MAGNA CARTA 2022

THE PRELIMS POLITY CRASH COURSE

Lecture 5- Fundamental Rights- Part III
Directive Principles of State Policy- Part IV
Fundamental Duties- Part IVA (42nd CA, 1976)

Atish Mathur:

www.atishmathur.com

telegram: https://t.me/csepaper2atish
Class Structure
1. Comprehensive Review & Applications
2. Basic Structure- Basics
 FRs DPSPs --- who implements? ---- FDs
--kind of phrase used--

Origin U.S. Ireland USSR

Classification Placement (India) Nature
Fundamental Constitutional Legal/ 1. Gandhian- Grassroot/ conventional
Statutory
CA u/A 368 w/o State ratification Simple 2. Socialist- Equitable distribution
majority
No law can × × 3. Liberal/Intellectual- Everything
violate FR except above
Directly × Directly a) Goals
enforceable at enforceable at b) Policies
SC/HC HC c) Non-justiciable Rights
Citizens or (citizens+ foreigners) • Derivation-
State or (state + private) natural; endorsed
Self executory or non-self • Purpose- Political
Executory + Economic +
Cultural etc.
Compelling or Enabling
 FRs DPSPs FDs

State Obligation Negative Positive None

People Obligation Positive None Positive + Negative

Correlation to DPSP + FDs FRs + FDs FRs + DPSPs

Enforceable by Yes Yes Yes

Parliament/Leg./
Executive (C+S)
Enforceable by Courts/ Yes No No
justiciable

Amendment CA u/A. 368 w/o State CA u/A. 368 w/o State CA u/A. 368 w/o State
ratification ratification ratification
Fundamental Rights- Summary
A. 14-18

A. 19-22

A. 23-24

A. 25-28

A. 29-30

A. 32
Rights Core Concept Applications/ Exemptions/ Available Available Implemen State
Restrictions For Against tation Obligation
A. 14 • Equality before Immunities Diplomatic Citizens + State Self- Compelling
Law Military Foreigners executory
• Equal Pres.+ Gov. Civil Services
Protection of Parliamentary
Law Privileges
(Affirmative (vote + speech)
action)
-Professional - Personal
capacity capacity
- Civil- 2
- Absolute months notice
civil & & criminal-
criminal until tenure

A.15 Non- Two dimensional Citizens State

15(1)- discrimination
15(6) +
Edu Reservation
Rights Core Concept/ Available Available Implement State
Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. 15(1) CRRSP (only/any of them) + x (reasonable) Citizens State Self Compelling

Executory
A. 15(2) Public Spaces {CRRSP (only/any of them) + x Citizens State & Self Compelling
(reasonable)} Private Executory

A. 15(3) Special provision: Women & children Citizens & State Non Self Enabling
Foreigners Executory
A. 15(4) Soc + educational backward classes + ST + SC (1st CA, Citizens State Non Self Enabling
1951) Executory

A. 15(5) Edu. Reservation for backward classes/SC/ST (93rd Citizens State Non Self Enabling
CA, 2005) Executory

A. 15(6) Edu. Reservation for EWS (103rd CA, 2019) Citizens State Non Self Enabling
Executory
Rights Core Concept/ Available Available Implement State
Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. 16 Public Employment Citizens State

16(1) - Res. + Promotion
(6)
A. 16(1) Equality of opportunity in State employment Citizens State Self Compelling
Executory
A. 16(2) DR + CRRSP (only/any of them) + x (reasonable) Citizens State Self Compelling
Executory
A. 16(3) Parl. + Lawmaker + policy + class(es) Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
Foreigners Executory

A. 16(4) Reservation for backward classes Citizens State Non Self Enabling
Executory
A. SC + ST (Recruitment + Promotion : Cons. Seniority) Citizens State Non Self Enabling
16(4A) Executory
(77 CA,1995) (85 CA, 2001)
Rights Core Concept/ Available Available Implement State
Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. Carry forward + 50% limit (81 CA, 2000) Citizens State Non Self Enabling
16(4B) Executory

A. 16(5) Not applicable to religious institutions Citizens & State Non Self Enabling
Foreigners Executory

A. 16(6) EWS – 10% (from General/UR) (103 CA, 2019) Citizens State Non Self Enabling
Executory

A. 17 Untouchability Citizens + State & Non Self Enabling

Foreigners Private Executory
A. 18 Titles

A. 18(1) Military & academic titles allowed (titles ≠ Awards)(All Citizens + State Self Compelling
awards okay) Foreigners Executory
Rights Core Concept/ Available Available Implemen State
Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions For Against tation Obligation

A. 18(2) Citizen can’t accept title from foreign state Citizens State Self Compelling
Executory

A.18(3) Foreigners working for India can’t accept title from Foreigners State Self Compelling
foreign state ONLY Executory

A. 18(4) No one working for India can accept gift etc. from Citizens + State Self Compelling
foreign state Foreigners Executory

A. speech + expression (verbal + written + creative + Citizens State Self Compelling

19(1)(a) silent, etc.) Executory

A. 19(2) Territory/Sov./relations/public Citizens State Non Self Enabling

order/decency/defamation/contempt/offence Executory
Rights Core Concept/ Available Available Implement State
Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. Peaceful assembly w/o arms Citizens State Self Compelling

19(1)(b) Executory

A. 19(3) Terr./Sov./RR Citizens State Non Self Enabling

Executory
A. Association/Union/ Citizens State Self Compelling
19(1)(c) Co-op Soc. (97th CA, 2001) Executory

