature Sensor
- Found in robots that
operate in extreme weather
condition
- Detects temp of robot for
optimization
- Changes voltage upon
adjusting the temp
- Integrated Circuit (IC)
Temperature Sensor,
Thermometer
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First Quarter

Contact Sensor - Piezoelectric accelerometer:

- Requires touch to function Most common acceleration
- Types: Bumper and Tactile sensor that works by
- Capacitive Sensors: Kind of converting force exerted
sensor that reacts to human into an electric charge
touch
- Can be found in Actuators
touchscreen devices - Used in order to produce
- Works through magnetic mechanical movement of
fields robots
- Actuation: Process of
Proximity Sensor conversion of energy to
- Detects objects mechanical form
- Distance is predefined by - Actual mechanism that
detection of enables the effector to
electromagnetic fields, execute an action
radiation, and light & sound
- Infrared Transceivers (light), Effectors
Ultrasonic Sensor (sound), - Any device that affects the
Photoresistor (light) environment
- Under the control of the
Positioning/Navigating Sensors robot
- Focuses on the position of - Can range from legs and
the robot wheels to arms and fingers
- Global Positioning System Act Actuators
(GPS), Navigation Map
(Useful for specific places - Legs - DC
that concern robot’s - Arms - AC
- Hands - Servo
operation
- Stepper
- Solenoids
Acceleration Sensors
- Detect and measures
Control System
acceleration and tilt
- Created and modified to be
- Tilt-angle denoting
able to perform the required
movement of something
function
into a sloping position
-
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- Makes all the decisions
necessary to get the sensors
and effectors working
together
- Help to control the
movements and functions
of the robot
- Allow for the movement
and function of various
parts of the robot, as well as
execute a specific set of
motions and forces in the
presence of unforeseen
errors
- Level of interaction between
human and machine
decides how versatile and
adaptable the robot is
Classification of Robots
Types of Robots
- Based from its locomotive
property
- Stationary
- Wheeled
- Legged
- Specialized Locomotor
Capability of Stationary Robot
- Envelope or space within
which the robot can
manipulate is the end of its
wrist
- Extreme positions of the
robot axes, describe a
boundary for the region, in
which the robot operates
Positions of the Robot Axes
- Number of joints
- Types of joints
- Range of motion of joints
- Physical size of joints
Manual Robot
- Has multiple degrees of
freedom, but all of its
actions are performed
under the direct control of
an operator
Degree of Freedom (d.o.f)
- Every mechanical point on a
robot, except in the gripper
or tool, at which some form
of joint induces motion in a
robot is called a degree of
freedom
- Robots are normally
classified according to the
number of d.o.f they possess
Fixed Sequence Robot
- Repeats a fixed sequence of
actions without needing to
be controlled by an operator
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First Quarter
Variable Sequence Robot
- Device that performs the
successive stages of a task
according to a
predetermined method
easy to modify
Playback Robot
- Human operator performs
the task manually by
leading the robot
Numerical Control Robot
- Operator supplies the
movement program rather
than teaching it the task
manually
Intelligent Robot
- Robot with the means to
understand its environment
and the ability to
successfully complete a task
despite changes to the
environment
Association of Robotics
- Robotics association in the
world
Associations
JIRA - Japan Industrial Robotics
Association
WRO - World Robotic Olympiad
Intel ISEF
RIA - Robotics Institute of
America
IFR - International Federation of
Robotics
CRIA - China Robot Industry
Alliance
IEEE robot & automation
society
Intel ISEF
Biomechanics
- Studies and apparatus
which mimic the role of
mechanics in biological
systems
Cognitive Systems
- studies/apparatus that
operate similarly to the ways
humans think and process
information
-
Control Theory
- Studies that explore the
behavior of dynamical
systems which inputs, and
how their behavior is
modified by feedback
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First Quarter

Machine Learning Industrial Robot

- Construction and/or study of
algorithms that can learn
Material Handling
from data
- Moving materials or parts
- Machine loading and
Robot Kinematics
unloading
- Study of movement in
robotic systems
Processing Operations
- Manipulating a tool
Application of Robotics - Spot welding, spray painting

Military Assembly and Inspection

- Hazbot III - May involve moving parts or
- JPL’s Emergency Response tools
Robotics
Future Robotics
Education
- ASIMO
Robonaut R2
- Honda develops intelligence
- NASA trains its first
technologies enabling
humanoid robots for space
multiple ASIMO robots to
missions
work together in
coordination
NanoBot (Nanorobotics)
- Technology of creating
Medicine
machines or robots
- MiniBot
(nanobots) at or close to the
- Swallowing a robot that pill
microscopic scale of
lodges in the intestine and
nanometers
carries internal tissue test

