Quadratic Functions 

and Equations in One

Variable

Quadratic Functions and Equations

Definition

A quadratic expression in one variable is

an algebraic expression that has the
highest power variable is two.

The basic form of a quadratic

expression is ax2 + bx + c, which is
a, b and c is a constant and a  = 0, x is
a variable.
a is the coefficient of x2 , b is the
coefficient of x and c is a constant

Examples

x2 + 5x − 1

−y 2 + 3y

2m2 + 7

Tips

Besides x, other letters can be used to

represents variables

Relationship between a quadratic function

and many-to-one relation

Quadratic function, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c

All quadratic functions have the

same image for two different
images

Many-to-one relation

Have two shapes of graph

Shapes of the graph, f (x) = ax2 + bx +

c, a 
=0

For the graph a < 0, (x1 , y1 ) is

known as maximum point

For the graph a > 0, (x2 , y2 ) is known

as minimum point

Tips

The curved shape of the graph of a

quadratic function is called a parabola

Axis of symmetry of the graph of a

quadratic function

Explanation

Definition: A straight line that is parallel to

the y−axis and divides the graph into two
parts of the same size and shape

The axis of symmetry will pass

through the maximum and
minimum point of the graph of the
function as shown in the diagram
below

b
Equation axis of symmetry , x =−
2a

Effects of changing the values of a, b, and c

on graphs of quadratic functions, f (x) =
ax2 + bx + c

The value of a determines the shape of

the graph

The value of b determines the position

of the axis of symmetry

The value of c determines the position

of the y−intercept

Forming a quadratic equation based on a

situation

A quadratic function is written in the

form of f (x) = ax2 + bx + c while a
quadratic equation is written in the
general form ax2 + bx + c = 0

Roots of a quadratic equation

The root of a quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the values of the
variables, x which satisfy the equation.

Relationship between the roots of a

quadratic equation and the positions of the
roots.

The roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

the points of intersection of the graph of the
quadratic functions f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
and the x−axis which are also knowns as
the x−intercepts.

Determine the roots of a quadratic equation

by using factorisation method

Tips

A quadratic equation needs to be written

in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 before we
carry out factorisation

Example

Determine the roots of this quadratic

equations by using factorisation method
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0.

Solution:

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0

(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0

x = 3 or x = 2.

Determine the roots of a quadratic equation

by using graphical method

The roots of a quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be obtained by
using a graphical method by reading
the values of x which are the points of
intersections of the graph

Chapter : Function and Quadratic Equation

in One Variable
Topic : Quadratic Functions and Equations
Form 4 Mathematics

Related notes
Number Bases
Statements
Arguments
Intersection of Sets
Union of Sets
Combined Operations on Sets
Chapter 5: Network in Graph Theory
Network
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

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