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 Introduction
Hydrocarbons

>> simplest organic compounds

>> made from hydrogen and carbon ONLY
* carbon atoms are joined together by single , double or triple bonds
* carbon atoms and hydrogen are bonded together by single bonds

Ethene

Displayed
Ethane
formula

Types of formulas for organic molecules

1- empirical formula
>> tells u the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound

2- Molecular formula
>> counts the actual numbers of each type of atom present in a molecule
>> molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula
Sometimes the molecular and empirical formula can be the same
3- structural
>> shows how the atoms in a molecule are joined together
Example : CH3CH2CH2CH3

4- displayed formula
>> shows all the bond in the molecule as individual lines
* each line presents a shared pain of electrons
Hint: a double bond indicates 2 shared electrons (=)
Structural formula of a double bond CH3CH=CH2

5- General formula
>> a formula that’s represents a house of organic compounds
Alkenes general formula : CnH2n

>> Homologous series

An homologous series is a series of compounds with similar
* general formula
* chemical properties ( cause they have the same functional group)
* shows a gradual increase in melting and boiling point

Different homologous series have different general formulas

Functional group : a group of atoms or an atom that determine the chemical
properties of a compound

Compounds in the same homologous group have the same functional group
Example : Alkene is C=C , Alcohol is -OH

Meth -1
Eth - 2
Prop -3
But -4
Pent -5
Hex -6
Hept -7
 Crude oil
Crude oil

» crude oil is a finite, non renewable resource

» crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds that have hydrogen and
oxygen only )

Physical properties of hydrocarbons

» As number ot carbon atoms increase the number of hydrogen atoms also
increase ( the molecule gets bigger )
* molecules get bigger the intermolecular forces become strange traction and
become more difficult to pull one molecule from the neighboring atom

As the molecules get bigger :

» Boiling point increases:

The bigger the molecules the stronger the intermolecular forces of
attraction therefore more energy is needed to break these stronger
forces of attraction
→ the liquids become less volatile
The bigger the hydrocarbon the more slowly it evaporates at room
temp ( bigger molecules = stronger forces of attraction = don’t turn into
gas easily )

→ the liquids become more viscous and flow less easily

Smaller molecules = runny liquid / bigger molecules = strong forces of
attraction between molecules = less runny

» Liquid becomes darker in color

>> bigger hydrocarbons don’t burn easily