FLUID MECHANICS

TOPIC: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

PRESENTATION OF OUTPUTS
REVIEW
MECHANICS – is the oldest physical science that
deals with both stationary and moving bodies under
the influence of forces.
FLUID MECHANICS – a subcategory; defined as
the science that deals with the behavior of fluid at
rest or in motion, and the interaction of fluids with
solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
REVIEW
MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS

SPECIFIC
BROADER
FLUID FLUIDS
SOLID, LIQUID MECHANICS (LIQUID or
or GAS IS PART OF
MECHANICS GAS)
INFLUENCE OF
VARIOUS
FORCES
CONDITION
REVIEW
STATICS
The branch of mechanics
that deals with bodies at
rest.
FLUID STATICS –
behavior of fluids at rest.
DYNAMICS
The branch of mechanics
that deals with bodies in
motion.
FLUID DYNAMICS –
behavior of fluids in
motion.
 REVIEW
SEVERAL CATEGORIES OF FLUID MECHANICS
HYDRODYNAMICS GAS DYNAMICS AERODYNAMICS METEOROLOGY
The study of the Deals with the flow Deals with the flow OCEANOGRAPHY
motion of fluids that of fluid that undergo of gases (air) over HYDROLOGY
can be significant density bodies such as
approximated as changes, such as aircraft, rockets, and Deal with naturally
incompressible at flow of gases automobiles at high occurring flows.
low speed. through nozzles at or low speed.
high speed.

HYDRAULICS
Deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels
INTRO: FLUID MECHANICS and
HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
• Is a physical science dealing with the action of
fluids at rest or in motion, and with applications
and devices in engineering using fluids.
Fluid Mechanics can be subdivided into two major
areas:
a. Fluid Statics – which deals with fluid at rest
b. Fluid Dynamics – concerned with fluids in motion
INTRO: FLUID MECHANICS and
HYDRAULICS
HYDRODYNAMICS
• Is applied to the flow of liquids or to low-velocity gas
flows where the gas can be considered as being
essentially incompressible.
• When we say a fluid is "essentially
incompressible," it means that its density
doesn't change much with pressure
• At low velocities, the effects of
compressibility (how the gas volume
changes with pressure) are minimal, so we
can ignore them.
INTRO: FLUID MECHANICS and
HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULICS
• Deals with the application of fluid mechanics to
engineering devices involving liquids, usually water
or oil.
• Deals with such problems as the flow of fluids
through pipes or in open channels, the design of
storage dams, and water turbines, and with other
devices for the control or use of liquids, such as
nozzles, valves, jets , and flowmeter.
TYPES OF FLUID
TWO CATEGORIES OF FLUID:
A. IDEAL FLUID
• Assumed to have no viscosity
• Incompressible
• Have uniform velocity when flowing
• No friction between moving layers of fluid
• No eddy currents or turbulence
Ideal fluids serve as a useful theoretical model for
understanding and analyzing fluid flow problems.
TYPES OF FLUID
TWO CATEGORIES OF FLUID:
B. REAL FLUID
• Exhibit infinite viscosities
• Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
• Compressible
• Experience friction and turbulence in flow
Real fluids exhibit properties such as viscosity,
compressibility, and turbulence, which can significantly
influence their behavior in various flow situations
TYPES OF FLUID
REAL FLUID ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO:
NEWTONIAN FLUID NON-NEWTONIAN
is a type of real fluid FLUID
that exhibits a linear is a type of fluid that
relationship between does not obey the linear
the shear stress applied relationship between
to it and the resulting shear stress and strain
rate of strain rate observed in
Newtonian fluids.
TYPES OF FLUID
FLUIDS
• Pseudoplastic fluids
become less viscous
under higher shear rates,
• Dilatant fluids become
IDEAL FLUIDS REAL FLUIDS more viscous under
higher shear rates, and
• Bingham fluids exhibit a
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
NON-NEWTONIAN threshold shear stress
FLUIDS before they start to flow.

PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUID DILATANT FLUID BINGHAM FLUIDS

MASS, DENSITY and RHO (ρ)
Density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume
ρ = mass of fluid (M) ρ = Kg
volume (V) m³
For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the
specific gas constant and ideal gas law:
where: p = absolute pressure of gas in Pa
ρ=P R = gas constant (Joule/kg-ºK)
for air: R = 287 Joule/kg-ºK
RT T = absolute temperature in ºKelvin
ºK = ºC + 273
ºK = ºF + 460
SPECIFIC VOLUME, Vs
Specific Volume, Vs, is the volume occupied by a unit
mass of fluid.
Vs = 1
UNIT WEIGHT/SPECIFIC WEIGHT
Is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

ƴ = weight of fluid, W ƴ=N

Volume, V m³
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, Vg
Is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some
standard reference density. For liquids and solids, the
reference density is water at 4ºC (39.2ºF)

In gases, the standard reference to calculate the specific

gravity is the density of air.
VISCOSITY, μ, MU
The property of fluid which determines the amount of
its resistance to shearing forces. A perfect fluid would
have no viscosity.

μ: is the dynamic viscosity (measured in units like Pascal-seconds or Poise),

τ: is the shear stress (measured in units like Pascals or dynes per square
centimeter),
dy/du:
is the velocity gradient (the rate of change of velocity with respect to distance
perpendicular to the direction of flow, measured in units like inverse seconds or
inverse centimeters).
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, ν, NU
Is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, μ, to
its mass density, ρ.

ν is the kinematic viscosity (measured in units like square meters per second or
square centimeters per second),
μ is the dynamic viscosity (measured in units like Pascal-seconds or Poise), and
ρ is the density of the fluid (measured in units like kilograms per cubic meter or
grams per cubic centimeter).

In the SI system, the standard unit of dynamic viscosity is the Pascal-second (Pa·s).
Kinematic viscosity is typically measured in square meters per second (m²/s).
SURFACE TENSION, σ (sigma)
Intermolecular cohesive force.
Like the membrane of “skin” that seems to form on the
free surface of a fluid.
Surface tension also causes bubbles and droplets to take on a spherical shape,
since any other shape would have more surface area per unit volume.

P represents the pressure difference across the interface (inside

minus outside).
σ denotes the surface tension of the liquid.
d stands for the diameter of the droplet.

SI units, the unit of pressure (P) would be Newtons per square

meter (N/m²) or Pascals (Pa).
CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY ACTION)
Is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-
bore tube.
The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and
depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion
of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.

ℎ is the height of the liquid rise in the capillary tube,

γ is the surface tension of the liquid,
d is the diameter of the capillary tube.
γ (gamma) surface tension (Pa)
COMPRESSIBILITY
Also known as coefficient of compressibility, is the
fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit
change in pressure in a constant temperature process.

The symbol commonly used to represent

compressibility is the Greek letter "beta"
(β).

In the International System of Units (SI), the

coefficient of compressibility (β) is typically
expressed in units of reciprocal pressure, such
as Pascals⁻¹ (Pa⁻¹) or Bar⁻¹.
PROBLEM SOLVING
TOPIC: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PROBLEM 1
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu. m.
Find its (a) weight, W (b) unit weight, y, (c) mass density, p, and (d) specific
gravity (s).

SOLUTIONS:
PROBLEM 1
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu. m.
Find its (a) weight, W (b) unit weight, y, (c) mass density, p, and (d) specific
gravity (s).

SOLUTIONS:
PROBLEM 2
The specific gravity of a certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its
a. Specific weight (kN/m³)
b. Mass density (kg/m³)

PROBLEM 3
A liter of water weighs about 9.75 N. Compute its mass in kilograms.

PROBLEM 4
If an object has a mass of 22 kg at sea level
a. What will be its weight at a point where the acceleration due to gravity
(9.75 m/s²)
b. What will be its mass at that point?