U1 • To pay tribute to our national legend for giving his life and works in molding

the Filipino character; and

REPUBLIC ACT 1425
• To increase a rousing wellspring of nationalism through an incredible
This is the act that mandates to include in the curricula of all public and private
investigation, works, and compositions.
schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of our
national hero Rizal, particularly his two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Historical Timeline of Republic Act 1425
and authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
 During the 1950s
• The then-Senator Claro M. Recto – the fundamental defender of the Rizal Bill –
One of the prominent recommendations during the 1950s was Jose Lansang's
was even named as a socialist and an enemy of Catholicism.
proposition to make a "common patriot program for building the country."
• The bill mandates all private and public educational institutions in the country (Schumacher, 2011)
to offer a course on the hero’s life, works, and writings, especially the Noli Me Tangere
 April 03, 1956
and El Filibusterismo.
Committee on Education filed Senate Bill No. 438, which was then supported only by
• The first section of the law concerns in the mandating the students to read
three members of the upper house.
Rizal's novels.
 April 17, 1956
• The last two sections involve making Rizal’s writings accessible to the general
public – they require the schools to have a sufficient number of copies in their libraries Chairman of the Committee on Education, Jose P, Laurel, supported the measure; its
and mandate the publication of the works in major Philippine languages. goal was to scatter the thoughts and standards of Jose Rizal through his books, Noli Me
Tangere and EI Filibusterismo.
• Jose P. Laurel – the co-author of the law, has explained that since Jose Rizal
was the founder of the country's nationalism and had significantly contributed to the The Catholic components declared that the bill was an endeavor to ruin their religion
current condition of the nation, it is only right that Filipinos, especially the youth, and that it disregards strict opportunity. As per them, the bill hurts the estimations of
know about and learn to imbibe the high ideals for which the hero died. the Catholic faith, particularly the two books that Jose Rizal composed.

Motivations behind the Republic Act 1425  April 19, 1956

• To rededicate the lives of youth to the beliefs of opportunity and patriotism, The conflict reached the House of Representatives when Congressman Jacobo Z.
for which our heroes lived; Gonzales proposed House Bill No. 5561, which was very similar to Senate Bill 438.

