220 KV Subsatation Maintenance

CONTENT
Chapter 1 Introduction of KPTCL
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Mission and Vision 2
Chapter 2 220 kv Receving station
2.1 Introduction 3
Chapter 3 220 kv SRS equipments and its functions 7
3.1 Switchgear and Protection 8
3.2 Lightning Arrestor 9
3.3 Instrument Transformer 11
3.4 Circuit Breaker 13
3.5 Isolator 15
3.6 Insulators 16
3.7 Busbar scheme 17
3.8 Bus coupler 20
3.9 Earthing Switches 21
3.10 Classification of voltages 21
3.11 Conductors 21
3.12 Underground Cables 22
3.13 Wave Trap 23
3.14 Power Transformer 24
Chapter 4 220kv SRS protective relays
4.1 Relays used for power transformer 28
4.2 Relay used for protection for transmission line 30
4.3 Nitrogen Injection system 31
4.4 Batteries ans Battery Charger 32
4.5 Capacitor Bank 33
4.6 Feeders 34
4.7 Control room 36
Chapter 5 Maintenance of substation
5.1 Maintenance of transformer 43

5.2 Maintenance of circuit breaker 44
5.3 Capcitor bank and its maintenance 45
5.4 Station battery maintenance 45
5.5 Bus bar maintenance and Lightining arrestor 46
5.6 Isolators maintenance 47

5.7 Switchgear maintenance 47
5.8 Auxiliaries 47
5.9 Outdoor yard 47

Chapter 6 Saftey measures
6.1 Electrical safety 48
6.2 Fire extinguisher 49
6.3 Safety measuring tools used in substation 49
Chapter 7 Conclusion 50
STUDY OF 22OKV RECEIVING STATION
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION OF KPTCL
1.1 Introduction
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-07-1999 and is a company wholly owned
by the Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs 1000 crore.
KPTCL was formed on 1-08-1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution
functions of the erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board. Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions of Transmission and Distribution
of power in the entire State of Karnataka. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka
Power Corporation Limited, which generates and operates major power generating
projects in the state consisting of Hydel, Thermal and other sources. KPTCL purchases
power from KPTCL at the rate fixed by the State Govt. from time to time.
The State of Karnataka, with availability of cheap electric power, and other infrastructure
facilities, was conductive for increased tempo of industrial activity. It became necessary
therefore, to augment power generating capacity by harnessing the entire potential of the
Sharavathi Valley. The first unit of 89.1 MW was commissioned in 1964 and completed
in 1977.
KPTCL is divided into 5 companies. These companies came into existence from 1st
June 2002
1. MESCOM– (Mangalore Electricity Supply Company)
2. BESCOM– (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company)
3. HESCOM– (Hubli Electricity Supply Company)
4. GESCOM– (Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company)
5. CESCOM– (Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company)
Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 1

Companies Areas Covered

GESCOM Bidar, Bellary, Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur and Yadgiri
HESCOM Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Uttara Kannada, Haveri and
Belgaum
MESCOM Dakshina kannada, Udupi, Chickmagalur and Shimoga
BESCOM BangaloreUrban, BangaloreRural, Chikkaballapura,Kolar,
Davangere, Tumkur, Chitradurga, and Ramnagar
CESCOM Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Mandya, Hassan, Madakeri
Table 1.1 ESCOM Distribution
1.2 Mission and Vision
Mission Statement of KPTCL
The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is to ensure

reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. The KPTCL is committed
to achieving this mission through:
• The best standards in customer’s services.
• To be the encouraging best practices in transmission and distribution.
• Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities.
Emphasizing best electricity utility in the country, the KPTCL pledges to optimize its
human and technical resources for the benefits of all its customers.
Mission Statement of ESCOM’S
The mission of electricity supply companies is to ensure complete customers

satisfaction by providing its customers quality reliable power at competitive rate.
ESCOM’S are committed to achieve this mission through:
• Best practices in the construction and maintenance of its distribution network.
• High standards in customers services.
• Optimum usage of technical and human resources.

CHAPTER 2
220KV RECEVING STATION
2.1 Introduction
The Sharavathi Receiving Station (SRS) is the one of the receiving station which is
located at Vidyuthnagara, Davangere. The station is established on the year 1982 which
is named under the river sharavathi.
The station is 220/66/11kv receiving stations which have incoming lines from different
areas. The receiving station or switching station receives the power from incoming
lines, step downs the voltage and supplies the power through outgoing lines.
There are 5, 220kv lines and 8 outgoing lines at 66kv for SRS. The station receives power
from the high voltage end i.e., from 220kv line and step downs to 66kv, further the step-
down power fed to the consumers through the feeders.
The incoming and outgoing lines for 220kV SRS Davangere are of 5 ways. They are
1) Guttur-2
2) Honnali
3) Shivamogga
4) Guttur-3
5) Guttur-1
Guttur-2, Guttur-3 and Guttur-1 are the incoming lines whereas Honnali and Shivamogga
are the outgoing lines in general. But sometimes Honnali and Shivamogga also act as
incoming lines whenever necessary.

Fig:2.1.1 View of 220/66/11kv SRS Davangere

Single Line Diagram of 220/66/11kV SRS Davangere
Fig 2.1.2 Single line diagram of SRS Davangere

 A single line diagram is a simplified diagram that shows the electrical system of a
power distribution or transmission network in a single line format.
 It uses standard symbols to represent electrical components and their
interconnections, and is often used in design, analysis and operation of electrical
systems.
 The single line diagram provides a quick overview of the system, including the
major components such as bus bars, power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators,
capacitor banks,CTs and PTs, wave trap units, surge arrestors etc.
 At the incoming and outgoing line of side circuit breaker are used to protect the
network fromoverloads and fault.
 Current transformer is located near the circuit breaker for the purpose of measuring
the currentflowing through the circuit and it also give the signal to the relay of the
circuit breaker to get trip.
 Isolators are erected near the current transformer and circuit breaker to ensure the
safe isolationof a section of the system for maintenance, Repair or replacement
work.

CHAPTER 3
220KV SRS EQUIPMENTS AND ITS FUNCTION
Equipment Function
Incoming and outgoing circuits connected
1 Bus bar to bus bars.
Automatic switching during normal or
2 Circuit breakers abnormal conditions.
Disconnection under no-load condition for

Isolators
3 safety, isolation and maintenance.
To discharge the voltage on deadlines to

4 Earthing switch
earth.
To step down currents for measurement,
5 Current transformers control, and protection.
To step down the voltage for measurement,
6 Potential transformers control, and protection.
To discharge lightning over voltages and
7 Lightening arrester switching over voltages to earth.
To provide reactive power compensation
8 Reactor during low loads.
9 Neutral-grounding resistor To limit the earth fault current.

