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MODULATION AND
CODING TECHNIQUES
A Modular Approach
 MODULE 7

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION- Delta Modulation

OBJECTIVES:

 Familiarize the key terminologies and concepts used in delta modulation and differential PCM
 Analyze and solve problems involving delta modulation and differential PCM
 Identify the key circuits used in applying delta modulation and differential PCM
 Explain the functions of the different types of vocoders.

DELTA MODULATION
 It uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog signals.
 A single bit is transmitted which simply indicates whether the sample is larger or
smaller than the previous sample.
Delta Modulation Transmitter

Delta Modulation Operation

Delta Modulation Receiver

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
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SLOPE OVERLOAD

 It happens when the analog input signal changes at a faster rate than the DAC can
keep up with.
 The slope of the analog signal is greater than the delta modulator can maintain.

Countermeasures of Slope Overload

 Increasing the clock frequency

 Increase the resolution

GRANULAR NOISE

 It occurs when the original analog input signal has relatively constant amplitude
and the reconstructed signal has variations that were not present in the original
signal.
 It is analogous to quantization noise in conventional PCM.

Countermeasure of Granular Noise

 Reduce the resolution of the DAC.

ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

 It is a modified delta modulation system where the step size of the DAC is
automatically varied depending on the amplitude characteristics of the analog
input signal.

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
2
 DIFFERENTIAL PCM (DPCM)

 It is designed to take advantage of the sample to sample redundancies in

typical speech waveforms.
 The difference in the amplitude of two successive samples is transmitted rather
than the actual sample.
 It requires fewer bits in the transmission.

DPCM Transmitter

DPCM Receiver

VOCODERS

 These are special voice encoders/decoders when digitizing speech signals only.
 Vocoders cannot be used in applications where an analog signal other than voice is
present.

Types of VOCODERS:

1. Channel Vocoder- It uses bandpass filters to separate the speech waveform into
narrower sub bands.

2. Formant Vocoder –determines the location of the formants and transmits only the
information with the most significant short term components.

3. Linear Predictive Coder- It extracts the most significant portions of speech information
directly from the time waveform rather than the frequency spectrum as with the
channel and format vocoders.

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
3
 EXERCISE NO. 7

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION- Delta Modulation

Name: ___________ Date: _______
Course & Year: ___________ Professor: ____

Answer the following questions.

Required Readings:

 Read PDF pages 314- 318.

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
4