1
  April 23, 1956
The discussions On Senate Bill 438 started. Representative Claro M. Recto upheld
Senator Laurel's Bill, contending that the goal of the bill is just to value Rizal's job in
fighting the Spanish oppression.
 May 02, 1956
The report of the Committee on Education suggested endorsement without revision.
Notable defenders of the bill are the bill author Jose P. Laurel, Congressman Emilio
Cortez. Joaquin R. Rotes, and W. Rancap Lagumbay.
Notable opposers of the bill are Congressman Ramon Durano, Jose Nuguid, Marciano
Lim, Manuel Lucas Paredes, Godofredo Ramos, Miguel Cuenco, Congresswoman
Carmen Consing, and Tecla San Andres Ziga.
 May 09, 1956
Debates in the Senate gained more public and media attention, and they're almost was
a fistfight on the floor in the Upper Chamber.
 May 12, 1956
The amendment of the bill was approved in its second reading.
 May 14, 1956
The House of Representatives, House Majority Floor Leader Congressman Tolentino,
sponsored an amendment similar to Laurel's.
President ElpidioQuirino declined to ensure that the measure was prompt. With just a
couple of days left before the Congress dismisses for the year, the Constitution
2
commands printed duplicates must be dispersed to the Congressmen three days
before its last endorsement.
Senate Bill 438 was approved on third reading, with 23 votes. House Bill No. 5561 was
also passed on third reading with 71votes (6 against, two abstained, 17 absent) and
was sent to the Senate on the same day.
 May 17, 1956
The bill was later passed in Senate.
 June 12, 1956
The Rizal bill was signed into the law by then- President Ramon Magsaysay, this
becoming Republic Act 1425.
Other Rizal Laws
• Memorandum Order No. 247 – former Pres. Fidel V. Ramos coordinated the
DECS Secretary and CHED Chairman to entirely execute the RA 1425 because there
had been reports that the law had still not been thoroughly done.
• CHED Memorandum No. 3 – was given upholding exacting consistency to
Memorandum Order No. 247 out of 1995.
• Republic Act No. 229 – a demonstration disallowing cockfighting, horse
hustling, and jai-alai on December 30 of every year and make a board of trustees to
assume responsibility for the best possible festival of Rizal Day in each district and
contracted city, and for some other purposes.
Hero VS Martyr
• A hero is an individual or main character of a scholarly work who combats
difficulty through accomplishments of ingenuity, bravery, or strength within the
confront of danger, regularly sacrificing their claim individual concerns for a greater
cause.
• A martyr is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating,
renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a belief or cause as
demanded by an external party.
Rizal as Hero and Martyr
According to Esteban De Ocampo, Dr. Jose Rizal is unquestionably our nation's
greatest hero and martyr. The day of his birth and his execution are fittingly
commemorated by all classes of our people throughout the length and breadth of our
country and even by Filipinos and their friends abroad.
Why is Rizal the greatest Filipino hero?
• He is a person who took an admirable part in any remarkable action or event.
• He is a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in
suffering.
• He is a man honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional
service to mankind.
U2
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
• Contextualization helps to understand.
3
• Generally, to contextualize something is to put it inside its appropriate and
more prominent setting in which it presents its actual and complete significance.
• As Jose Rizal was conceived and experienced childhood in the nineteenth
century, to contextualize him – to comprehend his life, contemplations, and works
appropriately – is to comprehend the social and political setting of that century.
• The 19th century was a time of enormous changes in Europe, Spain, and thus
in the Philippines.
• It was during this period that the force and magnificence of Spain, the
Philippines' colonizer, had wound down both in its states and on the planet.
• 19th century Philippines as Rizal's setting is therefore partitioned into three
perspectives: economic, social, and political. Under these are major chronicled
occasions or issues, which described the nation during that time.
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
a) End of Galleon Trade
b) Opening of the Suez Canal
c) Rise of the export of the crop economy
d) Established Monopolies in the Philippines
A. End of Galleon Trade
• In 1565, the Spanish government shut the ports of Manila to all nations (China,
Japan, Siam [now Thailand], India, Cambodia, Borneo, and the Moluccas or Spice
Islands) aside from Mexico, in this manner bringing forth Manila-Acapulco Trade
famously known as the "Ship Trade. "
• The following are among the stocks sent to Mexico from the Philippines
through this trans-Pacific exchange: Mango de Manila, Tamarind, Rice, Carabao,
Chinese tea and materials, Cockfighting, Fireworks show and Tuba (coconut wine)
• On the other hand, coming up next are among the various and significant
vegetation welcomed in the Philippines on the arrival of the said journey: Guava,
Avocado, Papaya, Pineapple, Horses, Cattle.
• Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – was a boat ("galleon") 250-year exchange going
to and from between Manila (which landed first in Cebu) and Acapulco, Mexico.
• Andres de Urdaneta, in escort under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi – began the
exchange when they found an arrival course from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.
• The exchange filled in as the focal salary creating business for Spanish
pioneers in the Philippines.
• The Manila Galleon Trade permitted present-day liberal plans to enter the
Philippines, in the end, and steadily moving the development for autonomy from
Spain.
• September 14, 1815 - the Galleon Trade finished with Mexico's war of
autonomy.
B. Opening of the Suez Canal
• Suez Canal – an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connects the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.
• November 17, 1869 – it was formally opened following a 10-year of
development (1858-1869) under the authority of French representative Ferdinand de
Lesseps.
4
• With the opening of the Suez Canal, the separation of movement among
Europe and the Philippines was impressively condensed and, in this way for all intents
and purposes, carried the nation closer to Spain because the journey was diminished
to just 32-40 days.
• The opening of the Suez Canal turned into a tremendous preferred position in
business endeavors, particularly among Europe and East Asia.
• More critically, it filled in as a noteworthy factor that empowered the
development of nationalistic wants of Jose Rizal and other Filipino illustrados.
• The diminished course assisted the importation of business items as well as of
books, magazines, and papers with liberal thoughts from America and Europe, which
at last influenced the psyches of Rizal and other Filipino reformists.
• The accessibility of the Suez Canal has likewise supported the illustrados,
particularly Jose Rizal, to seek after instruction abroad and learn logical and liberal
thoughts in European scholarly establishments.
C. Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
• During the Galleon Trade - the vast majority of the Spaniards in the Philippines
were charmed in sea exchanging endeavors among Manila and Mexico.
• The exploitation of the Philippines' natural assets and progress of a fare crop
economy - were marvels of the nineteenth century.
• Between 1820 and 1870 - the Philippines was well on its method of building
up a fare crop economy.
• The different financial exercises in the new fare crop economy in the nation
gave numerous chances to the extending Chinese populace.
• The advancement of the fare crop industry in the Philippines was propelled by • A century of hardship and social betrayal caused by the tobacco restraining
the business endeavors of North European and North American vendors, who gave infrastructure provoked Filipinos in common and Novo Ecijanos, in specific, to look for
capital, association, and access to outside business sectors and wellspring of imports. flexibility from colonial subjugation.

