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A TREATISE ON NORTHERN IRELAND

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A Treatise on
Northern Ireland
Volume 1: Colonialism

The Shackles of the State and

Hereditary Animosities

B R E N D A N O ’ LEARY

1
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3
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To Lori Salem
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Contents: Volume 1

List of Figures xi
List of Maps xiii
List of Tables xv
List of Boxes xvii
Abbreviations and Glossary xix
Terminology xxix

Introduction 1
National and Ethnic Conflict and the Daily Recognition of Identities 9
History and Northern Ireland 17
Plan of the Volumes 21
Concepts and Methods 23
1.1. An Audit of Violence after 1966 27
The Spatial Distribution of Political Death 30
The Comparative Scale of the Conflict: “Troubles” or “War”? 37
The Combatants and their Victims 47
The Combatants: Republicans, Loyalists, and UK Security Forces 52
Forms of Killing 74
Trends in Deaths 1969–1990 versus 1991–2012 75
Victims and Responsibilities for Deaths 82
Injuries, Explosions, Shootings, Robberies, Intimidation, Incarcerations,
and Dirty War 90
Among Other Costs 97
Appendix 1.1.1: Different DataBases on Killings in Northern Ireland 103
1.2. Conceptual Conspectus: Colonialism 106
Definitions and Applications 108
Purposes and Types 118
Godly Matters 121
Internal Colonialism 123
The Dependent Kingdom Thesis: A False Alternative 125
Ruling Indirectly to Contain Nationalism 126
A Normal Ancien Régime? 127
The Union without Union 133
Marxism and Colonialism in Ireland 136
“Postcolonialists” and Colonialism 138
Bonn and Composite Colonialism in Ireland 139
On the Alternative 141
The Persistence and Vicissitudes of Settler Colonial Ideologies in Ulster 142
What was Wrong with Colonialism and how it was Remedied 144
1.3. Wild and Bitter Fruits and Royal Pains: Colonial Triangles
and Trilemmas, 1603–1800 146
Slow and Incomplete Penetration 149
Planting Ulster 156
The Rising of 1641 and the Catholic Confederacy 172
The Confederation of Kilkenny 178
Cromwell’s Moment and its Aftermath 181
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viii Contents: Volume 1

The Restoration and the Dutch Coup 189

Outlawing Catholicism and Dissent: The Penal Laws 193
From Jacobites and Loyalists to Jacobins and Unionists 202
1.4. Overlooked by the Tall Kingdom before Dying of Political
Economy: Ireland under the Union, 1801–1857 217
Emancipation 221
The Protestant Crown, Orange Lords, and Internal Colonialism 230
Authority in the Union 237
Fiscal Dependencies and Uneven Development 241
Repeal and Ulster 245
The Political Economy of Famine 246
The State and the Godly 255
Anglicization without West Britons 258
Appendix 1.4.1: Facts and Tales about Irish Americans 259
1.5. Crying Aloud for Vengeance and the Power of a Colonial Caste:
Toward Union’s End, 1858–1914 263
Participation Crises 264
Mobility and Blocked Social Mobility 272
The Contest over Hearts, Schools, and Colleges 277
Irish Nationalism, Republicanism, Land Questions, Home Rule,
and Unionism 279
Countdown to Civil War 290
World War to the Rescue 305
1.6. “’Twas better to die ’neath an Irish sky, than at Suvla, or
Sud-El-Bar”: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, 1914–1922 311
The First World War 314
The Easter Rising and its Aftermath 320
The Irish Convention 330
The Elections of 1918 333
An Act of Partition 338
The War of Independence 340
On the Failure to Federalize, 1886–1922 344
Irish Nationalism and Ulster Unionism in Comparative Perspective 352
Conclusion 360
1.7. Scratches across the Heart: Comparing Ireland’s Partition 370
Clarifying Lines 370
Types of Partition 372
Implications of Comparative Partitions 375
Explaining Partition 376
Justifications of Partition 381
The Modalities 383
The Counterarguments of Anti-partitionists 385
Judging Partition 391
Fraud and Deceit on Partition in the Making of the Treaty and its
Implementation 391

Acknowledgments 397
Notes 403
Bibliography 435
Index of Names 483
General Index 497
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Contents for All Three Volumes

VOLUME 1: COLONIALISM
THE SHACKLES OF THE STATE AND
HEREDITARY ANIMOSITIES

List of Figures xi
List of Maps xiii
List of Tables xv
List of Boxes xvii
Abbreviations and Glossary xix
Terminology xxix

Introduction 1
1.1. An Audit of Violence after 1966 27
1.2. Conceptual Conspectus: Colonialism 106
1.3. Wild and Bitter Fruits and Royal Pains: Colonial
Triangles and Trilemmas, 1603–1800 146
1.4. Overlooked by the Tall Kingdom before Dying of Political
Economy: Ireland under the Union, 1801–1857 217
1.5. Crying Aloud for Vengeance and the Power of a Colonial Caste:
Toward Union’s End, 1858–1914 263
1.6. “ ’Twas better to die ’neath an Irish sky, than at Suvla, or
Sud-El-Bar”: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, 1914–1922 311
1.7. Scratches across the Heart: Comparing Ireland’s Partition 370

Acknowledgments 397
Notes 403
Bibliography 435
Index of Names 483
General Index 497

VOLUME 2: CONTROL
THE SECOND PROTESTANT ASCENDANCY
AND THE IRISH STATE

List of Figures xiii

List of Maps xv
List of Tables xvii
List of Boxes xix
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x Contents for All Three Volumes

Abbreviations and Glossary xxi

Terminology xxxi
2.1. Conceptual Conspectus: Control 1
2.2. Not an Inch: Gaining Control in the North, 1919–1939 17
2.3. Digesting Decolonization: From Declared to Undeclared
Republic, 1919–1940 61
2.4. The Unexpected Stabilization of Control: The Second World
War and its Aftermath, 1940–1957 126
2.5. Losing Control, 1958–1972 148
2.6. British Intervention: The Politics of Embarrassment, 1969–1972 176

Acknowledgments 197
Notes 203
Bibliography 219
Index of Names 239
General Index 246

