CAMS
POSITIVE-RETURN CAM
• it is often necessary to return the follower in a positive manner and
not by the action of gravity or of a spring.
CYLINDER CAM
• This type of cam finds many applications, particularly on machine
tools. Perhaps the most common example, however, is on
level-winding fishing reels.
INVERSE CAM
• it is advantageous to reverse the role of the cam and the follower and
to let the follower drive the cam.
CAM DISPLACEMENT CURVE
several common motions
A. Parabolic motion has the lowest theoretical acceleration for a given
rise and cam speed for the motions listed, and for this reason it bas
been used for many cam profiles.
B. Parabolic motion may also be modified to include an interval of
constant velocity between the acceleration and deceleration; this is
often spoken of as modified constant velocity. (Parabolic with
constant velocity)
C. Simple harmonic motion has the advantage that, with a radial roller
follower, the maximum pressure angle will be smaller than with
parabolic motion with equal time intervals or with cycloidal motion.
The rate of change of acceleration is determined by the third derivative of
the displacement and has been given the name "jerk." Therefore, jerk is an
indication of the impact characteristic of the loading; it may be said that
impact has jerk equal to infinity.
As a means of avoiding infinite jerk and its deleterious effect on the cam
train, a system of cam design has been developed by Kloomok and Muffley
that utilizes three analytic functions:
• cycloid (and half-cycloid),
• harmonic (and half-harmonic), and
• eighth-power polynomial.
“If a fall follows immediately, the rise can end in a fairly high value of
deceleration because this can be matched precisely by a curve having the
same deceleration for the start of the fall.”
• the units of velocity and acceleration are given in inches per
degree and in inches per degree squared.
To obtain velocity and acceleration in terms of time, the velocity from the
curves V (in./deg) can easily be converted to in./s by
the relation
GEARS
CONTACT RATIO defines the the average number of teeth in contact at any
one time
1.2 is a minimum contact ratio for smooth operation
Most spur gearsets will have contact ratios between 1.4 and 2.
A disadvantage of unequal addendum tooth forms is an increase in sliding
velocity at the tooth tip.
Circular pitch is an arc length along the pitch circle circumference measured
from a point on one tooth to the same point on the next. It also defines the
tooth size.
Face width wherein tooth is measured along the axis of the gear.
Tooth thickness is measured at the pitch circle.
Tooth height is defined by the addendum and dedendum
(AGMA) - American Gear Manufacturers Association
Backlash can cause potentially “hunting”
Antibacklash gears is back-to-back on the same shaft that can be rotated
slightly at assembly with respect to one another.
Clearance between mating teeth measured at the pitch circle is Backlash.
Center distance errors ____ the velocity ratio. Do not affect
The gear tooth form is not an involute, then an error in center distance will
violate the fundamental law, and there will be variation, or “ripple”
Pressure angle is defined as the angle between the axis of transmission or
line of action ( common normal). It is also at the direction of velocity at the
pitch point.
Arc of action is the distance along the pitch circle within the mesh.
Length of action is the distance along the line of action between these points
within the mesh.
Pitch point is the common normal of the tooth profiles, at all contact points
within the mesh.
Common tangent is the curves at the contact point.
Common normal is perpendicular to the common tangent. It is also the axis
of transmission.
Addendum is the amount of tooth that sticks out.
Base circle is the cylinders from which the strings are unwrap.
Pitch point is the contact point between the cylinders lies on the line of
center
Torque ratio is the reciprocal of the angular velocity ratio
Angular velocity ratio are equal to the ratio of the radius of the input gear to
that of the output gear.
Pinion and gear are equal to the ratio of the radius of the input gear to that
of the output gear.
SPUR GEARS are ones in which the teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear.
HELICAL GEARS are ones in which the teeth are at a helix angle, Ψ, with
respect to the axis of the gear. They run quieter than spur gears because of
the smoother and more gradual contact between their angled surfaces as
the teeth come into mesh.
HERRINGBONE GEARS are formed by joining two helical gears of identical
Open belt and the pulleys turn in the same direction as suggested by the
pitch and diameter but of opposite hand on the same shaft.
Worm which has only one tooth wrapped continuously around its arrows.
circumference a number of times, analogous to a screw thread.
Crossed belt and the pulleys turn in opposite directions
Single enveloping means that the worm gear teeth are wrapped around the
worm.
Leather is the material most commonly used for flat belts is.

Double enveloping is resulting in an hourglass-shaped worm.

Rubber. When the belt is to be run in a place where there is much moisture,
it may be made largely of _____ properly combined with fibrous material in
Noncircular Gears are based on the rolling centrodes of a Grashof double-
order to give strength.
crank fourbar linkage.

Leather belts are made by gluing or riveting together strips of leather cut
SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS If the teeth are angled with respect to the axis.
lengthwise of the hide, near the animal’s back.

Rolling cones are where bevel gears are based on.
Rack and Pinion are rotary to linear motion conversion or vice versa.
Single belt. If single thicknesses of the leather are fastened end to end, the
belt is known as a _____ and is usually about 3/16 in. thick.
Double belt. If two thicknesses of leather are glued together, flesh side to
flesh side, the belt is known as a ____ and is from 5/16 in. to 3/8 in. thick.

The amount of power which a given belt can transmit depends upon its
FLEXIBLE TRANSMITTING ELEMENTS speed, its strength, and its ability to adhere to the surf ace of the pulleys.

Flexible connector is When the distance between the driving shaft and the Strength. The ______, of course, depends upon the width and thickness

driven shaft is too great (usually less than 6 ft) to be connected by gears, and upon the nature of the material of which the belt is made.

______ is used.

Flexible connectors may be divided into three general classes:

1. Belts

2. Ropes

3. Chain

Band may be used as a general term to denote all kinds of flexible

connectors.

Belts are made of leather, rubber, or woven fabrics are flat and thin, and

require pulleys nearly cylindrical with smooth surfaces.

V-belts are usually used for connecting shafts which are less than 15 ft

apart.
7 to 1, 5000. Speed ratios up to ____ and belt speeds up to ____ fpm may
be used.

Inverse ratio. That is, the angular speeds of the shafts are in the _____ of the
effective diameters of the pulleys, and this ratio is constant for circular
pulleys.