To step down extra high voltage signals and

provide a low voltage signal for metering
10 Capacitive voltage transformer
or operating a protective relay.
To prevent high frequency signals from
11 Line/wave trap entering other zones.
12 Bus reactor To compensate for the Bus reactive power
13 Bus coupler To couple bus 1 and bus 2.
To compensate for the reactive power to
14 Line reactor Maintain the voltage at high voltage lines.
To correct a power factor lag or phase shift

in an Alternating Current (AC) power
15 Capacitor Banks
supply.
3.1 Switchgear and Protection:
In an electric power system, switchgear is composed of electrical

disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate
electrical equipment. We are all familiar withlow voltage switches and re-wirable
fuses in our home. The switch is used to manually open andclose the electrical
circuit in our home and electrical fuse is used to protect our household electrical
circuit from over current and short circuit faults. In same way every electrical
circuit including high voltage electrical power system needs switching and
protective devices. But in high voltage and extra high voltage system, this switching
and protective scheme becomescomplicated one for high fault current interruption
in safe and secure way.

In addition to that from commercial point of view every electrical power system
needs measuring, controlling and regulating arrangement. Collectively the whole
system is called switchgear and protection of power system. The electrical
switchgear has been developing in various forms.
Switchgear protection plays a vital role in modern power system network, right
from generationthrough transmission to distribution end. The current interruption
devices are called circuit breaker. The circuit breakers can be operated manually
as when required and it can also be operated automatically during over current and
short circuit or any other faults in the system bysensing the abnormality of system
parameters. These power system parameters can be current, voltage, frequency,
phase angle etc. The circuit breaker senses the faulty condition of system through
protection relays and these relays are again actuated by faulty signal normally
comes from current transformer or voltage transformer.
3.2 Lightning Arrestor:

The Lightning Arrestor is a surge diverter and is used for the protection of power system
against the high voltage surges. It is connected between the line and earth so it diverts
the incoming high voltageto the earth.
 The equipment used in substation is highly expensive hence they have to be
protected againstsurge voltage due to lightning, so we use lightning arrestors.
 LAs have very less resistance so they easily pass high voltage to the ground
hence they protectthe system from damaging effects.
 In 220kV SRS, 220kV LAs are erected near the 220kV incoming line and 66kV
LAs are erectednear 66kV outgoing lines. And also, 220kV LAs are erected
near HV side of the 220/66/11kVpower transformer similarly 66kV LAs are
erected at the LV side.
 LAs are used to avoid instantaneous fault.
 The ammeter, surge counter and surge monitor are present in LA through
which leakage current is recorded, numbers of surge strikes are counted and
health of LA is checked respectively.

Fig 3.2.1Lightning Arrestor
Fig 3.2.2 220kv Lightning arrester name plate
Fig 3.2.3 66kv Lightning arrester name plate

3.3 Instrument Transformer
Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical

quantities i.e. voltage,current, power, energy, power factor, frequency. Instrument
transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of power system.
Types of Instrument Transformers
3.3.1 Current Transformer(C.T.)

3.3.2 Potential Transformer(P.T.)
3.3.1 Current Transformer

A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or
protective devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary
current (under normal conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that
is approximately zero.
 A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from high voltage
circuits.
 These will reduce the primary high-level magnitude to secondary1A.
 Metering core is common in all CT’s.
 11kv and 33kv feeders require two core one for metering and other for over
current and earth fault protection.
 66kV and 110kV lines require three cores CT’s used for metering, primary
protection (distance protection for lines and differential protection transformers)
and back up protection.
 220kv CT’s are of 5 cores, need for metering, primary protection, back up
protection and 2 cores for bus bar protection if main and check zones are
independent or only one core for bus bar protection.
 400kv CT’s are of 5 cores used for metering, primary protection (main I),
back up protection (main II), and one or two cores for bus bar protection.
 For 400kv lines both primary and back up protections are distance protection
with different characteristics.
 There are two types of CT and they are dead tank and live tank. Live tank
type of CT are used in the SRS receiving station.


Fig 3.3.1.1 Current Transformer
Fig:3.3.1.2 66kv CT name plate
3.3.2 Potential Transformer
A 220kV potential transformer is an electrical device that is used to measure the

voltage of an alternating current (AC) power system with a voltage level of 220
kilovolts (kV). The transformer works by stepping down the high voltage of the power
system to a lower voltage that can be easily measured by instruments.
The potential transformer is also known as a voltage transformer and is a type

of instrument transformer. It is typically installed in parallel with the power lines and is

used to provide a low voltagesignal that accurately represents the high voltage in the
power system. This low voltage signal can thenbe used by various instruments such as
meters, relays, and protective devices to control and monitor the power system.
Potential transformers are essential components in high voltage power systems,

as accurate voltage measurements are crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of
the system. They are designed to provide accurate voltage measurements even under
extreme conditions such as high voltage surges and lightning strikes. In summary, a
220kV potential transformer is a specialized instrument transformer used in high
voltage power systems to provide accurate voltage measurements for various control
and monitoring purposes.
Fig:3.3.2 Potential Transformer
3.4 Circuit Breaker:

Circuit breaker is equipment which can make or break a circuit either manually
or by remote control under normal conditions. Also, it has to break a circuit under fault
conditions when it receives the tripcommand and make a circuit under fault conditions
when close command is given.
3.4.1 Classification of circuit breakers based on arc quenching medium:

 Oil Circuit Breaker: In this oil is the arc quenching medium.
 Air Blast Circuit Breaker: In this air is the arc quenching medium.
 SF6 Circuit Breaker: In this SF6 is the arc quenching medium.
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker: In this vacuum is the arc quenching medium.

3.4.2 Breaker operating mechanism used of:

 Spring: Both for closing and tripping operation of breaker mechanism.
 Pneumatic: Compressed air pressure for both closing tripping.
 Semi-Pneumatic: Closing of circuit breaker by spring and tripping by pneumatic.
 Hydraulic: Compressed hydraulic oil pressure both closing and tripping
operation.
Fig:3.4.2.1 Circuit Breaker
Fig: 3.4.2.2 Circuit Breaker Mechanism
3.4.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker or Gas Circuit Breaker:

A circuit breaker in which Sulphur hexafluoride gas or SF6 gas is used as the
arc quenching medium,known as an SF6 circuit breaker. These circuit breakers are
available for the voltage ranges from 33kVto 800 kV and even more.

Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker:

There are mainly three types of SF6 CB depending uponthe voltage level of application
 Single interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 245 kV (220 KV) system.
 Two interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 420 kV400 KV) system.
 Four interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 800 kV (715 KV) system.
Working of SF6 Circuit Breaker:

 The working of an SF6 circuit breaker is similar to the working of a normal
circuit breaker. In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain
surrounded by Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas.When the breaker operates,
the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts.(For
more details visit arcing phenomenon in a circuit breaker.) The movement of the
moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve.
 The valve permits Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure
from the reservoir to thearc interruption chamber. The high-pressure flow of
Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc path.
It forms immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers.
 The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high
dielectric strength andcauses the extinction of the arc.
 After the breaker operation (i.e., after arc extinction in circuit breaker), the valve
is closed by the actionof a set of springs.
Fig:3.4.3.1 220kv SF6 Circuit Breaker Fig: 3.4.3.2 220kv SF6 CB name plate

3.4.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

A circuit breaker in which vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium, known
as vacuum circuit breaker. They are employed for 11kV outdoor applications with
limited rate of 100MVA.The switchingon and closing operation of current carrying
contacts and an arc interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber in the circuit breaker
which is called Vacuum Interrupter.
Working of Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

When the contacts of the breaker are opened in the vacuum, an arc is produced
between the contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of contacts. The arc is quickly
extinguished because the metal vapors, electrons and ions produced during arc are
diffused in a short time. The arc extinction in a vacuum breaker occurs with a short
contact separation (0.625cm) because of very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength.
Fig:3.4.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

3.5 Isolator (GOS):
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the

electrical power andis used to open a circuit under no load.
 Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker in order that repair or
replacement and also maintenance of circuit breaker can be done without any
danger.
 As the name indicates its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit
from the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the
line.
 There are different types of isolators used for different application such as
single break isolator, double break isolator.
 In isolator we don’t have any arc quenching medium so we cannot eliminate the
arc in an isolator. So, after opening the breaker only we should open the isolator,
so we should designsome mechanical interlocks like breaker close condition
(isolator should not open) and breaker open condition (isolator can close or
open).
 In 220kV substation they use under hang isolator, over hang isolator, isolators
with earth switch and isolators without earth switch.
 Under hang isolators are used to bypass circuit breaker.
 Sequence of operation during opening /closing of a circuit:
While Opening: Open circuit breaker, Open isolator and then close earthing switch.
While closing: Open earthing switch, close isolator and then close circuit breaker.
 Double brake type isolator: It consists of three loads of post isolators. The
middle isolator holds a tubular contact which can be turned straightly by a spin
of middle post isolator and other two post isolators are fixed. It can be rotated
by a lever method at the bottom of the postisolator by manual operation. As the
name indicates there are two brakes so that the magnitudeof the arc produced is
divided and the damage to isolator is reduced.
 Single break type isolator: In this isolator the arm contact is separated into two
elements. Thefirst arm contact holds one contact, and second arm contact holds
another contact. When the isolator is in open condition the contacts are
separated, when isolator is in close condition contacts are hold together tightly.

Fig:3.5.1 Single break type Isolator Fig:3.5.2 Double break type Isolator
3.6 Insulators:
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely.
 The bare line conductors are connected to the transmission towers through the
insulators. Insulators act as insulating medium for flow of leakage current from
conductor to ground through tower structures.
 Some of the insulating materials are Porcelain, Glass and Steatite materials.
 The disc type insulators are curved, because the curved shape
i) provides maximum leakage path
ii) water does not enter/ deposit at the bottom of a disc and
iii) accumulated dust gets washed away.
3.6.1 Post Insulators:

The station post (SP) insulators found in power handling equipment at power
plants and substations support electric cables and other equipment, isolating them from
the ground. SP insulators support eachpiece of equipment; several can be connected to
form an insulator column.

Fig:3.6.1 Post Insulator
3.6.2 Strain Insulator and Suspension Insulator:

Strain Insulators are designed to withstand the mechanical strain such as tension
or compression andit also withstand the electrical strain. These are connected in
horizontal.
Suspension Insulators are used to support the conductors from a tower or a pole and
these areconnected in a vertical manner.
Fig:3.6.2 Strain and Suspension Insulators
3.7 Bus Bar scheme:

There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but
selection of a particular scheme depends upon the system voltage, position of
substation in electrical power system, flexibility needed in system and cost to be
expensed.

1. Single Bus System.

2. Double Bus Bar System.
3. Main and Transfer Bus System.
Fig: 3.7 Bus Bar scheme
3.7.1 Single Bus System:
Single Bus System is simplest and cheapest one. In this scheme all the feeders and
transformer bay are connected to only one single bus. If any of the sources is out of
the system, still all loadscan be fed by switching on the sectional circuit breaker or
bus coupler breaker. If one section ofthe bus bar system is under maintenance, a
part load of the substation can be fed by energizing the other section of the bus bar.
Fig:3.7.1 Single bus system.
3.7.2 Double Bus System:

In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that any

outgoing or incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus. Actually every
feeder is connected to both ofthe buses in parallel through individual isolator as
shown in the figure 19. By closing any of the isolators, one can put the feeder to
the associated bus. Both of the busesare energized, and total feeders are divided
into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other from other buses. But
any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other.
Fig:3.7.2 Double bus system.
3.7.3 Main and Transfer Bus System:

This is an alternative of a double bus system. The main conception of Main and
Transfer Bus System is, here every feeder line is directly connected through an
isolator to a second bus called transfer bus. The isolator in between transfer bus and
feeder line is generally called bypass isolator. The main bus is as usual connected to
each feeder through a bay consists of the circuit breaker and associated isolators at
both sides of the breaker. There is one bus coupler bay whichcouples transfer bus
and main bus through a circuit breaker and associated isolators at both sides of the
breaker. If necessary, the transfer bus can be energized by main bus power by closing
the transfer bus coupler isolators and then breaker. Then the power in transfer bus
can directly be fedto the feeder line by closing the bypass isolator. If the main circuit
breaker associated with the feeder is switched off or isolated from the system, the
feeder can still be fed in this way by transferring it to transfer bus.

Fig 3.7.3: Main and Transfer Bus System
3.8 Bus Coupler:

Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any
interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is
a breaker used to couple two bus bars in order to perform maintenance on other
circuit breakers associated with that bus bar. This is a combination of the double
bus system and main bus and second bus system. In DoubleBus System with
Bypass Isolators either bus can act as main bus and second bus. It permits breaker
maintenance without interruption of power which is not possible in a double bus
system,but it provides all the advantages of the double bus system. It, however,
requires one additional isolator (bypass isolator) for each feeder circuit and
introduces slight complication in system layout.
Fig 3.8 Bus coupler

3.9 Earthing Switches:

Earthing switches is a mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit,
capable of withstanding for a specified time short-circuits currents, but not
required to carry normal rated currents of the circuit. Disconnecting switches may
be motorized or operated manually. Generally isolating switches 72.5 kV and
above are motorized.
Earthing switches may be manually operated or motorized.
3.10 Classification of Voltage:
Name Range
Low Voltage 50-1000v
Medium voltage 1k-100kv
High voltage 100kv-345kv
Extra High Voltage 345kv-765kv
Ultra-High Voltage >765kv
Table:3.10 Classification of Voltage.
3.11 Conductors:
A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current
in one or moredirection. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductor.
The most commonly used conductors for transmission today is ACSR (Aluminium
Conductor SteelReinforced). They are classified into various types based on their
current rating some of them are asfollows:
ACSR Conductors Current Rating (in A)

Mouse 1028
Drake 900
Coyote 367
Rabbit 183
Table:3.11 Types of ASCR conductor.
The above-mentioned conductors are used in 220kV SRS

 Mouse conductors are erected near 220kV bus side.