D. Monopolies SOCIAL CONTEXT

• After 1850 –government monopoly contracts for the collection of different a) Education in the 19th century
revenues were opened to foreigners for the 1st time. b) Rise of the Chines Mestizo
c) Rise of the Inquilinos
• For the rest of the 19th century –the Chinese instantly took advantage of this
A. Education in the 19th century
commercial opportunity, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in
the Philippines. • European arrangement of Education – the framework Spanish colonizers
acquainted with the archipelago, the schools were set up and run by Catholic
• During the 1840's – the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium
ministers.
(provided it was limited to Chinese), and a government monopoly of opium
importation and sales was created. • Religion – was made as a compulsory subject at all levels to change over the
locals to the Catholic confidence and make them dutiful.
• Even before 1850 –monopolies on some products had been established, which
were controlled by the colonial government. • King Philip II's Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies) – ordered Spanish specialists
to instruct local people, to show them how to peruse and compose and to learn
o 1712-1864 - spirituous liquors monopoly
Spanish.
o 1764 - betel nut monopoly
o 1782-1882 - tobacco monopoly • First formal schools were the parochial schools opened in their areas by the
o 1805-1864 - explosive monopoly teachers, for example, the Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans.
• Among these monopoly systems, the most controversial and oppressive to
• Colleges (likeness secondary school today) were built up for young men and
locals was perhaps the tobacco monopoly.
young ladies. History, Latin, Geography Mathematics, and Philosophy were among the
• March 1, 1782 –Governor-General Jose Basco placed the tobacco industry subjects educated to undergrads.
under government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.
• University training was opened during the early piece of the seventeenth
• 1882 –the tobacco monopoly was finally abolished. It lasted for exactly 100 century. At that point, colleges were just open for Spaniards and those with Spanish
years. blood (mestizo).
5
• 19th century – colleges began to acknowledge native Filipinos.
• 1863 – a regal pronouncement set up a state-funded educational system in the
Philippines. Earlier run by strict specialists, at this time, the colleges were at long last
directed by the legislature during the last 50% of the century; however, and still, at the
end of the day, the congregation controlled its educational program.
• Illustrados – another social class rose in the nation because of the developing
number of instructed locals. Their point was to be at a similar level with the pleased
Spaniards.
• With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made a move to Europe quicker,
simpler, and progressively moderate, numerous local people exploited the opportunity
to seek after better training in Spain, ordinarily in Madrid and Barcelona.
• Illustrados – as a recently edified class of in the Philippine society, would later
lead the Philippine freedom development, utilizing the Spanish language as their key
methods for correspondence.
B. The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
• Elimination of the ship exchange – Manila got open to remote vendors nearly
without limitation by the mid-1830s.
• Development of business agribusiness – brought about the nearness of the
new social class.
• Haciendas of sugar, espresso, and hemp – had developed close by the
landholding of the congregation and the rice bequests of the pre-Spanish honorability,
which were normally possessed by Chines-Filipino mestizos.
C. The Rise of the Inquilinos
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• Inquilino - means "tenant."
• The 19th Century Inquilino or tenant system in the Philippines is far better
understood as a qualified system of tenancy, or the right to use land in exchange for
rent.
• Many estates turned progressively to the inquilino system of land tenure, but
since the friars and secular Spanish were normally absentee landlords, estate
management was granted to an administrator who was typically a lay Spanish mestizo
Filipino lay brother.
• During harvest time, the administrator would collect the rent of the inquilinos,
organize the delivery of the harvests to the local market or Manila, and remit the
income from sales and rents to the estate owners. In some states, though. These farm
duties were consigned to trusted inquilinos. Some inquilinos would make many and
irrational demands from farmworkers.
• Inquilinos paid a fixed rent in which the amount was determined by the size
and quality of the land being cultivated. But due to the expansion of land owned by
friar states, the proportions of farmlands leased to inquilinos also increased, allowing
many of them to sub-lease parcels of their land to sharecroppers or kasamas.
• This system eventually became very profitable that some inquilinos acquired
lands of their own and entered in other gainful commercial ventures.
• There were also conflicts between estate owners and workers. These stemmed
from the collection of excessive taxes and land rent, the decline of sharing agreements
—extreme demands for labor services, and capricious fixing of crop prices.
• There were instances of peasants taking arms to protest the alleged abuses
and usurpation of their lands by the Jesuits, Dominicans, Augustinians, and the
Recollects. The relative freedom, which the inquilinos acquired by sub- leasing their • When the Philippines was opened to the world trade in the 19th century,
farms, provided them a tactical advantage for arranging and leading these peasant liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people from foreign ports started to
protest movements. penetrate the country and sway the ilustrados.

THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE • Opening of the Suez Canal eased the importation of books, magazines, and
newspapers with liberal ideas from the West, which eventually impacted the thoughts
a) Liberalism
of local reformists, such as Jose Rizal.
b) Impact of the Bourbon reforms
c) Cadiz constitution
• The abbreviated route of the valuable canal has also stimulated the ilustrados
A. Liberalism like Rizal to pursue higher studies abroad and learn liberal ideas in European
universities.
• They are founded on ideals of freedom and equality that includes a wide range
of political philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant • Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre the First liberal governor-general
political goal and underscore individual rights and equality of opportunity. in the Philippines and the role model for the experience of liberalism of the country.

• Liberals believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from • After the liberals in Spain had deposed Queen Isabel II in the 1868 mutiny, a
being abused by others though they are also aware that the government itself can pose provisional government was formed, and the new government extended to Spanish
a threat to liberty. colonies the reforms they implemented in the motherland.

• French Revolution (1789 – 1799) –started a political revolution in Europe and • The provisional government was appointing Carlos Maria De la Torre as
some other parts of the globe. Governor-General of the Philippines 1869 - 1871.

• “Having Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” – as its battle cry, this revolution • He is widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish Governor-
became a period of fundamental change in the political history of France as the French General ever assigned in the country.
governmental structure was changed from an absolute monarchy into a more liberal
B. The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
government system founded on the principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
• Spanish Bourbon King Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III, and Charles IV
• Spain later experienced a stormy century of political disturbances.
advocated a century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.
• The liberals in Spain considered the Catholic Church as an enemy of reforms.