VOLUME 3: CONSOCIATION AND CONFEDERATION

FROM ANTAGONISM TO ACCOMMODATION?
List of Figures xxiii
List of Maps xxv
List of Tables xxvii
List of Boxes xxix
Abbreviations and Glossary xxxi
Terminology xli

3.1. Conceptual Conspectus: Consociation and Arbitration 1

3.2. “No. Please Understand”: The Return to Imperial Direct Rule
and the Limits to British Arbitration, 1972–1985 33
3.3. An Experiment in Coercive Consociation: The Making, Meaning(s),
and Outcomes of the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985–1992 87
3.4. A Tract of Time between War and Peace: Melding Negotiations
and a Peace Process, and the Making of the Belfast and the
British–Irish Agreements, 1992–1998 135
3.5. The Making, Meaning(s), and Tasks of the 1998 Agreement 175
3.6. The Long Negotiation: The Tribunes Become Consuls, 2002–2016 230
3.7. Confederal and Consociational Futures 290

Notes 365
Acknowledgments 391
Bibliography 397
Index of Names 429
General Index 439
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List of Figures

1.1.1. Places people were killed in the region, the Isles and the EU, 1969–2001 30
1.1.2. The distribution of killings in Belfast, 1966–2003 31
1.1.3. Two-way plot of killings (1969–2001) by parliamentary constituencies
as of 1997, and percentage of constituency voting for nationalist parties
in the Westminster elections of 2001 33
1.1.4. The first war: The triangle of ethno-national combat, 1969–1989 48
1.1.5. The second war: The killing of civilians, 1969–1989 49
1.1.6. The two wars, 1969–1989 50
1.1.7. The republican reading of the war, 1969–1989 51
1.1.8. The annual and cumulative death toll from political violence, 1969–1990 75
1.1.9. The annual and cumulative death toll from political violence, 1991–2012 77
1.1.10. The civilian annual death toll from political violence, 1966–2003 77
1.1.11(a). Escalation: Civilians killed, 1966–1976 78
1.1.11(b). Containment: Civilians killed, 1977–1986 78
1.1.11(c). Peace process: Civilians killed, 1987–2003 79
1.1.12. Armed agents responsible for deaths, 1969–1989 (IIP), 1969–2001
(Sutton), and 1966–2003 (Lost Lives) 85
1.1.13. Status of victims, 1969–1989 (IIP) and 1966–2003 (Lost Lives) 85
1.1.14. Estimates of the success of armed agents in killing their intended
targets, and their responsibilities for civilian deaths, 1969–1989 (IIP) 88
1.1.15. Data on related violence, with five-year trend lines, 1969–2011 91
1.1.16. Conflict-related injuries, 1990–2011 92
1.1.17(a). Loyalist and republican paramilitary-style attacks, shootings, 1991–2012 95
1.1.17(b). Loyalist and republican paramilitary-style attacks, assaults, 1991–2012
(assaults) 95
1.1.18. Northern Ireland prison population, 1967–2012 97
1.3.1. Two centuries of colonial land confiscation 186
1.4.1. Population growth and decline in the Isles, 1801–1921 220
1.4.1.A. Distribution of Americans who identify as “Irish,” by religion and
region, 1990–2000 260
1.5.1. The underrepresentation of Catholics in the secular professions
in Ireland, 1861–1911 273
1.5.2(a). Timeline of franchise reform in the four nations, 1793–1884 284
1.5.2(b). Timeline of franchise reform in Great Britain and Ireland, 1898–1969 284
1.5.3. Borough enfranchisement rates, four nations of the UK, 1868 288
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List of Maps

1.1.1. Northern Ireland and its Westminster parliamentary constituencies, 1983– 31

1.1.2. The distribution of killings in Northern Ireland and Belfast by
Westminster constituency, 1969–2001 32
1.1.3. The distribution of death rates in Northern Ireland at ward level,
1969–2001 35
1.1.4. The distribution of death rates across Belfast at ward level, 1969–2001 36
1.2.1. The distribution of army garrisons in Ireland, 1837 110
1.3.1. The plantation of Ulster under the Stuarts, 1607–1641 163
1.3.2. The distribution and concentration of Catholics in Ireland, 1981 164
1.3.3. English and Scottish Settlements in Ulster c.1630 (based on numbers
and surnames recorded in the muster rolls) 166
1.3.4. Scottish and English settlement and cultural areas in modern Ulster 167
1.3.5 The Cromwellian confiscations 185
1.5.1. Catholics in Ulster, 1911 303
1.7.1. The partition of Ireland and Ulster: Actual and proposed partition lines 387
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List of Tables

1.1.1. Local-government districts in which over three-quarters of all fatal

incidents occurred, 1969–1998 33
1.1.2. Ten killing episodes labeled as massacres in Northern Ireland,
1971–1994 41
1.1.3. Estimates of numbers killed in political violence in Ireland, 1886–1965 47
1.1.4. Percentage of conflict-related deaths attributed to security forces,
loyalists, and republicans in Belfast, 1920–1922, and 1969–1999 51
1.1.5. Fatal casualties among the security forces, Lost Lives, 1969–2003 73
1.1.6. Types of incidents in which victims died, IIP database,
July 1969–June 1989 74
1.1.7. The annual and cumulative death toll from political violence, 1969–1990 76
1.1.8. Killings of civilians in explosions by the IRA, IIP database, 1969–1989 82
1.1.9(a). Conflict-related deaths in Northern Ireland, IIP database, 1969–1989 83
1.1.9(b). Conflict-related deaths in Northern Ireland, Sutton, 1969–2001 83
1.1.9(c). Conflict-related deaths in Northern Ireland, Lost Lives, 1966–2003 84
1.3.1. Comparing Ireland’s penal laws with Southern US segregation and
Apartheid laws in South Africa 201
1.4.1. Seats won in Westminster general elections by Irish nationalist
candidates as a ratio of available seats, 1832–1847 235
1.4.2. Population decline in Ireland by province, 1841–1911 252
1.5.1. Numbers of Irish emigrants leaving the Union by first destination,
1851–1921 265
1.5.2. Population and workforce, Ireland and United Kingdom, 1840–1911 265
1.5.3. Rate of Irish emigration per decade by province 265
1.5.4. Land Acts under the late Union, 1870–1909 270
1.5.5. The Irish establishment at Union’s end 275
1.5.6. Seats won in Westminster general elections by Conservative or
Liberal candidates as a ratio of available seats, 1852–1880 286
1.5.7(a). Safe Unionist seats (13) in Westminster constituencies in Ulster
in general elections, 1885–1910 292
1.5.7(b). Safe Nationalist Seats (13) in Westminster constituencies in Ulster
in general elections, 1885–1910 292
1.5.7(c). Battleground or marginal Seats (7) in Westminster constituencies
in Ulster, 1885–1910 293
1.6.1. Recruits to British Army per 10,000 of the population in the UK
by November 4, 1914 318
1.6.2. By-elections contested by Sinn Féin, 1917–1918 329
1.6.3(a). The Westminster election throughout Ireland, 1918 336
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xvi List of Tables