 Drake conductors are the most commonly used ACSR in

220kV side apart frombus. These are also used for incoming
GOS. Drake conductors are used as bus at66kV side.
 Coyote conductors are used from transformer to the line.
 Rabbit is used near GOS to conductors.
3.12 Underground Cables (UG Cables):

UG cables are used on the LV side of the 20MVA power transformer. "UG" cables
typically refer to underground cables, which are electrical cables that are installed
underground. These cables are commonly used to transmit electricity from power plants
to residential and commercial buildings, as well as for other infrastructure like
streetlights and traffic signals.
There are several types of underground cables available in the market, including:
PVC Insulated Cables - These cables have PVC insulation and are suitable for low-
voltage applications.
XLPE Insulated Cables - These cables have cross-linked polyethylene insulation and are
used for high-voltage applications.
Oil-filled Cables - These cables have an oil-filled core for better insulation and heat
dissipation.
Gas-Insulated Cables - These cables have a gas-filled core for insulation and are used
in high-voltageapplications.
High-Temperature Cables - These cables are designed to withstand high temperatures
and are used inindustrial applications.
When installing underground cables, it's important to consider factors like soil type,
moisture content,and temperature, as these can affect the performance and lifespan of
the cables. Proper installation andmaintenance of these cables are essential to ensure
their safe and efficient operation.
Three Core 240mm2 UG Cables are used in 3 Phase Single wire system from feeders
to OGS line of11kV. From transformer to 11kV bank for each phase single core
1000mm2 cable is used.

Fig:3.12 Cross section of 3 core UG cable
3.13 Wave Trap:

A wave trap is an electrical device used in power transmission systems to prevent the
flow of high frequency communication signals and prevent interference with the power
system. It is typically installed on the transmission line between the substation and the
communication system.
The purpose of a wave trap is to filter out high frequency signals, such as those used in
telecommunications, while allowing the low frequency power signals to pass through.
This is important because the high frequency signals can interfere with the power
system, causing problems such as equipment failure, power quality issues, and other
types of interference.
Wave traps are designed to provide high impedance to high frequency signals, while
providing low impedance to low frequency signals. This is achieved through the use of
a combination of inductors and capacitors, which create a resonance circuit that allows
low frequency signals to pass through while attenuating high frequency signals.

Fig:3.13 Wave Trap
Wave traps are typically installed at the entry point of the substation, where the
transmission line entersthe substation area. They can also be installed at other points
along the transmission line, depending on the specific needs of the system.
Wave traps are an important component of power transmission systems, as they help to
ensure the reliable and safe operation of the system by preventing interference from
high frequency communication signals.
3.14 Power Transformer:
Fig: 3.14 100MVA Power Transformer

 In 220KV SRS substation five transformers are used they are

 3 x 100MVA Power transformer
 2 x 20MVA Power transformer
 Two Distribution transformer of 100KVA are used in 220KV SRS Substation.
One Distributiontransformer is used as axillary supply for the substation and
another as a spare.
Fig:3.14.1 100MVA Power transformer name plate.

 Oil surge relay (OSR): Oil Surge Relay is one of the auxiliary equipment of oil
immersedtype transformer. It is mainly used to limit the damage to the on-load tap
changer in case of failure. It is placed in between OLTC (On Load Tap Changer)
tank and OLTC conservator.
In case of heavy faults due to surge in oil OSR relay will operate and causes tripping
of bothHT and LT breakers of the transformer.
 Pressure Relief Valve: In case of a sudden and uncontrolled increase in pressure
inside thetransformer, the pressure relief device allows the insulating fluid to
be discharged in milliseconds. Pressure relief devices significantly improve
transformer reliability and safety.
 Oil Temperature Indicator & Winding Temperature Indicator: The WTI
means winding temperature Indicator and OTI means Oil Temperature
Indicator which indicates the winding temperature & oil temperature of the

transformer and operates thealarm, trip, and cooler control contacts.

 Buchholz Relay: It is protective relay of transformer. This device signals the
fault as soon as it occurs and cuts the transformer out of the circuit
immediately. This is gas operated protective relay. It is installed in between the
pipe connecting the tank and the conservator.
 Conservator: This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the
roof thetransformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer. When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises,
the volume of oil inside transformer increases.
 Air-cell: Bellows are used to compensate for the expansion and contraction of
the oil due to temperature changes. This helps to maintain a constant oil level
and pressure within the transformer, which is important for its proper
operation.
Fig3.14.2 Air-cell
 Breather: The purpose of these silica gel breathers is to absorb the moisture
in the airsucked in by the transformer during the breathing process.
 Magnetic Oil Gauge: It is also known as oil level indicator. The MOG
(Magnetic Oil Gauge) is a device by which we can supervise the level of liquid/oil
inside the tank or conservator of power transformer and also gives us an alert of low oil
level indication with making mercury switch. It is connected at the bottom of the
Conservator tank.
 Radiators: When transformer is in the loaded condition, the hot oil comes up
in the main tank, and enters into the radiator tank through upper valve. As the
heat transfer surface of the radiator is quite large, the oil gets cooled and enters
into the transformertank via lower value of radiator units. The convectional

flow of oil in the tank and radiator of transformer continues.

 Bushings: It comprises a central conductor surround by graded insulation.
Bushing is necessary when a conductor is taken to through metallic tank or wall.
Oil filled bushingis used for 33kV applications. For making bushing compact,
synthetic resin bonded condenser bushing is used for 33 & 66kV applications.
For 132kV & above voltages, oil impregnated paper condenser bushing is used.
 220kv lightning arrester, 220kv isolator, 220kv SF6 circuit breaker and 220kv
current transformer are used on the 220kv HV bushing side of 100MVA power
transformer. Same as for the 20MVA power transformer.
 66kv lightning arrester, 66kv isolator, 66kv SF6 circuit breaker and 66kv
current transformer are used on the 66kv LV bushing side of 100MVA power
transformer. Same as for the 20MVA power transformer.
 Off load tap changer: In this type, before moving the selector, transformer is
made OFF from both ends. Such tap changers have fixed brass contacts, where
taps are terminated. The moving contacts are made of brass in the shape of
either roller or segment.
 On load tap changer: In short, we call it as OLTC. In this, taps can be changed
manually by mechanical or electrical operations without making off the
transformer. For mechanical operations, interlocks are provided for non-
operation of OLTC belowlowest tap position and above highest tap position.
Similarly, for electrical operation, limit switches are provided in circuit for
non-operation of tap change below lowest tap position & above highest tap
position. For mechanical operation, one hand interlock switch is provided in
the circuit.

