S5

Lab 7 Synchronous Machine

EN5001
Día / mes /Electric
año Machine

20/05/2020
EN5001: Electric Machine Lei Zhang

Lab 7 DC Machine

I. Starting

II. Speed regulation

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1 Starting
 I. Starting of a separate dc motor
1. Starting: a process from static state to a steady state for a dc motor. Initially there is a
magnetic field established, then the armature EMF is induced. As soon as the motor starts, 𝑛 =
𝑈−𝐸 𝑈
0, 𝐸 = 0, armature current 𝐼𝑎 = = , which results in heating up the winding and
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎
significantly increased electromagnetic force. Therefore the armature current should be limited
to a certain value. However, the electromagnetic force is proportional to the current, which
leads to the hope of higher current.

2. The basic requirements for starting a dc motor

▪ The big enough starting torque 𝑇𝑠𝑡 ;
▪ The starting current is limited as a certain range;
▪ The short starting time;
▪ The starting equipment should be simple, economic and robust.
3. Common methods
▪ Direct starting;
▪ Armature string resistor starting up
▪ Voltage Step-down starting up
 I. Starting of a separate dc motor
4. Resistance step start:
According to the requirements of
starting a motor, it is needed to
carefully select the starting torque
T1 which is also the maximum
torque of the motor and also the
switching resistance point torque
T2.

Nomrally:
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Speed regulation

2
2. Speed regulation of a separate DC motor

i. Speed regulation characteristics

ii.String resistor method
iii.Voltage regulation method
iv.Magnetic flux method
i. Speed regulation characteristics
𝑈 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅Ω
𝑛= −
𝐶𝑒 𝜙 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑀 𝜙 2

▪ Therefore to realize the speed regulation, there are three methods:

1) To regulate the armature voltage U;to decrease the votlage would lead to the speed to
decrease.
2) To regulate the magnetic flux 𝜙, to increase 𝜙would lead to the speed to decrease.
3) To regulate the external string resistance 𝑅𝛺 , to increase 𝑅𝛺 will lead to the speed to
decrease.
Note：speed regulation is different from the speed change due to the load change. The speed
regulation is manually change the electric parameters of the motor, and mechanical characteristics.
However, if only the load is changed, the mechanical characteristics maintains the same, which means
the same curve is applied.
ii. Armature string resistor
1) Physical process
After the external string resistor is connected, the
resistor has the voltage drop on it, therefore the
armature terminal votlage decreases. The figure
shows that when the motor is lightly loaded, there
is no speed regultion effect. If the load torque is Tz,
then for different resistor value, the speed can be
regulated to different value.
2) Features
The speed regulation range is not large, and the
speed regulation is stepped.
iii. Voltage Regulation method
Features： The characteristic hardness remains unchanged, the ration of the
maximum speed to minimum spee dis large, and the smoothness is good. But the
investment is large.
iv. Magnetic flux method

1) Physical process
For a small capacity motor, the adjustable resistors
in the excitation circuit can be connected in series;
and for a large capacity motor, a separate
controlled rectifier device is applied to supply
power to the excitation circuit.
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅Ω
When 𝜙 ↓, 𝑛0 ↑, the slope of the curve 𝛽 =
𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑀 𝜙2
iv. Magnetic flux method
2) Speed regulation analysis
The motor initially works as A point. To change
the excitation magnetic flux, an extra resistor is
added to the excitation winding. The excitation
is not saturated, 𝐼𝑓 and 𝜙 decrease exponentially,
while n can not change suddenly 𝐸𝑎 ↓ when 𝜙 ↓
𝐼𝑎 = (𝑈 − 𝐸𝑎 )/𝑅𝑎 ↑ T↑ 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑧 , the
motor gets accelerated. The rotor speed increase
from 𝑛1 to a certian value, which results in Ea
rebounding. Then 𝐼𝑎 falls back. T falls back
until 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑧 to reach a new steady state B point.
iv. Magnetic flux method
3) Features:
Easy to control, less energy los, smooth speed
regulation, the limited speed range which is no more
than 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

Note: If the excitation circuit is broken, the magnetic

flux is the leftover flux, then 𝐼𝑎 increases, the rotor
speed increases. It is very dangerous to the armature.
It is needed to have some protection for the fault
case .
Thank you for your attention!