1.6.3(b). The Westminster election in Ireland, the twenty-six counties that

became the Irish Free State, 1918 336
1.6.3(c). The Westminster election in Ireland, the nine counties of historic
Ulster, 1918 336
1.6.3(d). The Westminster election in Ireland, the six counties that became
Northern Ireland, 1918 337
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List of Boxes

1.1.1. Debating the Definition of War 45

1.3.1. Hugh O’Neill’s “Manifesto,” 1599 160
1.3.2. The Accounting of an Atrocity in Kilmore, 1641 174
1.3.3. From Tone’s Memorandum to the French Government, February 29, 1796 210
1.5.1. The Ulster Covenant, 1912 262
1.5.2. Table appended by John Redmond to a memorandum presented at the
Buckingham Palace Conference, July 1914 306
1.6.1. The Easter Proclamation, 1916 310
1.6.2. Timeline for First Phase of the Irish Revolution, 1916–1918 363
1.6.3. Timeline for Second Phase of the Irish Revolution, 1919–July 1921 365
1.6.4. Timeline for Third Phase of the Irish Revolution, July 1921–1924 367
1.6.5. Sinn Féin’s Manifesto to the Irish People, 1918 334
1.7.1. Article 12 of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921 signed by
British and Irish delegates at 10 Downing Street, London 393
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Abbreviations and Glossary

ACRI American Committee for Relief in Ireland

AIA Anglo-Irish Agreement, treaty between the governments of Ireland and
the United Kingdom made in 1985
ANC African National Congress
AOH Ancient Order of Hibernians: Irish nationalist and religious
organization, especially strong in the USA, previously strong in Belfast,
but not since the 1930s
APNI Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, originally supported power-sharing
devolved government within the Union as well as an Irish dimension,
now neutral on the Union; it explicitly claims Catholic, Protestant, and
other support
ASU active service unit of the IRA, small specialist cell
assimilation here a government policy aimed at making people publicly and privately
culturally alike—either through acculturation, in which the subordinate
conform to the culture of the dominant, or through fusion, in which two
or more culturally different groups merge into a shared culture
attainder act of taking the estate of an outlaw, or depriving a convicted criminal of
rights to inherit or transmit land
AV alternative vote, a preferential voting system in which the winning
candidate obtains a majority of all ballots, either after the counting of all
first-preference votes, or after the elimination of lower-placed
candidates and the transfer of any lower-order preferences expressed by
those who had voted for them
BA Belfast Agreement, the name unionists give to the Agreement reached
on April 10, 1998
BIA British Irish Association
BIC British–Irish Council
B–IIGC British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
B Specials armed reserve constables of the RUC, disbanded 1970
BREXIT the misleading acronym to describe “Britain’s” prospective departure
from the EU; see UKEXIT
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, and China
Bunreacht na (Irish) Constitution of Ireland (1937, as amended)
hÉireann
CAIN Conflict Archive on the Internet
CCAR Chief Constable’s Annual Report
CDRNI Campaign for Democratic Rights in Northern Ireland
CEC Campaign for Equal Citizenship
CDU Campaign for Democracy in Ulster
C-IRA Continuity IRA
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xx Abbreviations and Glossary

CnP Clann na Poblachta, party formed by Sean McBride in the belief that FF
had ceased to be a proper republican party
cess originally any local tax, but in Ireland also the levying of soldiers and
provisions, or the billeting of soldiers
CLRNI Campaign for Labour Representation in Northern Ireland.
condominium political entity over which two or more states share sovereignty
confederation states unified by treaty for certain public functions, but that retain their
sovereignty, international identity, and usually rights of secession and
veto
consociation political system used to share governmental power proportionally
between divided peoples—in the executive, the legislature, and public
employment, including security forces; each community enjoys cultural
autonomy, and public expenditure may be allocated on a proportional
basis; in strong consociations the organized communities enjoy veto
rights over major legislation
Continuity IRA breakaway organization from the IRA
covenanters Scottish Presbyterians who wanted the Scottish system of church
government applied throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland; in 1643
a treaty with the English parliament appeared to give them what they
wanted (The Solemn League and Covenant)
CRC Community Relations Council
CRF Catholic Reaction Force—see INLA
CSJ Campaign for Social Justice, founded in 1960s; became part of NICRA
Cumann (Irish) Irish women’s republican organization
na mBan
Cumann na (Irish) pro-treaty party formed from Sinn Féin, which led governments
nGaedhael of the Irish Free State from 1922 until 1932; later dissolved into Fine
Gael; sometimes spelled Cumman na nGaedheal
DAAD Direct Action Against Drugs (IRA front)
Dáil Éireann (Irish) “trans. Assembly of Ireland,” the official name for the lower
house of the Irish parliament (Oireachtas)
devolution act of creating a subcentral government with executive and legislative
powers inside a state; the institutions are constituted by a delegated (and
revocable) act of the political center
DEA Department of External Affairs of the IFS, later the DFA of Ireland
DFA Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland), today the Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade
DFM Deputy First Minister
DL Democratic Left, a party formed in 1992 from a split in the Workers’
Party, now absorbed by the Irish Labour Party–some say it was a takeover
dominions originally the partly self-governing (white) settlement colonies of the
British Empire; evolved in the 1920s into sovereign states of the British
Commonwealth of Nations
DPPB District Policing Partnership Boards
DRs Dissident Republicans, expression and abbreviation used by the PSNI
and MI5 to refer to post-IRA republican organizations that remain
actively engaged in what they define as armed struggle
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Abbreviations and Glossary xxi