CHAPTER 4
220KV SRS PROTECTIVE RELAYS
4.1 Relays used for the protection of power transformer:
Fig:4.1 Relays
 Differential Relay:
Differential protection is the primary protection for the power transformer. Differential
protection is acommon technique used to protect power transformers from internal
faults. The basic idea behind differential protection is to compare the current entering
the transformer with the current leaving the transformer. If the difference between
these two currents exceeds a predetermined threshold, it is an indication of an internal
fault in the transformer.
Fig:4.1.1 Differential Relay
To implement differential protection in a power transformer, current transformers

(CTs) are installedon both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The CTs
on the primary side of the transformer measure the current entering the transformer,

while the CTs on the secondary side of the transformer measure the current leaving the
transformer. The currents from both sets of CTs are then fed into a differential relay,
which compares the two currents and determines if there is a fault in the transformer.
 Overcurrent Relay:
Overcurrent protection is another important technique used to protect power
transformers fromdamage caused by overcurrent or short circuits. Overcurrent can be
caused by a variety of reasons, including faults in the power system, lightning strikes,
or switching operations. Overcurrent protection typically involves the use of
overcurrent relays, which are designed to detect overcurrent and operate protective
devices, such as circuit breakers, to isolate the transformer from the power system.
Overcurrent relays are typically installed on both the primary and secondary sides of
the transformer.
There are different types of overcurrent relays, including instantaneous overcurrent
relays, time-delay overcurrent relays, and directional overcurrent relays. Directional
overcurrent relays aredesigned to detect overcurrent that flow in a particular direction,
which can be useful in detecting faults that occur close to the transformer.
Fig:4.1.2 Over Current Relay

 Restricted Earth fault Relay:

A Restricted Earth Fault (REF) relay is a protective relay that is used in power systems to
detectand isolate earth faults. It is designed to detect faults that occur within a specific
zone of the power system, typically between two current transformers (CTs) connected
to the same winding of a transformer or generator.
The REF relay works by measuring the current flowing through the CTs and comparing
it to areference current. If the measured current exceeds the reference current by a
predetermined amount, the REF relay will trip and isolate the faulty section of the power
system.
Fig:4.1.3 Earth fault Relay
4.2 Relay used for the protection of Transmission line:

 Distance Relay:
A distance relay is a protective relay used in power systems to detect faults in

transmission lines and to determine the distance to the fault location. It is also known
as a "impedance relay" or "reactance relay."
The distance relay works by measuring the voltage and current at the relay location,
and then calculating the impedance of the transmission line between the relay and the
fault location. By comparing this impedance to a predetermined impedance
characteristic, the distance relay can determine the approximate distance to the fault.
When a fault is detected, the distance relay sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker

located at the faultlocation, which opens the breaker and isolates the faulty section of
the power system.
Fig 4.2 Distance Relay
4.3 Nitrogen Injection System:
Fig:4.3 Nitrogen Injection System
A nitrogen injection system can also be used in power transformers as a means of

preventing the formation of moisture and oxidation within the transformer. Moisture
and oxidation can cause degradation of the insulation materials in the transformer and
ultimately lead to failure.
The nitrogen injection system works by injecting dry nitrogen gas into the space above
the transformeroil level, creating a dry environment that helps to prevent the formation
of moisture and oxidation. Thenitrogen gas displaces the air within the transformer,
which contains moisture and other contaminants,creating a stable, dry atmosphere that
can help to extend the lifespan of the transformer. The nitrogen gas used in the system
is typically supplied from a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder or a nitrogen generator, and

the pressureand flow ofthe gas are controlled by a regulator and a flow meter. The system
may also include a nitrogen purge system, which allows for the removal of any moisture
or other contaminants from the transformer prior to filling it with nitrogen.
It's important to note that a nitrogen injection system is not a substitute for regular
maintenance and testing of power transformers. The system should be used in
conjunction with other preventative maintenance measures, such as regular oil
sampling and testing, to ensure the continued safe and reliable operation of the
transformer.
4.4 Batteries and Battery Charger:

A battery room in substation is number of batteries connected in series for giving
auxiliary supply forrelay, control panel indications, station lighting, and etc. Batteries
provide DC supply for the equipment.
 The normal DC auxiliary supply systems in power substation are operating
either on the 110V or 220 V level, though lower levels exist.
 Some systems at the substation may require lower voltages as their auxiliary
supply source. A typical example of these systems would be the optical
telecommunication devices or the power line carrier (PLC) equipment.
 They are kept at a fully charged level by self-regulated battery chargers that are
set to maintaina specific DC bus voltage.
 The battery charger can never be relied upon to supply DC current for operating
any protectionequipment.
 This is due to the fact that the fault can easily depress the charger supply voltage
to the pointthat the charger stops functioning.
 Failure of the battery to perform its intended function can result in local service
interruption,significant damage to substation equipment and in some cases wide
spread outages or major system disturbances.
 In sub stations we get AC supply but in the case of a fault in the incoming
supply, then we will not have AC supply to power the protective equipment and
Isolation switches. Unlike ACsupply DC supply can be stored in battery’s. The
Battery’s will provide DC supply to all protective experiments. The Main reason
for use of DC is the reliability and back up.

Fig 4.4 Battery Room
Battery and Battery charger details:

Battery set:
EXIDE Type-YKP
Capacity at 10hr rate:300Ah
Year-2011 commissioned on20.9.2011 commissioned on 28.9.2011.
Battery charge-old:
Capacity: 440V to 220V
Float charger: 0-75A range (normal 5-6 Amps) Boost charger: 0 to 100Arange
Battery charger –New:

ACI/P: 415V, +10%,-30%, 50Hz, +/_5%, 3-phase
Ambient temperature: 45 degree Celsius.
4.5 Capacitor Bank:
Capacitors are used to control the level of the voltage supplied to the customer by
reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in the system caused by inductive reactive
loads.
 A Capacitor Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are
connectedin series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy.
 The resulting bank is then used to counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase
shift in an alternating current (AC) power supply.
 Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage and
current. Since the majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some

amount of reactive power for them to function. The capacitor or bank of capacitors
installed parallel to the load provides this reactive power.
 It reduces the electricity bill, used to reduce signal noise and they also prevent
electromechanical contacts from burning.
 30MVR Capacitor Bank-1 and 20MVAR Capacitor Bank-2 are used
Fig:4.5.1 30MVR Capacitor Bank Fig:4.5.2 20MVR Capacitor Bank
4.6 Feeders:
In electric power distribution, Feeder is “voltage power line transferring power from a
distributionsubstation to the distribution transformers”.
 Feeders are the conductors which connect the stations (sometimes generating
stations) to the area to be fed by those stations.
 Generally, from feeders no tapping is taken to the consumers, therefore,
current loading of a feeder remains the same along its length.
Fig:4.6 Feeders

220kV INCOMING LINES 66kV LINES 11kV FEEDERS
Guttur 1 220kV incoming Davangere 66kv outgoing BANK1
Guttur 2 220kV incoming

F1 – Hadadi
Chitradurga-2 F2 – Tholahunase
66kvoutgoing
F3- Kukwada(IP)
F4- Yellamma(IP)
F5- Belanger
Guttur 3 220kV incoming Harihara-Hospet
BANK 2
66kvoutgoing
F9 – Shamnur(Vr)
F10-Saraswarthi
badavane
F11 – Water worksF12 –
Attigeri(Vr) F13 –
Industrial 66kv outgoing Industrial

220 kV OUTGOING LINES
F14 – Vidyanagara (Vr)
F15–Ranganatha
Badavane (Vr)
F17 – JHP1 (Vr)
Honnali 220 KV
Yaragunta 66kv outgoing BANK 3
OUTGOINGLINES
Shimoga-2 220 KV Chitradurga-1 66kvoutgoing F6- Naganur (IP)

