Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical Education

Pneumatic & Hydraulic Technology

Chapter 8:
Hydraulic Introduction

Instructor: Phan Thi Thu Thuy

Higher Engineering Education Alliance Program

Contents

1 Overview

2 Hydraulic pumps and Motors

3 Hydraulic Valves

4 Hydraulic Actuators

5 Hydraulic Accumulators

6 Hydraulic Filters

2
Objectives
1. Be able to list at least 5 applications of hydraulic
system within 5 minutes after attending the
lecture.

2. Be able to caculate 100% correctly the work done

and power of hydraulic system in an appointed
particular case after attending the lecture.

3. Be able to demonstrate the working principle of 3

main types of hydraulic pumps and cylinders with
100% correctly.

3
 Definition
 The main function of a hydraulic fluid in a hydraulic
system is to transfer forces and movements.

 The term fluid includes liquid, steam or gases. Air is

also a fluid when considered as a mixture of gases. As
fluid power is concerned with the mechanical
characteristics of fluids, we use the term:
 Hydro-mechanics: dealing with liquids
 Aeromechanics: dealing with air.

 Further tasks and characteristics are required of the

hydraulic fluid, due to the diverse range of applications
and installations of hydraulic drives.
4
Types of energy transfer

5
Fluid requirements
 Lubrication and anti-wear characteristics
 The fluid must be capable of covering all moving parts with a
tenacious lubricating film.
 The lubricating film may be destroyed, as a result of high
pressures, insufficient oil delivery, low viscosity and either
slow or very fast sliding movements. This would result in
WEAR due to fretting (standard clearance tolerance e.g. in
directional valves is 8 to 10 11m).

 Wear due to abrasion occurs between parts, which slide across

each other, when contaminated (with solid particles e.g. metal
dust, slag, sand, etc.) unfiltered or insufficiently filtered fluids
are used. The foreign particles carried along may also cause
abrasion in the devices at high fluid velocities.

6
Viscosity
 Viscosity is the name given to the characteristic of a
fluid, where a fluid exerts a resistance to the laminar
movement of two neighbouring fluid layers against
each other

 The viscosity of fluids changes as pressure

increases. This characteristic must be taken into
account when planning hydraulic systems which use
pressures of more than 200 bar. By approximately
400 bar, the viscosity has already been doubled.

7
Viscosity / temperature diagram

8
Fluid tmperature and viscosity ranges of
required hydraulic components
Example 1 Example 2

 Gear pump G4 (Fixed  Vane pump V2 (Fixed

displacement pump)
 Fluid temperature range
-15 to 800C
 Viscosity range 10 to
300 mm2/s
displacement pump)
 Fluid temperature range
-10 to 700C
 Viscosity range 16 to
160 mm2/s

9
From the component catalogue "RE 00 101" from Mannesmann Rexroth
Range of applications

10
Applications

Hydraulic truck cranes

can lift thousands of
pounds using the simple
concept of transmitting
forces from point to point
through a fluid.

11
Application: Lathe, Bending machine

Tube bending

12
Applications

Application: Bulldozer

13
Applications

Video1 14
 Application: Bulldozer
 Excavation machine for pushing materials; it is made up
of a crawler tractor, a blade and often a ripper.

15
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/bulldozer.php
 Application: wheel loader
 Excavation machine made up of a wheel tractor, a
backhoe and a front-end loader

16
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/wheel-loader.php
 Application: Hydraulic Shovel
 Machine made up of a pivot cab with a bucket attached for
moving various types of material.

17
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/hydraulic-shovel.php
 Application: Scraper
 Machine that uses a blade to scrape the ground or
roadbed and store the rubble in a bowl for disposal.

18
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/scraper.php
 Application: Dump truck
Truck equipped with a dump body; it is used for bulk
transport.