DUP Democratic Unionist Party

EC European Commission
ECB European Central Bank
ECNI Equality Commission for Northern Ireland
EEA European Economic Area
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Agreement
EMU Education for Mutual Understanding, program for schools in Northern
Ireland
EOC Equal Opportunities Commission
EPA Emergency Provisions Act: emergency anti-terrorist legislation applied
in Northern Ireland
EPS executive power-sharing
ethnonym the name of an ethnic group
EU European Union
FDI foreign direct investment
FEA Fair Employment Agency
FEC Fair Employment Commission
federation sovereign state in which executive and legislative powers are shared and
divided between federal & regional governments, and
intergovernmental relations are constitutionally regulated; see
discussion of “federacy” at Vol 3. Ch. 5, pp. 202–4
Fenians American sister-organizational name of the Irish Republican
Brotherhood (1858–1923)
FET Fair Employment Tribunal
Fianna Fáil (Irish [lit. “Soldiers of Destiny”]), also known as the Republican Party;
formed by Eamon de Valera in a breakaway from Sinn Féin; mobilized
the defeated side in the Irish civil war and became the dominant party in
independent Ireland until 2011
fine Irish for “clan elite,” the leadership of a clan and its leading families
Fine Gael (Irish [lit. “Tribe of Gaels”]); formed from the merger of Cumann na
nGaedhael, the pro-treaty party of independent Ireland, the Centre
party, and the “Blueshirts;” usually the second most powerful political
party in independent Ireland
FM First Minister
FOI Friends of Ireland
GAA Gaelic Athletic Association (Irish, Cumann Lúthchleas Gael)
Garda Síochána Full title: Garda Síochána na hÉireann—i.e., Guardians of the Peace of
Ireland, the name of the Irish police force, also known as “the Guards”
GFA Good Friday Agreement, the name most Irish nationalists give to the
Agreement of April 10, 1998
GFA–BA Good Friday Agreement–Belfast Agreement
GPI Global Peace Index
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xxii Abbreviations and Glossary

HCNM High Commissioner on National Minorities (of the Organization for

Security and Cooperation in Europe)
hegemonic a system of ethnic domination, in which the power-holders make revolt
control by the controlled ethnic group(s) unworkable
HET Historical Enquiries Team (of the PSNI)
HIU (proposed) Historical Investigations Unit, suggested in the Haass–
O’Sullivan proposals
HMSU Headquarters Mobile Support Unit
IAPL Irish Anti-Partition League
ICIR (proposed) Independent Commission for Information Retrieval,
suggested in the Haass–O’Sullivan proposals
IEP Institute for Economics and Peace
IFS Irish Free State, known as Saorstát Éireann in Irish
IGC Intergovernmental Conference
IICD Independent International Commission on Decommissioning
IIP Irish Independence Party, formed in 1977 because it regarded the SDLP
as insufficiently nationalist; dissolved before 1989
IIP Irish Information Partnership
ILP Irish Labour Party
IMC Independent Monitoring Commission
IMDWCC IMD World Competitiveness Center
IMF International Monetary Fund
INLA Irish National Liberation Army: Marxist rival to the IRA in Northern
Ireland, formed from ex-Official IRA cadres and others in late 1974;
sometimes operated under the names Catholic Reaction Force (CRF)
and People’s Republican Army (PRA)
integration A policy of unifying a territory or culture under one set of public norms.
Unlike assimilation, integration does not require the homogenization of
“private” cultural differences (see O’Leary and McGarry 2012). British
integrationists argue that Northern Ireland should be fully integrated
into the UK’s administrative system (England’s, Scotland’s, or Wales’s?),
into its party-political system, and that educational integration
(socializing Protestants and Catholics within the same institutions)
should be an imperative of social policy. Irish integrationists suggest, by
contrast, that Northern Ireland should be administratively and
electorally integrated into the Irish Republic. Integration is the policy
advocated by supporters of a shared future: into exactly what people are
to be integrated remains disputed
IPLO Irish People’s Liberation Organization, breakaway from the INLA,
founded in late 1986, forcibly disbanded by the IRA in 1992
IPP Irish Parliamentary Party, sought home rule for Ireland, 1882–1921:
in the North its adherents formed the Nationalist Party after 1921;
in the South most eventually joined Cumann na nGaedhael, or later
Fine Gael
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Abbreviations and Glossary xxiii

IRA Irish Republican Army; Óglaigh na hÉireann (Volunteers of Ireland) is

its Irish name; see OIRA and PIRA; PIRA recognized as IRA by most
after 1972
IRB Irish Republican Brotherhood, also known as the Fenians, also known as
the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood
IRG (proposed) Implementation and Reconciliation Group, suggested in the
Haass–O’Sullivan proposals
IRSP Irish Republican Socialist Party, political wing of the INLA
ITGWU Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union
IUA Irish Union Association
IV Irish Volunteers
Jacobins the most militant republicans in the French Revolution
Jacobites those who continued to recognize the House of Stuart as the legitimate
dynasty in England, Scotland, and Wales after 1688
joint authority the sharing of sovereign governmental authority over a territory by two
or more states (also known as a condominium)
JRRT Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust
KKK Ku Klux Klan
LAW Loyalist Association of Workers
LRDG Loyalist Retaliation and Defence Groups (name used by the UDA)
LVF Loyalist Volunteer Force, breakaway from the UVF, founded in 1996
majority rule simple “majority,” “plurality rule,” or “winner-takes all” is a decision-
making norm used in many democracies, especially in electoral,
constitutional, government-formation, and policymaking systems. It
usually means rule by those with the most votes, rather than absolute
majority rule. It is less pleasantly described as the norm of the
“minimum winning coalition” or as the “tyranny of the majority.”
majoritarianism the conviction that a simple majority (50 percent plus one) should prevail
in democratic decision-making, and a belief that rejects co-decision-
making rights for minorities or qualified majority decision-making
marches territories near boundaries or frontiers, often disputed, especially
around the English Pale
MI5 the UK’s domestic counter-intelligence and security agency
MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly (of Northern Ireland)
MNC multinational corporation
MPA multiparty agreement
nationalizing a state that seeks to homogenize its citizens into one national identity; an
state expression owed to Rogers Brubaker (1996), it amounts to “coercive
assimilation”
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCU National Council for Unity
NDP National Democratic Party
NI21 Twenty-first-century Northern Ireland, brief-lived political party
NICRA Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, formed to protest against
discrimination by the Northern Ireland government and parliament
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xxiv Abbreviations and Glossary