F7 –Jarrikatte (IP)
OUTGOINGLINES F8- Thurchgtta (IP)
F16- JHP-2(Vr)
Kukkuvada 66kv outgoing BANK 4
F20 – Auxilary (Vr)

F21- Tharalabalu (NJY)
Sokke 66kv outgoing F22 – SSHitech (Vr)
F23– Vivekananda badavanane
(Vr)

4.7 Control Room:

A Control room or operation room is a room serving as a central space where a large
physical facilityor physically dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.
 An electrical room is a room or space in a building dedicated to

electrical equipment. Itssize is usually proportional to the size of the
building; large buildings may have a main electrical room and
subsidiary electrical rooms.
 It will often be a larger command center.
 Electrical equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or
for communicationsequipment.
 Electrical rooms typically house the following equipment:
 Electrical switchboards
 Distribution boards
 Circuit breakers and disconnects
 Electricity meter
 Transformers
 Bus bars
 Backup batteries in a Battery room
 Fire alarm control panels
 any control rooms are manned as 24/7/365 and multiple people on the
duty at all the timesto ensure continuous vigilance. These peoples are
the shift engineers and maintenance engineer.
Fig:4.7 Control Room

4.7 Analysis of Faults
The 3rd Fault is occurred between R-phase to Ground
The distance R-phase relay is activated.
The fault current is 9.61kA.
Over Current R phase relay is activated.

The fault is occurred at a distance of 8.22Km from the station
SCADA:
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture
comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces
(GUI) for high-level process supervisory management, while also comprising other
peripheral devices like programmable logic controllers (PLC) and discrete proportional-
integral-derivative (PID) controllers to interface with process plant or machinery.
• Computer control is one of the most cost-effective solutions for improving reliability,
optimum operation, intelligent control and protection of a power system network. Having
advanced data collection capabilities, SCADA system plays a significant role in power
system operation.
• At distribution side SCADA does more than simply collecting data by automating entire
distribution network and facilitating remote monitoring, coordinate, control and
operating distribution components just like in Smart Grid System.
• The major functions of SCADA can be categorized into following types.
1. Substation Control
2. Feeder Control
3. End User Load Control
Advantages of Implementing SCADA systems for Electrical Distribution.
• Due to timely recognition of faults, equipment damage can be avoided.
• Continuous monitoring and control of distribution network is performed from remote

locations.

• Saves labour cost by eliminating manual operation of distribution equipment.
• Reduce the outage time by a system-wide monitoring and generating alarms so as to

address problems quickly.
• Improves the continuity of service by restoring service after the occurrence of faults
(temporary).
• Automatically improves the voltage profile by power factor correction and VAR control.
• Facilitates the view of historian data in various ways.
• Reduces the labour cost by reducing the staff required for meter reading

PLCC:
PLCC (Power line carrier communication) in modern electrical power system substation
is mainly used for following purpose:
• Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that: Inter trip command can be issued
by relay due to tripping of circuit breaker at any one end.
• Wave Trap--The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed towards the
remote line terminal and not towards the station bus and it must be isolated from bus
impedance variations. This task is performed by the line trap. A parallel resonant circuit
has high impedance at its tuned frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier energy
to flow toward the remote line terminal. The coil of the line trap provides a low
impedance path for the flow of the power frequency energy. Since the power flow is
rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size.
Hence a line trap unit/Wave trap is inserted between busbar and connection of coupling
capacitor to the line.
• Wave trap protects the electrical substation from high frequency communication
signals by acting as Low Pass Filter.
• Coupling capacitor protects the Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

equipment’s from low frequency, HV signals by acting as a High Pass Filter.

AC AND DC DISTRIBUTION BOARD
DCDB:
DC distribution is needed in Sub-station to provide power supply to Control & Protection

equipment situated in Substation in case of outages/faults. Generally, DC power is used
for this purpose instead of AC, since the reaction time of the protective device is less,
operating on DC supply. System of DC Distribution Board (DCDB), Battery Chargers
and Battery Bank are used for this purpose. Further, the Battery charger is supplied
through a different power supply/transformer (AC), to provide redundancy (So that it
remains in operation even though the Main power supply fails). DCDB (Direct Current
Distribution Box), component of an electricity supply system which divides an electrical
power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker
for each circuit.
DCDB Charges in two ways
(i) Float type- It is common mode in which DCDB always charges
(ii) Boost type – It is a type of charging which boosts up the low voltage to the specified
value.

ACDB:
It gives extra protection to the system in case of failures on load side. ACDB is made for
breaker, isolators, voltage and current monitoring etc. Substation AC auxiliary systems
are typically used to supply loads such as transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap
changers, circuit breaker air compressors and charging motors, outdoor device heaters,
outdoor lighting and receptacles, motor-operated disconnecting switches, emergency
feeders, yard lighting, and control house. Control house usually includes lighting and
receptacles, heating, ventilating and air conditioning, battery charger input and water well
pump.

“220KV SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE”
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION
Finally, from this report we can conclude that, electricity plays a very important role in our life. So,
we came to know that how the electricity is transmitted and distributed through the substation.
Substation is one of the crucial, important and integral part of the power system which forms the
important link between the transmission and distribution.
The current at high voltage is received at the SRS receiving station and is stepped down to the
required level and distributed to many industries and housing purpose.
For the effective transmission and distribution:
l. There should be effective voltage control at the station.

2. The losses should be minimized.
3. There should be reliable and continuous supply of power.
4. All the equipment’s used should be proper and also well protected. 5. The work should be
carried out under the guidance of AE/JE properly.
The vital role played by the SRS receiving station is as follows:
1. The main function of the station is to transform voltage from high to low or the reverse.
2. It provides continuous and quality power supply for the feeders.
3. The electricity is transmitted at high voltages and low currents to reduce the heat of the eddy
currents, and other transmission losses. In the station the voltages are increased to high voltages
by using step up transformers, and after the transmission, they are again stepped down for
distribution.
4. Maintaining the power quality is of most important in any situation.