SuperBot
- Modular robot that consists
of many reconfigurable
modules
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First Quarter
Robots in Movies and
Television Shows
1980s
- Voltes V
- Mazinger-Z
2007
- First Transformers science
fiction movie
- Features Autobots and evil
Decepticons
- Comprises the two factions
of alien robots who can
disguise themselves by
transforming into everyday
vehicles and machinery
2008 - Wall-E
- Animated science fiction
romantic movie produced
by Pixar Animation Studios
- Tells of the distant future
adventures of a waste
collecting robot named
Wall-E and fell in love with
another robot named Eve
- They accidentally embark
on a space of journey that
will ultimately decide the
fate of mankind
- Both robot exhibit an
appearance of free will and
emotions similar to humans
2009
- Transformers Revenge of
the Fallen
2011
- Transformers: Dark of the
Moon
Marc Andre Bazergui
- Canadian
Scientist/Programmer
- LEGO enthusiast
- Made his own version of
Wall-E made of LEGO
Mindstorms
- Used 6 NXT bricks, 17 motors
and thousands of parts
Timeline in the History of
Robotics
400 BC - Babylonians
- Clepsydra
- Time measuring device
1645 CE - Leonardo da Vinci
- Designed the first
humanoid robot
- The metal plated warrior, a
suit of armor that sits-up,
opens, and closes its arms,
moves its heads, and opens
its visor
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1921 - Czech
- The Czech word robota,
which means hard work or
forced work
1801 - Joseph-Marie Jacquard
- Invents an automated loom
1939 - Japanese
- Liliput
- First robot toy
1940s
- Atomic Robot Man
- Followed liliput
1961 - George Devol
- Unimate: Very first industrial
robot
- Come up with a
machine-like arm licensed
in 1954 (granted in 1961)
- Unimate was an advanced
as an outturn of the
forethought and business
awareness of Joseph
Engelberger - father of
robotics
1966 - Artificial Intelligence
Center (AIC) of Stanford
Research Institute (SRI
International)
- Developed Shakey, the first
mobile robot
1981 - Hiroshi Makimo
- Developed the
SCARA-Robot (Selective
Compliance Assembly
Robot Arm)
1995
- Buzz Lightyear
1988 - LEGO
- Introduces Mindstorms Inc.,
the popular system for
Robotics Education
2000 - NASA
- Produces the first version of
Robonaut, a dexterous robot
designed to work with
astronauts
2012 - Rethink Robotics
- Releases Baxter, a low-cost
humanoid torso-typed to be
easily taught tasks, work
safely around humans, and
require minimal set-up
straight out of the box
2017 - Labrador, John Lear et.,al
- Diwata-1 (PHL Microsat-1)
- First satellite constructed an
creatively designed by
filipinos
- Set in motion to the
International Space Station
on March 23, 2016, and was
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stationed into orbit from the
ISS on April 27,106
Future Robotics - YOU
- Study about advances in AI
robots, innovated in
industrial robotics, explore
into machine-like arms used
in different fields in
industries
The Writer
- Oldest robot
- 240-Year-Old Automaton
- Looks simply like a doll
holding a quill and sitting
on a pedestal
- Still works perfectly up to
this day
- Made from around 6000
parts, which have been
miniaturized and designed
to fit into the body of the
doll
- Can write any word or
sentence up to 40
characters in length
- Able to control the pressure
of the quill on the paper
while writing
- The eyes follow the writing
on the paper as if it is
actually following what is
writing
- An ancestor to modern
computers because it was
programmable
- The letters and words would
be preset and could easily
be rearranged
Jaquet-Droz
- Built the automaton, The
Writer
- well known automaton
builder
- Built the automaton with
the help of his son
- They used techniques such
as homeostasis and
miniaturization to complete
the robot
- Also made The Musician
and The Draughtsman,
which can be seen at the
Art and History Museum in
Neuchatel, Switzerland
Laws of Robotics
1. A robot may injure a human
being or through inaction,
allow human being to come
to harm
2. A robot must obey the
orders given to it by human
beings except where such
orders would conflict with
the First Law
3. A robot must protect its
own existence as long as
such protection does not
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First Quarter
conflict with the First or
Second Law
Robotics II
Benefits of robots
- Include improved
management control,
productivity, and
consistently high quality
products
Robotics for Bioproduction
- Been developed in the
world
- Predicted that they will be
commercialized in the 21st
century’
- Already commercialized by
some companies in Japan
and European countries
Hazbot III
- Part of JPL’s Emergency