NIHRC Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission

NILP Northern Ireland Labour Party
NIO Northern Ireland Office
NLN National League of the North
NORAID Northern Aid Committee
NPF National Popular Front
NSMC North–South Ministerial Council
NU National Unity
NUI National University of Ireland
NUPRG New Ulster Political Research Group
OFMDFM Office of the First Minister and the Deputy First Minister
OIRA (Official) IRA, now disbanded
ONH abbreviation for Óglaigh na hÉireann (Volunteers of Ireland), name for
the IRA in Irish; it was the name of the organization founded to defend
home rule in arms; it is the official name of the Army of Ireland in Irish;
it was used throughout the years 1970–2005 by the Provisional IRA; the
name is now claimed by a small “dissident” republican organization
OO Orange Order, anti-Catholic and pan-Protestant organization, founded
in 1795, often banned in the 19th century, integrally linked to the UUP
until it decided to sunder its formal links in 2005
OASA Offences Against the State Act, Irish counterinsurgency and emergency
legislation
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OSF Official Sinn Féin, political faction that supported the OIRA, later
became SFWP (Sinn Féin—The Workers’ Party), before becoming
simply The Workers’ Party, often known colloquially as “the Stickies”
OUP Official Unionist Party (see UUP)
PACE Protestant and Catholic Encounter
PAF Protestant Action Force, name used by the UVF
PAG Protestant Action Group, name used by the UDA
PANI Police Authority for Northern Ireland
partition here, the division of a national homeland along a novel or fresh border
PBPA People Before Profit Alliance
PCB Police Complaints Board
PD People’s Democracy
PDs Progressive Democrats, “New Right” liberal party formed in the
Republic, 1985–2009
PIRA (Provisional) IRA, later recognized by most as the IRA, now disbanded,
sometimes operated under the names of DAAD and RAF (Republican
Action Force), often known colloquially as “the Provos”
PLA see INLA
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PO Prison Officer
power-sharing see consociation, federation, and confederation
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 21/3/2019, SPi

Abbreviations and Glossary xxv

PR proportional representation
PRONI Public Records Office Northern Ireland
PSF Provisional Sinn Féin
PSI Policy Studies Institute (London)
PSNI Police Service of Northern Ireland
PTA Prevention of Terrorism Act
PUP Progressive Unionist Party, political wing of the UVF
QUB Queen’s University Belfast
R&D research and development
Republican an advocate of a unified Ireland in a republic free of the British Crown;
an advocate of the thesis that there should be one Irish nation—
composed of its diverse multiple components—in which all share a
common citizenship
Republican see OIRA
Clubs
RHC Red Hand Commandos, name used by the UVF
RHD Red Hand Defenders, name used by the LVF and the UDA after 1998
RHI Renewable Heating Initiative
RIC Royal Irish Constabulary
RIR Royal Irish Regiment (regiment of the British Army created from the
merger of the UDR with the Royal Irish Rangers)
R-IRA Real IRA, breakaway from the IRA in 1997, which does not recognize
either Ireland’s or Northern Ireland’s legitimacy
RLP Republican Labour Party
RSF Republican Sinn Féin, breakaway from Sinn Féin in 1986, which does
not recognize either Ireland’s or Northern Ireland’s legitimacy
RTÉ Raidió Teilifís Éireann (Ireland’s public broadcaster, of both radio and
television)
RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary
SE Saor Éire, left-wing republican grouping of the 1930s, revived briefly in
1969–71
Saorstát Éireann (Irish) Irish Free State, name of dominion status for Ireland agreed in
the Anglo-Irish Treaty and named as such in the first Constitution of
Ireland established under that Treaty
SAA Saint Andrews Agreement, reached in Scotland in October 2006
between the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, and tacitly agreed by Northern Ireland’s
major political parties. Key elements included a change in the method of
electing the First and Deputy First Ministers, the full acceptance of the
Police Service of Northern Ireland by Sinn Féin, the restoration of the
Northern Ireland Assembly and a promise to abolish its Suspension Act
by the British government, and a commitment by the DUP to power-
sharing with republicans and nationalists in the Northern Ireland
Executive. The plan envisaged the devolution of policing and justice
powers within two years of the restoration of the executive
SACHR Standing Advisory Commission on Human Rights
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 21/3/2019, SPi

xxvi Abbreviations and Glossary

SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party of Northern Ireland, party formed
in 1970 from the merger of civil-rights activists, labor activists, and
former members of the Nationalist Party and the National Democratic
Party
SF Sinn Féin (Irish; lit. “Ourselves”). Irish Republican political party,
though originally formed in 1905 by Arthur Griffith and others to
advocate a common monarchy presiding over independent British and
Irish parliaments (modeled on the dual monarchy of Austro-Hungary).
Radicalized as a republican (anti-monarchical) party in 1917, and after.
It split during the making of the 1921 Treaty and the Irish civil war; and
later after the formation of Fianna Fáil; it split again into Provisional
and Official Sinn Féin in 1969–70; later, Provisional Sinn Féin’s claim to
the title Sinn Féin was uncontested. The party is organized in Northern
Ireland and Ireland
sheriff royal official within a shire (or county)
SHA Stormont House Agreement (2014)
Stormont the site of the Northern Ireland Parliament in a suburb of Belfast from
1932 to 1972, of the Northern Ireland Assembly of 1973–4 and 1982–6,
and of the Northern Ireland Assembly since 1998
STV single transferable vote, a preferential and proportional candidate-based
voting system, in which more than one candidate is elected in a district,
and in which the winners normally have to achieve a quota
Tánaiste (Irish) literally successor to the chief, whence the title of Ireland’s
Deputy Prime Minister
Taoiseach (Irish) Chief, whence the title of the prime minister in Ireland’s
constitution of 1937
TCD Trinity College, Dublin University
TD Teachta Dála (Irish), deputy elected to Dáil Éireann, equivalent to
MP in the UK or Member of Congress in the USA
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (so-called)
TUV Traditional Unionist Voice, a party formed by James Allister that
broke from the DUP after the DUP formed a government with
Sinn Féin 2007
UCC University College Cork
UCD University College Dublin
UCG University College Galway
UDF Ulster Defence Force
UFF Ulster Freedom Fighters
Ulster Clubs Loyalist organization formed in response to the AIA of 1985
UCDC Ulster Constitution Defence Committee (see also UPV)
UDA Ulster Defence Association, largest loyalist paramilitary organization
UDI unilateral declaration of independence
UDP Ulster Democratic Party, political party of the UDA
UDR Ulster Defence Regiment, formed in 1970, dissolved into the RIR in
1992
UFF Ulster Freedom Fighters, killing component of the UDA
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 21/3/2019, SPi