7
• Bourbon reform policies – were an advantage that was under Spain from 1565
to 1898. They surely impacted the way the colony was run by Spanish administrators
but only to a limited extent.
• The policies lacked some ideological coherence, with the diverse and
frequently contradictory aims of Madrid policymakers, who struggled haltingly to
balance the crown's several commercials, administrative, fiscal, and military aims.
• Impacts of reform in the diverse Spanish empire – having deep consequences
of colonial policy innovations in areas such as Mexico, Philippines, Chile, and New
Granada, the reforms had a much more limited impact.
• Its impact, at least, is that it gave people, especially the natives in the
Philippines, the idea that colonization could be done without much intervention from
the Catholic Church.
C. The Cadiz Constitution
• During the Napoleonic control of Spain – a liberal constitution was declared in
Cadiz (March 1812).
• Cadiz Constitution – drafted by chose agents, was placed by and by in
practically all the zones of the Hispanic Monarchy still leveled out of the Spanish
crown.
• Cadiz Constitution is the primary Constitution in Europe to manage national
power, perceiving sway as corning from the individuals and not from the lord.
• It had a widespread character as it included everybody from abroad like the
Italian realms and even the Philippines.
8
• A gathering of around 300 appointees from Spain, Spanish America, and the
Philippines declared a liberal constitution in the Mediterranean port of Cadiz. It
became conceivable, particularly because the British Navy secured the city.
• Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto were the first delegates from
the Philippines who made their vow of office in Madrid.
• Cadiz Constitution, which was officially executed in Manila not long after
setting up the standards of an all-inclusive male testimonial, national power
established government and opportunity of the press, and supported land change and
free venture.
• Governor-General Manuel Gonzales Aguilar required an appointment of
Manila authorities, which brought about the determination of Don Ventura de Los
Reyes. A well off trader and individual from the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as
the appointee.
• The Vigan-conceived Don Véntura de Los Reyes was a child of poor Ilocano
guardians. He participated in the Ilocos revolt drove by Diego Silang in 1762, however
later on occupied with the vegetable and indigo business. He was one of the agents
who marked the Constitution, yet it was simply following a year that those in Manila
thought about its announcements."
• King Fernando VII (May of 1814) – announced it invalid and reestablished
absolutism. Notwithstanding, Cadiz was an exceptionally critical period in the political
history of the Spanish-talking world in any event.
• In the Philippines, one vital statement of faith epitomized in the Constitution
was the exclusion of the locals from paying tributes and rendering open
administrations dependent on its equity provision.
• For the opportunity cherishing individuals of the Philippines in the nineteenth
century, it was extremely compelling as it was a liberal constitution, which vested
sway in the individuals, perceived the equity all things considered and the individual
freedom of the resident, and allowed the privilege of testimonial.
Seeing Rizal’s Life in His Society
• “We see the life of an individual in his/her society, and society in the life of an
individual.” – is a widely accepted principle in various social sciences.
• Sociological Imagination – one unique feature of Rizal is that he did know not
only the valuable information about his society but also had a quality of mind that
helped him use the information in a way that he could think about what was going on
in the world and of what might be happening within himself.
Rizal's Social Qualities:
• He knew his place in the more noteworthy plan of things,
• He comprehended the cultural powers molding his life, and;
• He had the option to react in manners that profited others.
U3
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
9
He was also known as Jose Rizal or Pepe, born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19,
1861. The seventh among eleven children born to a relatively well-off family in
a Dominican- owned tenant land in Calamba, Laguna. He lived and died during
the Spanish frontier time in the Philippines.
RIZAL’S FAMILY
Jose Rizal came from a mixed race. The Rizal is viewed as perhaps a significant family
during their time. Researchers uncovered that the Mercado-Rizal family had similar
hints of Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and Even Negrito blood beside Chinese.
Francisco Mercado Rizal Y Alejandra (1818-1898)
• Jose's father, Don Francisco, was an honest, thrifty, and industrious man born
in Biñ an, Laguna, on April 18, 1818.
• Studied in San Jose College, Manila
• Rizal described him as a "model of father."
• He became a tenant of Dominican estate in Calamba.
Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos (1827-1913)
• Jose's mother, Doñ a Teodora, was an educated and cultured woman from Sta.
Cruz, Manila born on November 8, 1826.
• Studied in College of Santa Rosa, an esteemed school for girls in Manila
• Also known as Lolay
• She was a diligent woman, courteous, religious, hard-working, and well-read.
• Rizal’s first teacher
SIBS
Saturnina (1850-1913)
• Her nickname was Neneng, the Eldest child Maria (1859-1945)

• Married to Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. • Her nickname was Biang, the sixth child

• She and her mother, Teodora, provided the Little Jose with good primary • Married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñ an, Laguna
education
Concepcion (1862-1865)
Paciano (1851-1930)
• Her nickname was Concha, the eight child
• The only brother of Jose, the second among 11 children,
• Died at the age of three due to an illness
• fondly addressed by his siblings Ň orPaciano short for Seň orPaciano
Josefa (1865-1945)
• Studied at San Jose College in Manila
• Her nickname was Panggoy, the ninth child
• He became a farmer but later on, a general of the Philippine Revolution
• Unmarried
Narcisa (1852-1939)
• Epileptic
• Her nickname was Sisa, the third child
• Headed the women chapter of Katipunan
• She worked as a teacher and a musician
• Died as spinster
• Married to Antonio Lopez also a teacher from Morong
Trinidad (1868-1951)
Olympia (1855-1887)
• Her nickname was Trining, the tenth child
• Her nickname was Ypia, the fourth child
• Unmarried
• Married to Silvestre Ubaldo
• Member of the women chapter of the Katipunan
• A schoolmate of SegundaKatigbak, Jose's first love, at the La Concordia College
• The longest living family member
Lucia (1857-1919)
Soledad (1870-1929)
• The fifth child
• Her nickname was Choleng, the youngest child
• Married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba.
• Married to Pantaleon Quintero, native from Calamba, Laguna
• Her husband died of cholera in 1889 and was denied a Christian burial
because Dr. Rizal was his brother-in-law. • the most educated among his sisters.