5. The power transformer is the "Heart of the substation "which is the main equipment _for
minimizing or maximizing the voltage ranges. And also all other equipment’s circuit breaker,
Relays, GOS-isolators, control room, Batteries helps to protect the substation under fault
conditions.
Department of EEE, UBDTCE DAVANAGERE 577004

220 KV Substation Maintenance
Chapter 5
MAINTENANCE OF SUB STATION

Maintenance may be defined as the upkeep of the substation electrical
equipment in proper working and efficient condition to derive the following:
► Reliable and efficient operation
► Optimum utilization
► Reduced down time
► Availability
► Detection of premature faults

To meet the above requirement, the equipment has to be checked, attended to,
trouble Shouted and operated under specified conditions. A large percentage of failures of
electrical equipment are due to deterioration of insulation, loose contact, abnormal
operating conditions etc. Many of these failures can be anticipated by regular application
of simple tests and timely maintenance. Proper maintenance of electrical equipment
demands that a maintenance schedule be prepared for each equipment which includes daily,
weekly, monthly, half yearly, yearly checks Based on the manufacturer's recommendation.
The Maintenance schedule for sub stations brought out by KPTCL should be followed as
the basic document for preparing the maintenance schedule:
Classification of maintenance activity
1. Corrective or breakdown maintenance.
2. Preventive maintenance.
3. Condition based maintenance
4. Reliability centered maintenance
5. Equipment failure analysis.
6. Techniques for reducing down time.
7. Spares management.
5.1 Maintenance of transformer:
Table 5.1 Maintenance of various parts of Transformer
SI Items to be Inspection Action
no. inspected required
1 Oil Level Check Oil level in conservator Top up with Good tested
by Magnetic oil gauge with oil if oil level is low.
reference to oil temperature.
2 Testing of Oil Oil samples to be sent to R&D Take action to restore
center once a year for test as BDV of oil of OLTC to
per IS 1866. 50KV.
Dept. of EEE, UBDTCE, Davangere Page 25

3 Relief vent Check for damage Replace if damaged.
to Diaphragm.
4 Breather Check color of silica gel. If air passage is blocked,
Ensure that the air passages then use large size
free in the Breather. crystals. Color of good
silica gel is blue.
5 OLTC counter Check reading of counter and Replace if faulty.
verify its working.
6 Jumper Check for tightness of Take Remedial Measures.
connection and clamps and Damage to
Earthing conductor & Earthing Leads.
7 Bushings Examine for Clean/Replace
cracks/Damages and Dust. If necessary.
8 OLTC Lubricate Bearings, Top up oil in gear box,
Motor Drive and Cleaning and Check gear box Clean contactors etc.
control panel oil level.
9 Cooler Fan& Lubricate Bearings Examine Replace contractor
Pump. contractor contacts. contacts are burnt
10 IR&PI Compare with previous PI> 1.5 is good
values values
11 Trip Relays Check operation of auxiliary Attend to defeat if any.
relay, Breaker tripping etc., by
and Alarm
injecting Air and artificially
Relays actuating the temperature
indicator.
12 Gasket Check for leakages Tighten the bolts evenly
joints avoid uneven pressure
take measure to stop
leak.
13 Temperature Pocket(Holding thermometer Oil to be replaced after
sensor) to be checked. cleaning pocket and
Indicator probe.
14 Dial Type Check Pointer for free Check gauge reading
Oil Gauge movement with respect to oil in
(Magnetic conservator using dip
Oil Gauge) stick.
15 Earth Measure Earth Resistance of Take action if the value
Resistance body and neutral. high, Check Connection
at Electrodes.
5.2 Maintenance of Circuit Breakers:
The CB should be able to operate immediately during fault conditions. For such
an operation regular and detailed maintenance is necessary. The lack of maintenance may
result in Failure in operation of CB. Maintenance manuals should be carefully studied by
trained maintenance staff. Detailed program of maintenance of CB should be prepared with

predetermined intervals between Inspections. The period may be quarterly, half yearly,
yearly etc. the maintenance work is done By trained staff according to the schedule. In case
of difficult jobs the manufacturer is consulted.
5.2.1 Break down VS preventive maintenance:
Maintenance is classified in two categories namely.
1) Break down or corrective maintenance: The breakdown maintenance is undertaken
after failure of the equipment. In general it consists of locating the trouble, repair and
recommissioning.
2) The preventive maintenance: Preventive maintenance is under taken to ensure smooth
and efficient working of a system. Equipment preventive maintenance is under taken as
per schedule before breakdown of a system or equipment takes place.
5.3 Capacitor bank and its maintenance:

Capacitors are widely used in distribution systems to achieve power and energy loss
reduction, system capacity release and to maintain a voltage profile within permissible
limits. The extent of these benefits depends on the location, type and number of capacitors. On
a typical power system, approximately 75% of the reactive power (VAR) requirements
for a complete electrical system comes from the consumer load. The remaining 25%
is needed to supply VAR requirements of the power system itself. This includes
Generators, transmission lines, transformers and distribution lines.
5.4 Station battery maintenance:

The DC power is required to supply Trip coils and closing coils, Indicating lamps, Alarm,
for energizing the holding and operating coils in control and interlock schemes and in
protection. Schemes. Also, the DC power is required for PLCC and other supervisory
equipment and emergency DC lighting
Though Lead-acid batteries. Nickel- Cadmium batteries, Nickel Iron batteries and Zine
Chloride batteries are available. The lead-acid battery is still being used in KPTCL sub•
station. Due to the following characteristics:
1) Low initial and operating cost as compared to alkaline batteries.
2) It's voltage on discharge is the higher of all the reversible combinations used.
3) Uses comparatively cheap and plentiful materials.
4) The completely reversible chemical reactions produce little physical change in
the plates.
5) It can operate satisfactorily over wide range of temperature from approximately
-18 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius.

5.5. Bus bar Maintenance and Lighting Arrester
Generally, the bus bars are installed in a sub-station as per the design. As all connections
for drawl of currents are made to the main bus bar, the following aspects become very
important.
1) The joints: The resistance must be less than 20 micro ohms. Annually or whenever
shut down is available, the resistance across the joints must be measured using
micro• ohm meter.
Aluminum to copper joint pose a problem that the resistance of the joint increases with
time due to bi-metallic corrosion. If the joint resistance measured is more than 20 micro
ohms, the Tin plating of the copper bus bar might have worn out and under such cases;
the joint must be re-done with tin plating to reduce the joint resistance.
2) Vibration of Bus bar: The bus bars vibrate at the power frequency when they are
charged from an alternating current source. If the frequency of vibration approaches
the natural frequency, resonance will be setup, which may cause damage to the bus bar.
Varying the span lengths between supports and improving the rigidity of the
supports will be useful in over coming this problem.
5.5.1 Lighting Arrester
The general maintenance aspects are:
1) Cleaning of lightning arrester stacks.
2) The stack which has any cracks is to be replaced immediately.
3) The earth connections of the lightning arrester with the electrode and at the
counters shall be Checked for sound connections.
4) The IR values shall be measured and shall be compared with the earlier values.
5) The leakage current shall berecorded periodically (A value of less than 3 mills
amps indicate healthiness).
The latest metal oxide lightning arresters (Surge arresters) can be easily monitored for
healthiness using leakage current monitor. This instrument measures the third harmonic
resistive current (THRC). The main advantage is the THRC can be measured while L.A. Is
in service.
5.5.2 Current Transformers (CTs), Potential Transformers (PTS), and
Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs).
The routine maintenance includes.
1) Checking for any oil leak and maintaining oil level.
2) Visual inspection of HF point bushing for any damage and earthing if not used
for PLCC.