Response Robotics Project,
a five-year effort begun in
1991 to apply robotics
technology to the safe
handling of hazardous
materials
- Six-degree-of-freedom
manipulator with a
30-pound lift capability
allows the robot to perform
a variety of tasks including
- Mars’s past
the unlocking and opening
of doors
- Manipulator also
incorporates a parallel jaw
gripper with a 60-pound
squeeze force and a gas
detector to aid in material
identification
- Small enough to maneuver
in tight surroundings
- Hold potential for use in
mining and law
enforcement
- Can be used for fire fighting,
and personal protection
devices
- Vehicle has a tank-like track
drive with articulated front
and rear sections to enable
it to climb stairs and other
obstacles
- Constructed for the small
laboratory environment
where it has to be able to
unlock and open doors, get
inside and get a visual
picture of the total
environment
Mars 2003 Rover Project
- Designed to have two
scientific rovers going to
Mars in 2003
- Each rover will search for
evidence of liquid water that
may have been present in
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- Rovers will be identical to
each other, but will land at
different regions
Jobs (NASA Programs)
- JPL’s Robotics Program
- Intelligent Mechanisms
Group (IMG)
- NASA Space Telerobotics
Program
- Automation
- Animatronics
- Bioscience
- Mechanical Engineer
JPL’s Robotics Program
- Works toward enabling
more efficient, lower cost
missions dedicated to
planetary surface and solar
system exploration, Earth
observations from space,
astrophysical experiments
in space and on the Moon,
and the extension of human
capabilities in space
Intelligent Mechanisms Group
(IMG)
- Develops and advances the
technology of planetary and
space-based robotic
systems
- Build intelligent
mechanisms and then test
them in realistic field
experiments
NASA Space Telerobotics
Program
- Element of NASA’s ongoing
research program, under
the responsibility of the
Office of Space Science
- Designed to develop
telerobotic capabilities for
remote mobility and
manipulation, by merging
robotics and teleoperations
and creating new
telerobotics technology
Cassini Mission
- International venture
involving NASA, European
Space Agency (ESA), Italian
Space Agency (ASI), and
several separate European
academic and industrial
partners
- Managed for NASA by JPL
- Spacecraft carries a
sophisticated complement
of scientific sensors to
support 27 different
investigations to probe the
mysteries of the Saturn
system
- Seven-year program
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Mechanisms of robot
applied to robot toys
Educational Robots
- Similar to real robots to
teach principles of
programming in a fun way
and make technology more
familiar
Dirty
- Mindstorms In., Roblox
Punch Card Control
- Charles Babbage used cards
to store programs for his
Analytical Engine
- In late 19th Century, Herman
Holerith (founder of a
company that should later
become IBM), took the idea
of using a punch card a step
further when he created a
punch card tabulating
machine used in 1890 US
Census
4D Jobs
Difficult
Dull
- Low interaction
- High repetition jobs
- Require very little human
thought, and typically
involve processes that have
a sole objective of bulk
efficiently or output
- Robots have the unique
ability to work around the
clock and streamline “dull”
processes, saving
businesses more money
and freeing human capital
to pursue more variable,
cognitive tasks
- Robots are exceptionally
positioned for the “dirty”,
often unsanitary or
hazardous jobs that can
otherwise have an adverse
effect on human health
- Roles in the society that are
unfavorable, but ‘somebody
has to do it’
- Include waste
management, livestock
nurturing, and mine
exploration
- Robots remove humans
from risk and harm in these
situations
- As robotics develop
intelligence, dexterity, and
autonomicity, they are
ushering in a new chapter in
jobs where robots are better
suited – “difficult”,
calculated tasks that require
a low margin of error and a
high level of detail.
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First Quarter

- Some of the more routine

procedures performed by
microchip manufacturers,
medical surgeons, and lab
technicians are already
partially or completely
replaced by precision
robotics.

Dangerous
- Jobs that put humans in
“dangerous” or harmful
situations are the final
category in the original ‘3Ds’
that robots are well suited to
perform.
- In addition to preventing
the loss of human lives,
robots have the capacity to
measure and detect
variables beyond human
perception.
- Robots can defuse bombs,
traverse distant planets,
manage nuclear plants, and
inspect unstable structures.