Abbreviations and Glossary xxvii

UIL United Irish League

UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party
UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
UKEXIT the correct acronym to describe proposals to take the entirety of the UK
out of the EU
UKEXITINO a UK Exit In Name Only from the EU, otherwise known as a “soft
BREXIT”
UKUP United Kingdom Unionist Party, formed by Robert McCartney
ULDP Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party
UMS Ulster Marketing Services
unitary state sovereign state in which sovereignty is monopolized at the political
center; subcentral governments enjoy no autonomous sovereignty—all
decentralization is a revocable act of delegation by the center
union state state that recognizes at least some of the composite entities of which it
was formed, in either their territories, their legal systems, or their
cultures
Unionist an advocate of the maintenance of the Union between Great Britain and
Northern Ireland (previously between Great Britain and Ireland), and of
the maintenance of the Union of Great Britain (between Scotland and
England [and Wales])
UPNI Unionist Party of Northern Ireland
UPV Ulster Protestant Volunteers, loyalist militia formed in the 1960s
USC Ulster Special Constabulary, also known as the B Specials, replaced by
the UDR
UUC Ulster Unionist Council
UULCC United Ulster Loyalist Central Coordinating Committee
UUP Ulster Unionist Party, known for a time as the Official Unionist Party
(OUP)
UUUC United Ulster Unionist Council, temporary coalition of the UUP, DUP,
and VUP that fought to end the Sunningdale agreement of 1973
UVF Ulster Volunteer Force, loyalist paramilitary organization
UWC Ulster Workers’ Council
VUP Vanguard Unionist Party, hardline loyalist political party formed and
led by William Craig in the 1970s
WC (Northern Ireland) Women’s Coalition, aka NIWC
Westminster a “majoritarian” political system, characterized by the concentration of
model executive power in one-party and bare-majority governments, the
fusion of executive and legislative powers under cabinet dominance, and
the plurality-rule (winner-takes-all) election system in single-member
districts/constituencies
WP Workers’ Party, Marxist-Leninist party formed from Sinn Féin, the
Workers’ Party; previously OSF
WTO World Trade Organization
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 21/3/2019, SPi
Another random document with
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by the square piece C. Screws are turned through the legs and into
the square piece to keep it in position.
 Keeping Magazines in a Book Form

Several Boxes will Appear the Same as a Set of Books and will Preserve the
Magazines

Desiring to preserve magazine copies without binding them, I

made up a series of boxes that gave the appearance of books, and
placed the numbers in order in them as they were received. The
sides of the boxes consist of two thin boards, a little larger than the
size of the magazine to be placed in them. The ends are made of the
same material, wide enough to equal the thickness of the copies to
be placed in each box, four or six numbers, or a volume. One end of
these pieces is made slightly rounding, and the pieces are then put
together as shown.
The rounded ends of the end pieces and the opening between the
sides are covered with a piece of cardboard or bristol board, to
shape the back of the box like a book. The finished box is entirely
covered, like a book, with cloth or imitation leather. The backs can be
lettered and decorated to appear like a book.—Contributed by R. M.
Guarino, New York City.
 A Cardboard Creaser

The Wire on the Creaser Presses the Paper into the Space between the Two
Wood Pieces

A simple apparatus for creasing thin cardboard or heavy paper in

a perfectly straight line without broken edges is described in the
French magazine La Nature as follows: On a base of convenient
dimensions are fastened two pieces of wood, well smoothed and of
equal thickness, so that there remains a slot, about ¹⁄₈ in. wide,
between them. At one end a hole is bored through these pieces for a
shaft on which the creaser will turn. The creaser is made of a piece
of wood somewhat longer than the baseboard so that a handle can
be formed at one end. At the other end it is slotted for a piece of
metal, perforated for the shaft and fastened with two pins or rivets,
as shown. On the under side of the creaser a stiff steel wire is
fastened so that it coincides with the slot. The wire is fastened by
heating the ends red hot, bending them at right angles to the main
part and driving them into the creaser.

¶A razorlike edge can be put on a knife blade by carefully stropping

it without lubricant on a piece of smooth aluminum after first whetting
on an oilstone.
 A Miniature Illuminating-Gas Plant
By MORTON SOUTHARD