3) Measurement of voltages at marshalling box and control room in case of PT and
CVT.
4) All bushing in any equipment shall be kept clean and glaze maintained as
minimum creepage distance and flashover have a direct bearing on cleanliness
and glaze of the porcelain.
5.6 Isolators (Earth break or without Earth break):
Routine maintenance of Isolators includes:
1) Checking linkages for simultaneous operation, operating mechanism, stopper
bolts etc.
2) Checking of Earth switch copper flexible.
3) Checking of Earth connections of Earth blade.
4) Cleaning of insulators and checking for cracks in the insulators.
5) Checking of interlocks.
5.7 11 KV Switchgear:
1) The cable entry shall be checked for vermin proofing.
2) The earth connections of Switchgear, Pothead etc. shall be checked for
tightness, 3) Relay tripping of breakers, spring charging mechanism and
annunciation shall be checked.
5.8 Auxiliaries:
1) Cleaning of Auxiliary transformer, Checking of HV/LV connections,
Neutral and earth Electrode.
2) Checking of IR values, silica gel, BDV of oil, Top up oil if necessary.
3) Tightening of cable connections, Breakers, checking LT-AC breaker operation,
vermin proof or cable entry.
5.9 Outdoor Yard:
1) Checking tightness of PG/f-clamps.
2) Cleaning of bus bar sting insulators.
3) Checking for Hot spots using Thermo vision camera. (Available with Hot-
Line Subdivision).
4) Checking damage to ACSR conductor in jumps (Aluminum strands not cut).
5) Applying petroleum jelly and tightening of spacers in case of double conductor
bus.

Chapter 6
Safety Measures
whether it is in the use of electricity or otherwise. When it comes to working in an
electrical supply system, the operating conditions, pose a larger scope for accidents if
necessary precautionary measures are not taken by foreseeing the potential dangers.it is
always quoted that "Electricity is a loyal servant but never excuses". Most of the accidents
are the result of
► Lack of Knowledge.
► Breaking safety rules or instructions.
► failure to use protective devices.
► Use of detective tools.
► materials and machines.

Hence in order to avoid these accidents general safety devices are used in electric
work especially the grounding practices which ensure that line/equipment is not live to start
the grounding and also Connection to the ground should be made first and the other end
should be attached next. All the conductors should be treated as live till they are properly
grounded. Similarly, while disconnecting the connection, the line connection should be
removed first followed by the ground. Then ensuring that the insulated wire does not touch
the body while earthing. The person who is earthing the line shall be in lower level than
the line/equipment being earthed.
General safety devices used in Electric works:
► Rubber Hand gloves.
► Safety belts.
► Leather protective gloves.
► Hand tools like insulated cutting pliers, insulated screw drivers, line testers.
► Earthing rods.
6.1 Electrical Safety:
1) Do check for continuity of DC supply for efficient operation.
2) Do check for physical healthiness of battery cells and their connections.

3) Do ensure or and satisfy for electrolyte level in cells if level is low, fill with distilled
water.
4) Do ensure for proper operations of battery charger and satisfy with regard to DC
fuses etc.
5) Do check frequently for tripping and closing of equipment through relays and
switches

6) Do check and provide efficient ground connections to all DC equipment’s
and if possible earth leakage relays for efficient DC supply.
7) Do check for proper earthing connections for equipment’s like LAs, PTs,
Transformers. Circuit breakers and CTs etc.
8) Do check for smooth and easy operations of circuit breakers and GOS etc.
9) Do check the following during the shut downs and record their values.
10) Do check all the equipment during shut down for dust etc., from both inside and
outside as the case may be.
6.2 Fire Extinguisher:

Fire extinguishers is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires.
often in emergency situations.
It is not intending for use on an out - of-control fire, such as one which has reached the
ceiling, endogenous the user or other is enquires the expertise of a fire brigade.
There are 5 main fire extinguishers
1. Water
2. Foam
3. Dry powder
4. Carbon diode
5. Wet chemical
Fig 6.1 Fire extinguisher in substation

6.3 Safety measuring tools used in substation:
1. Portable (Mobile) Oil Pump.
2. Telescopic ladder aluminum 6 meter height.
3. Ring spanner set/IO number.
4. Tube spanner set/08 number.

5. Pipe wrench, 24 inches.
6. Hydraulic crimping tools.
7. Rubber hand gloves (l5KV Tested).
8. 3 Cells
9. Insulated cutting plier 8- and 12-inch size.
10. Line live tester, AC/DC 500v.
11. Screw driver 12 and 18.
12. Pipe derrick suitable for lifting 3- & 6-meters height.
13. Box spanner with handle.
14. Transit oil di-electric breakdown test kit.
15. Insulation tester (Megger) 2.5 to 5KV, Hand operated.
16. Multimeter electronic type.
17. Rubber apron.
18. Protective goggle.
19. Rubber shoes knee height.
20. Grounding stick.
Fig 6.2 various tools and safety equipment's used in substation
Dept. of EEE, UBDTCE Page 32

220 KV Subsatation Maintenance

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220 KV Subsatation Maintenance

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CONTENT

Chapter 1 Introduction of KPTCL

5.1 Maintenance of transformer 43

5.6 Isolators maintenance 47

5.9 Outdoor yard 47

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

1. MESCOM– (Mangalore Electricity Supply Company)

2. BESCOM– (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company)

3. HESCOM– (Hubli Electricity Supply Company)

4. GESCOM– (Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company)

5. CESCOM– (Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company)

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 1

Companies Areas Covered

1.2 Mission and Vision

Mission Statement of KPTCL

The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is to ensure

• The best standards in customer’s services.

• To be the encouraging best practices in transmission and distribution.

• Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities.

Mission Statement of ESCOM’S

The mission of electricity supply companies is to ensure complete customers

• Best practices in the construction and maintenance of its distribution network.

• High standards in customers services.

• Optimum usage of technical and human resources.

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 2

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 3

Fig:2.1.1 View of 220/66/11kv SRS Davangere

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 4

Single Line Diagram of 220/66/11kV SRS Davangere

Fig 2.1.2 Single line diagram of SRS Davangere

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 5

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 6

Incoming and outgoing circuits connected

1 Bus bar to bus bars.

Automatic switching during normal or

2 Circuit breakers abnormal conditions.

Disconnection under no-load condition for

To discharge the voltage on deadlines to

To step down currents for measurement,

5 Current transformers control, and protection.

To step down the voltage for measurement,

6 Potential transformers control, and protection.

To discharge lightning over voltages and

7 Lightening arrester switching over voltages to earth.

To provide reactive power compensation

8 Reactor during low loads.

9 Neutral-grounding resistor To limit the earth fault current.

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 9

To step down extra high voltage signals and

To prevent high frequency signals from

11 Line/wave trap entering other zones.

12 Bus reactor To compensate for the Bus reactive power

13 Bus coupler To couple bus 1 and bus 2.

To compensate for the reactive power to

14 Line reactor Maintain the voltage at high voltage lines.

To correct a power factor lag or phase shift

3.1 Switchgear and Protection:

In an electric power system, switchgear is composed of electrical

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 10

3.2 Lightning Arrestor:

Dept. E&E Engineering, UBDTCE. 11

Fig 3.2.1Lightning Arrestor

Fig 3.2.2 220kv Lightning arrester name plate