Fundamental

Concepts of Statistics
QUARTER 4, MODULE 1
STATISTICS
-is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
to convert them into usable forms.
What are these data? OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL
INSIDE THE SCHOOL:
-number of patients in the
-your scores in math quizzes
-the ages of your classmates
hospital
- the religious affiliations of your -the civil status of your relatives
classmates -the monthly income of your
-the cost of a meal in the school canteen family
- the number of boys and girls in your -the number of covid19 cases in
classroom the Philippines
The Statistical Process
1. Collection -refers to the gathering of information or data through
different means such as observation, interview, testing, etc.
2. Organization and Presentation
- refers to the process of grouping or classifying the collected data
according to their characteristics and summarizing them by the use of
various formats – textual, graphical, and tabular forms.
3. Analysis -involves the description of the data collected and organized
through the use of some statistical methods and treatment.
4. Interpretation -includes the process of drawing out generalizations and
conclusions based on the data collected, presented, and
analyzed.
Importance of Statistics
1. Politics
-Data processing and analysis are some of the processes carried out by
political entities such as the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). For
instance, the COMELEC gathers data that are commonly presented and
analyzed in order to determine the winning candidate/s in an election.
2. Government
-Many branches of local and national governments use statistics to
improve their systems and make policies. For example, the Department
of Health (DOH) usually gathers information about COVID19.
3. Education
– Statistics are used in schools to conduct and analyze test results to give
grades and provide information for teachers, administrators, and
curriculum developers about the quality of instruction. These data are not
only to assess the quality of education but also to improve institutional
policies.
4. Science and Research
– Statistics also play a vital role many scientific, psychological, and medical
studies are conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of a certain
drug – for instance the effectiveness of covid19 vaccines, the aptitude and
IQ of a group of students, or the validity and usefulness of a specific
scientific invention
5. Business
-In all considerations, business analysts are into collection and
interpretation of data to study sales and revenue in relation to the
cost of production, which can predict business trends and give
further directions for the company.
6. Entertainment
-Media companies, such as ABS-CBN and GMA network, gather data to
determine the most viewed television programs.
7. Economics and Investments
– Statistics can be used to study supply and demand relationships as
well as the prices of common stocks that will serve as guides for both
local and foreign investors.
Types of Statistics
Statistical Terminologies
1. Population refers to the totality of observations or elements
being described or studied
2. Sample refers to a subset, segment, or representative part of
the population.
3. Parameter refers to the numerical value that provides
description to the population.
If Php 45 is the average cost of rice per kilogram in the
Philippines, then Php 45 is called the parameter.
4. Statistic (not statistics) refers to a numerical value that
describes a characteristic of the sample.
If the average score of grade 7 students obtained from a sample
of 50 out of 210 students is 93, then 93 is the sample statistic.
5. Data refers to the collection of information gathered
from the population of the sample. These may be
categorical or numerical.
a. Qualitative Data – describes and categorizes the
elements of the population or sample being studied.
EX: gender, color, civil status, and grade levels
b. Quantitative Data – can be obtained by measurement or
by other means such as addition, measuring, averaging, etc.
EX: age, weight, test scores, and temperature
6. Constant refers to the quality or characteristic that is
similar to all members of the population or sample under
study.
7. Variable refers to the quality or characteristic that
differentiates one member or element of a population
(or sample) from the rest of the members.
SEATWORK: TEST A

____1. Is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
to convert them into usable forms.
___ 2. Is a statistical procedure whose goal is to make
predictions, inferences, and generalization about population by
studying the set of data taken from its representative samples.
SEATWORK:

_______ 3. A classification of variable that is generally

considered as the cause.
_______ 4. Refers to the gathering of information or data
through different means such as observation, interview,
testing, etc.
SEATWORK:

_____ 5. Refers to the category of data that describes and

categorizes the elements of the population or sample being
studied.
_____ 6. Are variables that change resulting from the change
or control made on an independent variable. A variable that is
generally considered as the effect.
SEATWORK:

______7. A small group of population.

______ 8. A numerical value that describes the sample being
studied.
______ 9. The numerical characteristic of the population.
_____ 10. The numerical or categorical information collected
from the subjects under the study.
B. Write 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th for every statistical
process according to their order.
_______ Collection of Data
_______ Interpretation
_______ Analysis
_______ Organization and Presentation
C. Tell whether the following will make use of descriptive or
inferential statistics.
1. A meteorologist predicts the probability of rains after
looking at the clouds.
2. The secretary of the Department of Health showed a
line graph of covid19 cases in the Philippines.
3. The doctor reports the platelet count of the patient who
has dengue.
4. A volleyball coach predicts the chances of winning the
game based on the previous performance of his players.
5. The school principal presents a bar graph of the school’s
enrolment in the past 5 years.
D. For every research situation/question, determine which of the following
is the independent variable and the dependent variable. Write IV for
independent variable and DV for dependent variable.
E. Determine if the following items are Quantitative Data or
Qualitative Data.

1. Number of TV sets owned by a family

2. Number of books in the school library
3. Eye color
4. Taste of a mango
5. Time spent on travel to school
6. Gender
7. Amount of rainfall
8. Weight of an apple
9. Smell of a perfume 10. Height of a student