10
CHILDHOOD
Rizal's family was typical of the middle-class families of the 19th century. Only theirs
was with social status, their family being among the principalia. Their rectangular
abode was made of stone, wood, and red-tiled roof. They had an orchard, carriages,
and horses and owned an agricultural business of rice and sugar.
 The Memory of his Infancy
Included the nocturnal walk in the town especially when there is a moon
 Aya (nursemaid)
Rizal recalled her who told him fabulous stories, like those about the fairy, tails of
buried treasure, and trees blooming the diamonds.
 Daily Angelus prayer in their home
Rizal recorded in his memoir that by nightfall, his mother would gather all the children
in their home to pray the Angelus. At the early age of three, he started to take part in
the family prayer.
 Death of Concha on sickness in 1865
Jose's first sorrow. He later wrote in his memoir, "when I was four years old, I lost my
little sister Concha, and then for the first time, I shed tears caused by love and grief.”
Rizal himself remarked that perhaps the education he received since his earliest
infancy what was that shaped his habits.
 Leoncio Lopez
One of the foremost acknowledged and regarded men of Rizal, a catholic town cleric of
Calamba. Rizal utilized to visit him and tune in to his motivating suppositions on
current occasions and through life sees.
11
As a child, Rizal loved to go to the chapel, pray, participate from the novenas, and join
religious processions.
 Age of five
He learned to read the Spanish Family Bible and started to make pencil sketches and
mold clay and wax objects, which attracted his fancy.
 Age of six
Pepe’s sister once laughed at him for spending much time making clay and wax
images. Initially keeping silent, he then prophetically told them, "All right, laughed me
now! Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me".
 Age of seven
His father provided him an exciting experience of riding a casco (a flat bottom boat
with a roof) on their way to a pilgrimage in Antipolo.
 Alipato
The name of the pony Pepe received from his father as a gift. As a child, he loved to
ride his pony.
 Usman
Pepe's black dog. He took long walks in the meadows and lakeshore.
 Age of eight
His mother also introduced him to love the arts, literature, and classics. He wrote a
drama (a Tagalog comedy) performed at the local festival, and the municipal captain
rewarded him two pesos.
 To My Fellow Children (Sa AkingMgaKababata/Kabata)
The poem was previously believed to be Rizal's first written poem at the age of eight.
  Kalayaan
This term was used not just once in the poem. This term was only encountered by
Pepe when he was 21 years old from preserved correspondence (letters) with his
brother Paciano.
 Magic
He is also interested in this, reading so many books about it. He also learned different
tricks, such as making a coin disappear and making a handkerchief vanish in thin air.
 Influences from his Three Uncles
o Tio Jose Alberto – inspired him to cultivate his artistic ability.
o Tio Manuel – encouraged him to fortify his frail body through physical
exercises.
o Tio Gregorio – intensified his avidness to read good books.
 The Story of the Moth
Doñ a Teodora held regular storytelling sessions with the young Rizal. Amigo de Los
Niñ os (The Children's Friend)– this book was used by Doñ a Teodora, where she read
stories to Pepe to impart essential life lessons.
Lolay's chose the story about a daughter moth who was warned by her mother against
going as well close to a lamp flame. Youthful moth guaranteed to comply. She later
succumbed to the drag lights secretive charm, believing that nothing appalling
happens if she approaches it with caution.
By chance, Pepe was observing a similar occurrence while he was listening to his
mother's storytelling.[5]
[36] Like a live enactment, a moth flies as well close at the fire of the oil lamp on their
table.
12
It’s, as a result, both moths in two stories paid the price of getting close the lethal light
Year passed since then. The child has gotten to be a man. He got from experience;
biting lessons are much more excruciating than sweet lessons that his mother gave
him. He considers that light is the most lovely thing in creation, which is worthwhile
for a man to give up his life for it.
EDUCATION
In Calamba
• Doña Teodora
o His mother was his first teacher.
o She can teach him Spanish, reading, poetry, and values through rare
storybooks.
o Doñ a Teodora was patient, conscientious, and understanding.
o She's the one who first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry.
• Jose Alberto taught Jose how to paint, sketch, and sculpture.
• Gregorio influenced him to love reading further.
• Manuel developed Rizal’s physical skills in martial arts like wrestling.
• Maestro Celestino -the first private tutor of Jose, who was his parents
employed to give him lessons at home
• Maestro Lucas Padua- later succeeded Maestro Celestino as his private tutor.
• Leon Monroy, an older man, a former classmate of Don Francisco, became the
boy's tutor in Spanish and Latin.
In Biñan
• June 1869 – Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñ an.
• Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz– he owned the school where his brother
Paciano brought him to study; Jose's first teacher; he described him as a severe
disciplinarian.
Rizal had taken an overall 19 subjects and finished them with varied grades, ranging
from excellent to fair; he got "excellent" in all his subjects in the Philosophy course.
Studies and Life Abroad
• 1882: Rizal left for Spain and enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters
at the Universidad Central de Madrid

• Pedro, the son of his teacher –Jose, challenged him to a fight. Though younger
and smaller, having learned wrestling from his Uncle Manuel, Jose defeated his
tormenter.
• Andres Salandanan – he had an arm-wrestling match with Pepe.
In Manila
• 1884: Began writing the Noli Me Tangere
• June 21, 1884: He received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23
and got a grade of "fair."
• June 19, 1885: Received the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters and
completed studies for the Doctor of Medicine

