PRINCE BENGEHYA 22/539/BIT-M

1. To show that [(p v q) A (p v r)] → (p v r) is a tautology, we can use logical equivalences. One way to
prove this is to use a truth table. Here’s the truth table for the given expression:

p q r ~q (p v q) (r v ~q) (p v q) (p v r) [(p v q)
A (r v A (r v
~q) ~q)]
(p v
r)
T T T F T T T T T
T T F F T F F T T
T F T T T T T T T
T F F T T T T T T
F T T F T T T T T
F T F F T F F F T
F F T T F T F T T
F F F T F T F F T

In all cases, the last column, [(p V q) A (rV ~q)] → (pV r), is True. Therefore, the expression is a tautology.

2. To show that (ab) ∧ (-b ∨ (-a ∨ -b)) is

p q r (p ᶺ q)→ (pr) ᶺ (qr) logically equivalent to - (a →→ b), we can
r simplify the expression:

T T T T T
T T F F F
T F T T F
T F F F F
F T T T F
F T F T F
F F T T F
F F F T F

As you can see, the two expressions do not always have the same truth values, so they are not logically
equivalent.
3.To solve the set of three simultaneous linear equations using Cramer's rule, we first need to write the
system of equations in matrix form. The given equations are:

2x - 3y + 4z = -16

x + 2y - z = 12

-2x + y + 3z = -6

Now, we can represent this system as a matrix equation Ax = b, where A is the coefficient matrix, x is the
vector of variables (x, y, z), and b is the constant vector on the right side of the equations:

A = | 2 -3 4 |

| 1 2 -1 |

| -2 1 3 |

b = | -16 |

| 12 |

| -6 |

Now, we can use Cramer's rule to solve for the values of x, y, and z. Cramer's rule states that if A is
invertible (det(A) ≠ 0), then the solution can be found using the following formulas:

x = det(Ax) / det(A)

y = det(Ay) / det(A)

z = det(Az) / det(A)

Let's calculate these determinants:

det(A) = 2(23 - (-11)) - (-3(13 - (-1(-2)))) + (4(11 - 2(-2)))

det(A) = 2(6 - (-1)) - (-3(3 - 2)) + (4(1 + 4))

det(A) = 2(7) - (-3(1)) + (4(5))

det(A) = 14 + 3 + 20

det(A) = 37

Now, we can calculate the determinants of Ax, Ay, and Az by replacing the corresponding columns in A
with the vector b:

det(Ax) = | -16 -3 4 |

| 12 2 -1 |

| -6 1 3 |

det(Ay) = | 2 -16 4 |

| 1 12 -1 |

| -2 -6 3 |

det(Az) = | 2 -3 -16 |

| 1 2 12 |

| -2 1 -6 |

Now, calculate the determinants of Ax, Ay, and Az:

det(Ax) = -16(23 - (-11)) - (-3(13 - (-1(-2)))) + (4(112 - 2(-6)))

det(Ax) = -16(6 - (-1)) - (-3(3 - 2)) + (4(12 - (-12)))

det(Ax) = -16(7) - (-3) + (4(24))

det(Ax) = -112 + 3 + 96

det(Ax) = -13

det(Ay) = 2(212 - (-1(-6))) - (-16(112 - (-1(-2)))) + (4(1*(-6) - 2*(-2)))

det(Ay) = 2(24 - 6) - (-16(12 - 2)) + (4(-6 + 4))

det(Ay) = 2(18) - (-16(10)) + (4(-2))

det(Ay) = 36 + 160 - 8

det(Ay) = 188

det(Az) = 2(22 - (-11)) - (-3(12 - (-1(-2)))) + (-16(12 - 2(-1)))

det(Az) = 2(4 - (-1)) - (-3(2 - 2)) + (-16(2 - (-2)))

det(Az) = 2(5) - (-3(0)) + (-16(4))

det(Az) = 10 + 0 - 64

det(Az) = -54

Now, we can find the values of x, y, and z using Cramer's rule:

x = det(Ax) / det(A) = (-13) / 37

y = det(Ay) / det(A) = 188 / 37

z = det(Az) / det(A) = (-54) / 37

So, the solution to the system of equations is:

x = -13/37

y = 188/37

z = -54/37

4.To find out how many books have both a contents page and an index, we can use the principle of
inclusion-exclusion. We are given the following information:

Total number of books (T) = 43

Number of books with a contents page (C) = 27

Number of books with an index (I) = 18

Number of books with neither (N) = 12

We want to find the number of books with both a contents page and an index (C ∩ I). We can use the
following formula:

C∩I=C+I-T+N

Substitute the given values into the formula:

C ∩ I = 27 + 18 - 43 + 12

C ∩ I = 45 - 43 + 12

C ∩ I = 2 + 12

C ∩ I = 14

So, there are 14 books that have both a contents page and an index.