ery few persons realize that the smoke issuing from

chimneys is mainly coal gas carrying minute particles
of unconsumed carbon that gives it a dark-gray color,
containing, besides, some sulphur and sulphuric
gases, carbonic-acid gas, and other impurities. It is
only necessary to collect the impurities to get a gas
that will burn with a bright flame.
The products obtained from a gas plant are gas,
ammoniacal liquor, coal tar, and coke. Of 1 ton of coal,
1,500 lb. remains in the retort, or furnace, as coke; 20 gal. of
ammoniacal liquor and 140 lb. of coal tar are taken from the
cylinders and washers. When distilled, the ammoniacal liquor will
yield close to 18 gal. of ammonia, which is used in the manufacture
of artificial ice and cold storage. The coal tar will yield approximately
19 lb. of benzol, which is the base of all true aniline dyes; 6 lb. of
naphthalene, commonly known as camphor flakes or moth balls,
which also yields some dyes; 4 lb. of toluene, which is valuable as a
solvent and is the base of saccharine, and about 2 lb. each of phenol
(carbolic acid), pyrene, anthracene, xylenol, cresol, chrysene, and
alizarin. The residuum is coal-tar pitch, used extensively as a binder
for briquetting coal dust for household consumption, and also for
roofing and street paving. From these various coal-tar products, dyes
of every tint, shade and color are obtained, as well as other industrial
chemicals, from flavoring extracts to perfumes, from volatile oils to
high explosives, and from the sweetest of all sweets to the bitterest
of bitter.
A model gas plant—one that will be instructive and in no way
dangerous if proper precautions are taken—can be built from a few
fire brick, some pieces of pipe, and a few tin cans. Enough fire brick
must be secured to build a furnace 14 in. square by 20 in. high,
inside measurements. Build up the four walls on a level surface of
the ground, laying the bricks with a cement mortar to seal them
perfectly, as coal gas will find any small crevice and escape. For this
reason it is best to build a second wall outside of the first and plaster
the joint between them as it is built. When the four walls are finished,
make a grate of fire brick in the bottom by setting the brick on edge
and spacing them about ¹⁄₄ in. After the walls are dry, make ready the
material for the fire. Place sufficient kindling on the grate to start a
quick fire, then cover it with coal. When this is done, cover the
furnace with a heavy piece of asbestos board large enough to reach
the outside edge of the furnace walls. The board must be cemented
to the top surface of the brick walls. Place the cement mixture on the
wall top, then press the board on it, and place a weight on top until
the cement becomes dry. The cement mixture should consist of one
part cement to two parts of fine sand.
Procure a large can, such as used in canning tomatoes, having a
diameter of more than 4 in. and with top and bottom whole; also two
other cans, each having a capacity of 2 gal. with closed heads.
Connect the first can to the furnace with a piece of 2-in. pipe, as
shown in the illustration. The pipe can be bent for convenience, but
in case such a piece is not at hand, regular pipe connections can be
made with threaded ends, ells, waste nuts, etc. In either case, be
sure to make the joints gas-tight. If a bent pipe is used, the ends can
be cemented in the asbestos furnace top and the can top. Cut a hole
centrally in the asbestos top and at one side in the can top. Fit one
end of the pipe in the hole made in the asbestos and seal the
connection with asbestos cement, then do likewise with the end that
enters the can top.

The Furnace Made of Fire Brick is Connected to the Condenser and Washers
with Ordinary Iron Pipe through Which the Gases Pass After being Purified
Before They Enter the Storage Tank

In connecting the first and second cans, use a piece of 1-in. pipe.
This may be bent or connected with ells to form a U-shaped piece. In
either case, one end should be longer than the other so that one will
just pass into the first can, where it is sealed with asbestos cement,
while the other end passes through the second-can top, where it is
sealed, and extends to the bottom of the can. For the connection to
the third can, make a hole in the top of the second can, but do not
seal it up to the connection until the can is first filled with water to
within 2 or 3 in. of the top. Also put powdered coke into the water,
about halfway of the can’s height.
The connection from the second and third cans should be made of
glass so that the gas can be observed passing through it between
the cans. This is not absolutely necessary, however, and a piece of
¹⁄₂-in. iron pipe can be used instead. This pipe is connected in the
same manner as that between the first and second, extending to the
bottom of the third can and being sealed where it passes through the
tops. The third can is filled with water to within 2 or 3 in. of the top.
The gas coming from the third can or washer, is ready for use, but
as the pressure would not be uniform, a storage tank must be
provided. To make a storage tank suitable for the needs of this small
plant, procure two pans from 10 to 12 in. in diameter and from 3 to 4
in. deep. One pan should be a trifle smaller, so that it may be
inverted in the larger pan, as shown. Make a connection from the
third can with a rubber hose to the bottom of the larger pan, near the
center, and use this pan as the bottom part of the storage tank. Pour
into this pan enough water to make it 2 in. deep, invert the other pan
and set it into the water. Attach a gas hose to the bottom of the
inverted pan and fasten a gas jet into the rubber-hose end. This will
make the gas plant complete and ready to operate.
To start the furnace, bore a hole in one side of the brick walls,
about the size of an ordinary lead pencil, and insert a lighted taper to
set fire to the kindling. There may be some difficulty in getting the fire
to burn at first, and it may be necessary to force considerable air in;
however, when the fire is fairly started, it will burn freely and the
gases will soon find their way through the first pipe to the condenser,
which is the first can. There they will mingle and deposit some tar
and ammonia, then flow out through the second pipe, up through the
coke and water in the second can and through the glass tube, where
they may be observed passing into the can of water, where some
more tar and ammonia will be deposited. After leaving this can the
gas will find its way through the rubber tube into the storage tank. It
passes from this tank to the burner, where it can be lighted and will
burn with a bright flame.
If it is possible to force steam into the furnace when the fire is at its
height, a much better quality and a larger volume of gas will be
made. This is accomplished by placing a closed can of water over a
fire near the furnace and connecting it to the latter with a piece of 1-
in. gas pipe. The water in this can must be boiling hot at the time the
fire in the furnace is lighted. The steam entering the furnace is
decomposed, the hydrogen being released as a gas. The pipe
connecting the boiler with the furnace should be fitted in the furnace
wall so that the steam will pass in at the top of the fire; about halfway
up the side of the furnace being about right. The steam will start the
gases more rapidly and force them through the pipes.
Make sure that all connections are carefully sealed to prevent the
escape of gases, as they will always follow the lines of least
resistance and pass out through a very small crevice. The only
danger with a plant of this size is from fire, wherefore it should be
built away from inflammable materials. It will not make sufficient gas
to be of injury to any living being.
 Webfoot Attachments for Swimmers
In order to make the feet more effective in swimming, webfoot
devices are frequently used. A simple arrangement for this purpose
is shown in the illustration. It consists of three thin sections of metal,
or wood, fastened together on the back side with spring hinges,
which tend to remain open, thereby keeping all the sections spread
out in one straight surface. The center section should be cut to
conform closely to the shape of the foot, or it will produce
considerable resistance during the onward stroke of the foot, and
tend to stop the forward movement of the swimmer. Straps should be
provided for attaching the device to the foot; one to fit across the
toes, and the other adjusted around the ankle by a buckle.
 Device for Attaching to the Feet to Work Like Webfeet