• 1872-1877: Jose enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in Intramuros; • 1886: Studied ophthalmology at the University of Leipzig.
five years later, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with the rating
• February 21, 1887: completed the manuscript of Noli Me Tangere
sobresaliente (highest honors).
• March 1887: published the Noli Me Tangere in Berlin, Germany with the
• 1878: Took up Philosophy and Letter at the University of Sto. Tomas while
financial help of Dr. Maximo Viola
studying surveying at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
• 1888: Annotated Antonio de Morga’sSucesosdela Islas Filipinas to awaken his
• 1879: Rizal enrolled in the College of Medicine at the University of Sto. Tomas
countrymen to a consciousness of their historical past
to cure the deteriorating eyesight of his mother
• 1889: wrote for La Solidaridad
• 1881: He reached the age of majority, the license was granted to him
• 1890: Published his edition of Morga’sSucesos in Paris; Continue to write for
• 1882: He stopped attending classes, tired of the Dominican professors'
La Solidaridad; Published “The Indolence of the Filipinos” and the 4th installment of
discrimination against Filipino students, and the method of instruction was obsolete
the “The Philippines a Century Hence"; Move to Belgium to save so that he could
and repressive.
publish the "El Filibusterismo."

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• 1891: Received a letter from Leonor Rivera that she would wed an • Marcelo H. Del Pilar- An Illustrado and a leading figure of the propaganda
Englishman, Published the El Filibusterismo with financial assistance from Valentin movement. Founder of the famous La Solidaridad and a respected member of the
Ventura and Jose Ma. Basa (September 18, 1891); Translated into Filipino the well- freemasons.
known "French Declaration on the Rights of Man"; Left for Hongkong to practice
• Mariano Ponce- Another principal member of the Propaganda Movement.
medicine and operated on his mother's eye for the second time; wrote the constitution
Also, the co- founder of La Solidaridad, together with Marcelo del Pilar.
of La Liga Filipina
In France
• 1892: went to North Borneo and informed Governor General Despujol his plan
to create a Filipino colony to free Filipinos from being maltreated • Maximo Viola- A very good friend of Rizal. The savior of Noli Me Tangere
because he helped Rizal when he became near destitute.
People Rizal Met during his Travel
• Dr. Louis de Weckert- A leading French ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him
In Spain
as an assistant.
• Paterno Brothers (Antonio, Pedro, and Maximo)-Friends of Rizal shared his
• Paz Pardo de Tavera- A pretty girl and fiancée of his good friend, Juan Luna
ideas; they often held meetings and celebrations in their home.
• Nellie Boustead- A beautiful Parisian. The very girl who became the reason for
• Don Pablo Ortega y Rey- A rich mestizo who was a former mayor of Manila;
the momentary rivalry between Rizal and Antonio Luna, the famous Revolutionary
befriended Rizal due to him being in love with her daughter.
General.
• Consuelo Ortega y Rey- Rizal met her in Madrid while he was studying. A
In Germany
young and
• Dr. Otto Becker- Another well-known ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him
beautiful woman, further described in Rizal’s poem dedicated to her.
as an assistant.
• Senor Roses- the owner of the book store where Rizal always buy
• Dr. Karl Ullmer-. Rizal stayed at his home. He welcomed Rizal with open arms
• Suzanne Jacoby- A lover of Rizal while in Spain. Beautiful and pretty, as proving he was a kind protestor.
described by him, confessed her love as he left Spain for France.
• Prof. FrederichRatzel- A famous German historian. Rizal befriended him.

• Hans Meyer- A German anthropologist. He is a friend of Rizal.

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• Dr. Adolf B. Meyer- He is the Director of the Anthropological Museum. Also, • Don Juan Francisco Lecaros - A Filipino gentleman, who accommodated Rizal
befriended by Rizal. and Basa in his home.

• Dr. Feodor Jagor- A celebrated scientist-traveler. Author of the book: Travels
in the Philippines, which Rizal read as a child.
• Dr. Hans Virchow- Introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor. He is a famous German
anthropologist.
• Dr. Ernest Schwelgger- A German ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him too.
In Bohemia
• Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt- A Kind-hearted Austrian professor; developed a
lifelong friendship with Rizal.
• Burgo Master- A kind town Mayor who welcomed Rizal.
• Dr. Carlos Czepelak- A renowned scientist in Europe; he met Rizal at
Leitmeritz.
• Prof. Robert Klutschak- An eminent naturist. Also met Rizal in Leitmeritz.
• Dr. Willkomm- He's working as a professor of natural history at the University
of Prague.
In London
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor- A practicing lawyer where Rizal stayed at his home
as a guest.
• Dr. Reinhold Rost- A librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The one who
recommended Rizal to the British Museum authorities and famously called him "a
pearl of a man."
In Japan
• Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San)- Lover of Jose Rizal in Japan. She taught him the
Japanese language, which he mastered within a week—the reason why Rizal almost
got to settle in Japan.
• TetchoSuehiro- A fighting Japanese journalist who was forced into exile by the
government; met Rizal on the Belgic and became friends.
• Juan Perez Caballero- The secretary of the Spanish Legation in Hong Kong and
invited Rizal to reside in the Spanish Legation.

In Hong Kong
HOMECOMING
• Jose Maria Basa- A Filipino resident in Hong Kong; he toured Rizal in Macau.
Rizal’s Decision to Return to the Philippines (1892):
• Jose Slanz de Varanda- A Spaniard who served as a secretary of Gov. Gen.
o To negotiate with Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol about establishing a Filipino colony in
Terrero and became a spy by shadowing Rizal’s movements in Hong Kong.
Borneo;
In Macau
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o To establish La Liga Filipina; and • Casa Real – commandant’s residence where Jose Rizal instead opted to live
because he is
o To disprove Eduardo de Lete, who published a comment in La Solidaridad that
Rizal has abandoned his country. unwilling to accede to these main conditions set by the Jesuits,

• July 3, 1892: Visited Gov. Gen. Despujol to request a pardon for his parents; • Commandant Captain Ricardo Carnicero and Jose Rizal –became such good
Created the La Liga Filipinas in Tondo, Manila (July 3). friends that the exile did not feel that the captain was his guard.