19
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/dump-truck.php
 Application: Grader
 Machine with a swiveling blade situated between two wheel
shafts for leveling the ground or clearing debris off a roadway

20
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/grader.php
Pressure due to external forces

F2 A2
When external
force F1 acts on
A1 area A1,
a pressure P is
F1 F3
produced
A3

F5 F4
A5 A4
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
P    
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
21
Force Transmission

F W W

a
F A L
A l
a

F W W A l
  
a A F a L
22
Force Transmission

F W W

a
F A L
A l
a

Pressure is the force per unit area: F W


Pressure = Force/Area a A

Consider the Pressure due to load W:

W A
or 
F a
Pressure = Load/Area
or W .a  F . A
23
Force Transmission

Volume displaced V = A .L = a .l

Work done at load = W. L

but Pressure P = W/A Therefore W = P.A

So work done at load is P.A.L = P.V (N.m)

24
Work done

Work done at load = Force x Distance moved through

A: area of piston of a hydraulic cylinder

P: pressure acting on the piston
L: stroke of the piston

Force on the piston = Pressure x Area = P x A

Work done at load = Pressure x Area x Distance

=PxAxL
= P x V (N/m2 x m3)
= P x V (N.m)
25
 Power

Power is the rate of doing work, i.e work done per unit
time or P x V per unit time. The volume per unit time is
the flow rate Q.
Thus

Hydraulic power = Pressure x Flow rate

= P (N/m2) x Q (m3/s)
= P x Q (Nm/s)
= P x Q (watts)
Pressure P : pascals (N/m2)
Flow rate: m3/s

26
Power

Flow rate Q: liters/minute

Pressure P: bar
To calculate the the hydraulic power:
Q (l/min) = Q/60 (l/s)

Q (m3/s)
=
60 x 103

P (bar) = P x 105 (N/m2)

27
 Power

Hydraulic power = Q (l/min) x P (bar)

Q (m3/s)
= x P x 105 (N/m2)
60 x 103
Q x P x 103 (Nm/s)
=
600
Q x P x 103 (watts)
=
600
Q x P (kW)
=
600
28
 Friction and pressure losses

Power 5% Cylinder
Output
10 % Tube,
valve

5%
Pump
5% Electric
Pump power Motor
Electric power

29
Friction and pressure losses

Friction occurs at the

pipe surface and within the
Power 5% Cylinder liquid, which generates
Output heat.
10 % Tube,
valve Hence hydraulic energy
is transformed to heat.
5%
Pump
5% Electric
The loss created in this
Pump power Motor way in hydraulic energy
actually means that a
Electric power
pressure loss occurs
within the hydraulic circuit.
30
Friction and pressure losses
Frictional losses are mainly dependent upon:

 Length of pipe,
 Cross-sectional area of pipe
 Roughness of pipe surface
 Number of pipe bends,
 Velocity of flow and
 Viscosity of the liquid.

31
Example:

A hydraulic pump delivers 12 liters of

fluid per minute against a pressure of
200 bar.

1. Calculate the hydraulic power?

2. If the overall pump efficiency is 60%,
what size electric motor would be
needed to drive the pump?

32
 Example:

1 2 ( l / m in ) .2 0 0 ( b a r )
Hydraulic power (kW) 
600
 4 kW

Power output of Pump

Pump overall efficiency =
Power input

Power output of Pump

Motor power (Power input) =
overall efficiency
= 4/0.6
= 6.67 kW
33
Design of a simple hydraulic circuit
 Mechanical energy is converted to hydraulic energy
in hydraulic circuits. This energy is then transferred
as hydraulic energy, processed either in an open
loop or closed loop circuit, and then converted back
to mechanical energy.

34
 Design of a simple hydraulic circuit
 Hydraulic pump (1) is driven by a motor
(electric motor or combustion engine). It
sucks fluid from tank (2) and pushes it
into the lines of the hydraulic circuit
through various hydraulic devices up to
the hydraulic cylinder (5).
 As long as there is no resistance to flow,
the fluid is merely pushed further.
 Cylinder (5) at the end of the line
represents a resistance to flow. Pressure
therefore increases until it is in a position
to overcome this resistance, i.e. until the
piston in the cylinder (5) moves. The
direction of movement of the piston in
the cylinder (5) is controlled via
directional valve (6).
 At rest, the hydraulic circuit is prevented
from being drained via the hydraulic
pump (1) by check valve (3).

35
Design of a simple hydraulic circuit

36
Design of a simple hydraulic circuit

37
Hydraulic Pump & Motors
Be presented by group of 3/4 students
 Hydraulic Valves
Be presented by group of 3/4 students
 Hydraulic Actuators
Be presented by group of 3/4 students
Hydraulic Accumulators
Be presented by group of 3/4 students
 Hydraulic Filters
Be presented by group of 3/4 students
HIGHER ENGINEERI NG EDUC ATION ALLI ANCE PROGRAM

Contact: thuyptt@hcmute.edu.vn