When using the device, the upward or forward stroke of the legs
will cause the wings to brush against the water, creating sufficient
resistance to overcome the slight force of the springs, thereby
pushing the wings parallel with the direction of the stroke. During the
opposite, or pushing, stroke, the resistance of the water combined
with the opening tendency of the hinges will quickly spread the wings
out flat, greatly increasing the effectiveness of the feet.—Contributed
by J. B. Laplace, New York City.
 Repairing Sectional Spun-Metal Candlesticks
In repairing hollow, spun-brass candlesticks I find that frequently
the metal rod holding the sections together becomes loosened from
the pitch composition designed to hold it in the base. By tinning the
outer edges of the sections that fit into the other portions, which are
also tinned on the inner surfaces, and then using an iron, or an
alcohol torch, to run the solder together at these points, I secure a
very firm job. Paper can be placed at points necessary to keep the
solder from running out of bounds. When the rod is firm and the nut
only gives trouble, solder can be used to fasten the nut permanently
to the grease cup at the top.—Contributed by James M. Kane,
Doylestown, Pa.
 Alcohol Blowtorch for Difficult Soldering

Clamps for Holding the Alcohol Receptacle on the End of the Blowpipe

To solder in close places, I have found the device illustrated quite

convenient, as it leaves both hands free to handle the object being
soldered. Two pieces of spring brass, about 3 in. long and ¹⁄₄ in.
wide, are bent to the shape shown at A and clamped together with a
screw taken from a dry cell, as shown at B. This device clamped to
the blowpipe end and fitted with a tube, such as used for holding
pencil leads, filled with a wick saturated in alcohol, completes the
blowtorch. It makes an excellent tool for small work, as the hands
are free to hold the parts to be soldered in place.—Contributed by J.
A. Tandy, Ghent, Ky.

¶Electric wires should never be run crooked.

 Preventing Sewing-Machine Thread from
Tangling

The highly enameled surface of a sewing-machine arm offers so

little resistance to the bottom of the spool that the thread will unwind
faster than it is used, thereby causing a tangle. A piece of paper
slipped over the spool post will cause enough friction to prevent the
spool from revolving beyond the proper speed.
 Bearing Made of a Brass Cartridge

A brass cartridge makes a good bearing to fit in a wood driving rod

used to run a small piece of foot-power machinery. It prevents wear
on the wood and admits more lubrication than the bare wood. Cut
the cartridge to the proper length, and ream out the cap hole even
with the diameter of the bore of the shell.
 Lighting a Match in the Wind

To light a match in a stiff wind is very easy if the wood part back of
the prepared end is cut and turned up about it before striking the
match. The curled-up shavings about the striker will catch fire easily
and hold a flame, where in the ordinary way it is easily blown out
when the composition of the striker has burned up.—Contributed by
E. K. Marshall, Oak Park, Ill.
 A Miniature Cement Plant
By MORTON SOUTHARD

Formolded
many years geologists searched for a substance which could be
into any size and form, and would have the hardness of
rock. As a matter of fact it was found that limestone was composed
of carbonic-acid gas, clay, and lime, and that when great heat was
applied the sealing bond was disrupted and the rock was reduced to
a powder. When this powder was placed in water the gas was set
free so fast that it made the water boil. The powder, or calcined rock,
is now known as lime. This action demonstrated that nature used
heat and moisture in forming these materials into rock. Knowing that
clay contained silica, and that silica furnished the sealing quality of
rocks, experiments were made to reverse the order of this rock
formation, and a cement was produced. Equal portions of lime and
clay were mixed together and stirred until all parts were thoroughly
mingled, and then the mixture was subjected to a very high heat,
after which the resulting mass was ground to a powder. When this
powder was mixed with water, instead of the gases passing off as
they did in the case of the lime, they penetrated the clay and the
mixture became hard. This was first called Portland cement, as it
was made from Portland limestone.
 The Furnace is Built Up of Ordinary Brick and Used for Calcining the Lime

This discovery partly solved the problem of artificial-rock making,

but not wholly, for the best makes will break, peel, and crack without
the slightest cause and when least expected, and besides its dark-
gray color and rough appearance is unattractive. Much progress has
been made with cement for interior decorations and many of the
finest marbles are closely imitated. This grade of cement will not
weather and its use is confined wholly to interior work. A white
cement is much desired and many of the large manufacturers
maintain laboratories where experiments are carried on constantly in
the endeavor to produce it.
 To build a miniature cement plant, first secure sufficient common
brick to make a furnace with an inside cavity, 20 in. square and 24 in.
high. Two sides and one back wall are built up, sealing the brick with
mortar, clay, or cement. The bottom is covered with bricks standing
on edge, and so placed that they will be about ¹⁄₄ in. apart, to serve
as a grate. The top is then covered with a piece of tin, or asbestos,
and a hole is cut in its center to receive a pipe, about 3 in. in
diameter, for a chimney. This chimney should be about 15 in. high.
Build the front wall halfway up by laying the brick loosely together so
that the fire will get the air through the crevices, then cover the grate
with kindling, place coal on top of it, and start the fire. When it is well
under way, place a few fair-sized lumps of limestone on top of the
fire and complete the wall to the top by laying the brick as closely as
possible. Use sufficient coal to burn at least two hours.
When the fire has burned itself out and the furnace has cooled,
remove the front wall and take out the burned limestone. Some parts
of the limestone will be mixed with the coal, but most of it will remain
in the lump, which is known as “black lime,” and when it is placed in
water it will give off gas very fast. Obtain some fire clay and
thoroughly mix equal portions of lime and clay, then place the
mixture in a one-piece pan, made of pressed tin or sheet iron, as a
soldered-bottom pan will come apart with the heat. Build up the front
of the furnace as before, build a fire and place the pan on the fire
and let it burn itself out. When the furnace has cooled, remove the
front, take out the pan, and pulverize the mass in the pan. When this
powder is placed in water it will become hard. If some sand or gravel
is mixed with it, and the mortar thus formed is spread out over a flat
surface, a miniature cement sidewalk will be the result.