EXILE • Manila Lottery ticket no. 9736 – jointly owned by Rizal, Carnicero, and a
Spanish resident of Dipolog won the second prize of Php 20, 000.
Despujol ordered the arrest of Jose Rizal and exile to Dapitan (July 7, 1892) Four
grounds: • He built a house, a clinic, and a school from the land he bought

1. For publishing books and articles abroad that shows disloyalty to Spain, anti- • H still correspondence with European researcher despite everything proceeds;
Catholic and anti-Friar some species animal named after Rizal are Rhacoporusrizali, a frog, and
Apoganiarizali, a beetle.
2. For having possession a bundle of handbills, the PobresFrailesin which the
advocacies violated the Spanish orders; • Francisco de Paula Sanchez- remain good friends despite differences in their
beliefs; help Rizal create a massive map of Mindanao at the town plaza.
3. For dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three “traitors” (Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel’s title page that “the only • He practiced medicine and later on operated his mother's eye.
salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country (referring to
• He studies medical plants to be prescribed to his patients.
Spain)”; and
• Rizal found out that his enemies sent spies to gather proof that he was a
4. For directly criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the
separatist and an insurgent.
Filipino culture.
• Matias Arrieta is a physician who revealed his covered mission and asked
• July 15, 1892: Exiled in Dapitan
forgiveness after Rizal cured him.
• 1892 - 1896: Lived in Dapitan and served as a doctor, farmer, educator,
• Pablo Mercado- Introduced himself to Rizal, claiming to be Rizal’s relative;
cartographer, and merchant.
vigorously volunteered to bring Rizal’s letters to certain persons in Manila. Made
suspicious by the visitor's insistence, but Rizal's interrogate him.

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o Florencio Nanamanfrom Cagayan de Misamis paid as a secret agent by the
Recollect friars. But because it was raining that evening, Rizal did not command
Nanaman out of his house but even let the spy spend the rainy night in his place.
• Doctor Pio Valenzuela –an emissary sent to Dapitan by Andres Bonifacio.
o Andres Bonifacio – the Katipunan leader; believed that carrying out revolt had
to be authorized first by Rizal.
o Valenzuela was able to deliver the Katipunan’s message for Rizal discreetly.
Rizal firmly believed that a revolution would be unsuccessful without arms and
monetary support from wealthy Filipinos. It had to ask for the help and support of
wealthy and educated Filipinos, like Antonio Luna, an expert on military strategy.
• Rizal learned that his true love Leonor Rivera had died; he was in the Dapitan
at that time.
• In August 1893, Rizal successfully operated his mother’s cataract.
• Doñ a Teodora left Dapitan and went to Manila to be with Don Francisco, who
was getting weaker. Shortly after his mother left, Josephine Bracken came to Jose’s life.
• Josephine Bracken was an orphan with Irish blood and the stepdaughter of
Jose's patient from Hong Kong. Rizal and Josephine Bracken were unable to obtain a
church wedding because Jose would not retract his anti-Catholic views.
o Before the year ended in 1895– They had a child but was born prematurely; it
was named after Rizal's father (Francisco) died a few hours after birth.
• Ferdinand Blumentritt - In 1895, he informed Rizal that the revolution-ridden
Cuba, another nation colonized by Spain, was raged by the yellow fever epidemic. Rizal
wrote to Governor-General Ramon Blanco, asking for permission to volunteer and
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provide medical services in Cuba. As days past on, receiving no reply from Blanco,
Rizal lost interest in his request.
• But on July 30, 1896 –Rizal received a letter from the governor-general
sanctioning his petition to serve as a volunteer physician in Cuba.
• In the late afternoon of July 31– Rizal got on the ‘Españ a’ with Josephine,
Narcisa, a niece, three nephews, and three of his students. Heartily bidding him
goodbye, they shouted, “Adios, Dr. Rizal!”. With agonize, heart, He waved his hand in
farewell to the generous and loving Dapitan folks, saying, “Adios, Dapitan!”
TRIAL
Rizal asked for permission to travel as an army to Cuba in 1895. Nevertheless, his
request was approved, in August 1896, Katipunan, a nationalist Filipino society
founded by Andres Bonifacio, revolted. Though had no ties to the group and
disapproved of its violent methods, Rizal was arrested shortly after that
• November 20, 1896: Preliminary investigation started
• December 8-26, 1896: Trial of Rizal
• Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade- from the Spanish army; selected by Rizal to defend
him
• Trialed by a military court at the Cuartel de Españ a
• Documents and testimonials were the types of pieces of evidence presented
against Rizal
o 15 Documentary evidence
o 13 Testimonial evidence
• Colonel Francisco Olive– one of the judges; he administered a series of
interrogations as a preliminary investigation for Rizal. Those who were constrained to
testify against Rizal were not allowed to be cross-examined by the accused.
• The records of the case were transmitted in the following order:
• Judge Advocate Dominguez– presented Rizal's criminal case, followed by the
lengthy speech of Prosecuting Attorney Enrique De Alcocer.
• December 28, 1896: Governor-General Camilo Polaviejasigned the court
decision and decreed that the guilty be executed by firing squad at 7 am on December
30, 1986, at Bagumbayan (Luneta).
• December 29, 1896: Captain Rafael Dominguez read the verdict to Rizal
o Rizal wrote an untitled poem- later known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last
Farewell).
DEATH
After a proclaim trial, Rizal was convicted of rebellion and condemn to death by firing
squad. Rizal's public execution was implemented in Manila on December 30, 1896, at
age 35. His execution was followed and created more opposition to Spanish rule.
Rizal’s Last 24 Hours
From 6 am to 12 Noon
• Standard biography– states that at6 am on December 29, Judge Advocate
Dominguez formally read the death sentence to Rizal.
• At about 7 am, he was transferred to either his “death cell” or "prison cell."
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• Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata and Fr. Luis Viza– The two priests visited Rizal. They
brought the medal of the Ateneo’s Marian Congregation as Rizal’s membership and the
wooden statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He had a curve in the school.
• At 8:00 am– Fr. Antonio Rosell came after Fr. Viza left. They eat their breakfast
together at that time. Then Lt. Andrade arrived, and Rizal thanked his lawyer Santiago
Mataix of the Spanish newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
• 9:00 am– Rizal was interviewed.
• About 10:00 am– Fr. Federico Faura came and advised Rizal that he must
forget about his resentment and marry Josephine Bracken. Rosell witnessed the
discussion about religion.
• Jose Vilaclara and Vicente Balaguer(missionary in Dapitan) two other priests
also visited at 11 am.
From Noon to 7:00 pm
• Rizal left alone and had his lunch, read the Bible, and meditated.
• That moment Balaguer reported to the Archbishop about Rizal’s Last Hours
refusing to
receive visitors for the meantime.
• Rizal finished up his last poem and wrote to Blumentritt his previous letter,
which he called the Austrian scholar, "my best, my dearest friend."
• Rizal talked with Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Vilaclara at 2 pm.
• Balaguer returned to the cell at 3:30 pm and allegedly discussed the retraction
of Rizal. Then he wrote letters and dedications and had his rest.
• At 4 pm– the sorrowful mother of Rizal and his sisters went to see him.
• His mother is not permitted by the guards to embrace Rizal, but he kisses on
her mother’s
hand.
• Dominguez was said to have been moved with compassion before his mother
asks for forgiveness.
• As the visitors were leaving, Rizal handed over Trinidad, an alcohol cooking
stove as a gift from the Pardo de Taveras, whispering in a language that the guards
could not understand. “There is something in it," that "something" was now known as
Mi Ultimo Adios.
• Don Silvino Lopez Tuñ on– the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, came to see Rizal
at 5:30 pm.
• At 6:00 pm, Josephine Bracken came into Fort Santiago, and Rizal talked with
her emotionally.
The Night of December 29
• At 7:00 pm– Faura returned and convinced Rizal to trust him and some other
Ateneo professors, and after some moments, Rizal confessed to Faura.
• At 8:00 pm – Rizal had his last supper and attended to his personal needs. He
told Dominguez that he had forgiven his enemies and the military judges and all
sentenced him to death.
• At nine or 9:30 pm– Manila’s Royal Audencia Fiscal Don Gaspar Cestañ o
arrived and
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talked to Rizal.
Historians Gregorio and Sonia Zaide– alleged that at 10 pm, Rizal and some priest
worked on the hero's retraction.
• Balaguer – brought retraction draft made by Archbishop BernadinoNozaleda,
but Rizal did not like it for too long. After all the conversations, Rizal spent the night to
take rest until December 30.
The Early Morning of December 30
• At 3:00 am on the morning of December 30, 1896– Rizal heard mass,
confessed sins, and took communion.
• At 4:00 am– Rizal picked up the book Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis,
read and meditated. At 5 am, he took his last meal.
• According to stories Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner
of a cell for the “poor rats”– “Let them have their fiesta too.” – he said.
Afterward, Rizal wrote letters, and one addressed to his family and the brother
Paciano. To his family. He partly wrote. “I ask You for forgiveness for the pain I cause
you. I die resigned, hoping that with my death, you will be left in peace.”To Paciano, he
partially wrote. “I am thinking now how hard you have worked to give me a career. I
know that you have suffered much on my account. And I am sorry.”
• 5:30 am –Josephine and Rizal's sister Josefa came. The couple was said to have
embraced for the last time. And Rizal gave to Josephine the book “Imitation of Christ”
of Padre Thomas a Kempis on which he wrote the dedication. “To my dear and
unhappy wife," Josephine.
• 6:00 am – Rizal wrote his father, Francisco Mercado and to his mother, Doñ a
Teodora

Slow Walk to Death

• December 30, 6:30 am: Rizal was dressed in a black suit; few meters behind
his advance guards while moving to his slaughter place and was accompanied by Lt.
Luis Taviel de Andrade, - two Jesuit priests and more soldiers behind him.

• At precisely 7:00 am: arrived on the site, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo checked
Rizal's pulse- it was normal.

• “Consummatumest” (It is finished), his last words

• At 7:03 am: executed by a firing squad at the Bagumbayan Field

• Paco Cemetery- where Rizal was buried

• RPJ- the initials asked by Narcisa to the caretaker of the cemetery to put on her
brother’s marble plaque.

After 1896

• August 17, 1898: Rizal's name was revealed and were brought to Narcisa's
house until 1912

• December 29, 1912: Rizal's remains were transferred from Binondo to the
marble hall of the Ayuntamiento de Manila, where the Knights of Rizal guarded it.

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