A. 19(4) Terr./Sov./public morality/RR Citizens State Non Self Enabling

Executory
A. Move freely Citizens State Self Compelling
19(1)(d) Executory
A. 19(5) general public/SC/ST Citizens State Non Self Enabling
Executory
Rights Core Concept Applications/ Exemptions/ Available Available Implement State
Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. 19(1) Reside & settle Citizens State Self Compelling

(e) Executory

A. 19(5) 19(5) general public/SC/ST Citizens State Non Self Enabling

Executory

A Profession/occupation/ trade Citizens State Self Compelling

19(1)(g) Executory

A 19(6) (i) state can mandate qualifications Citizens + State Self Enabling
(ii) exclusively state owned sectors Foreigners Executory
Rights Core Concept Applications/ Exemptions/ Available Available Implement State
Restrictions For Against ation Obligation

A. 20(1) criminal law can’t be retrospective Citizens + State Self Self

Foreigners Executory Executory

Offences
A. 20(2) Protection Double jeopardy illegal Citizens + State Self Self
Foreigners Executory Executory

A. 20(3) No self incrimination Citizens + State Self Self

Foreigners Executory Executory

A. 21 Life & Liberty + Privacy Citizens + State Self Both

Foreigners Executory

A. 21A RTE (86th CA, + Free/ compulsory + 6-14 Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
2002) Foreigners Executory
Rights Core Applications/ Exemptions/ Available Available Implement State
Concept Restrictions For Against ation Obligation
A. 22(1) To be informed & represented (arrested) Citizens + State + Self Compelling
Foreigners Private Executory
A. 22(2) Approved by nearest magistrate within Citizens + State + Self Compelling
24 hours Foreigners Private Executory
A. 22(3) × Enemy alien Citizens + State Self Compelling
× Preventive detention – informed & Foreigners Executory
challenge {22(5)}
Arrest &
A. Detention to be no longer than 3 months Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
detention
22(4)* unless designated authority orders Foreigners Executory
* Not notified yet
A. 22(5) Right to be informed of such preventive Citizens + State Self Compelling
detention & to challenge the order Foreigners Executory
A. 22(6) Right to refrain from disclosing specific Citizens + State Self Compelling
information Foreigners Executory
A. Special circumstances Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
22(7)* * Not notified yet Foreigners Executory
Rights Core Concept Applications/ Exemptions/ Available For Available Implement State
Restrictions Against ation Obligation
A. 23(1) Human Trafficking : No Consent Citizens + State & Non Self Both
+ Illegal Work Foreigners Private Executory
Human Begar : No payment
Trafficking Forced Labour : No Consent
Compulsory Service (C-C-R-R : Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
A. 23(2) Any or All) Foreigners Executory
A. 24 Child Labour 0-14 : No hazardous employment Citizens + State & Self Compelling
To be read with Art 21A: Foreigners Private Executory
6-14 : Compulsory Education : No
Employment
Rights Core Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions Available For Available Implement State
Concept Against ation Obligation

A. 25(1) Conscience, Profess, Practice, Propagate (Public Citizens + State Self Compelling
Order, Morality, Health, and other provisions of Foreigners Executory
Freedom Part III)
of Religion
A .25(2) State Regulation of Religious Practices Citizens + State Non Self Enabling
Foreigners Executory
A. 26 Establish, Maintain, Manage, Citizens State Self Compelling
Acquire and Administer Property + Executory
Religious
for religious purposes subject to Foreigners
Affairs
Public Order, Morality, and
Health

A. 27 Taxes No taxes on religious promotion and Citizens + State Self Compelling

maintenance Foreigners Executory
A. 28(1) No religious education in State run schools Citizens + State Self Compelling
Foreigners Executory
A. 28(2) Religion & except religious schools Citizens + State Self Compelling
Education Foreigners Executory
A. 28(3) No compulsory religious practices at State run Citizens + State Self Compelling
schools Foreigners Executory
Rights Core Concept Applications/ Exemptions/ Available Available Implement State
Restrictions For Against ation Obligation
A. 29(1) Right to conserve language, Citizens State Self Compelling
script, culture Executory

A. 29(2) Minority Rights No admission discrimination Citizens State Self Compelling

in school run schools based Executory
on Religion, Race, Caste,
Language
A. 30(1) Religious or Linguistic Citizens State Self Compelling
Minorities have the right to Executory
establish educational
institutions of their choice
Institutional
A. Fair amounts if compulsory Citizens State Non Self Enabling
Rights of
30(1A) acquisition of property by Executory
Minorities
Law
A. 30(2) No discrimination Citizens State Self Compelling
Executory
Rights Core Applications/ Exemptions/ Restrictions Available Implement State
Concept For Available ation Obligation
Against
A. 32 Writs Habeas Corpus : Unlawful Arrest Citizen & State &
Foreigners Private
Mandamus : Non-performance of a legal Citizen & State
duty which is violating a right Foreigners

Prohibition : When lower courts violated Citizen & State

jurisdiction and issues order Foreigners N.A.

Certiorari : Transfer of an on-going case to Citizen & State

the appropriate court Foreigners

Quo Warranto : Against someone wrongly Citizen & State

occupying a public office and acting illegally Foreigners
 Essentials of Basic Structure
Judicial Review,
Core Provisions :
Activism,
• Art 12 : Components of State :
Adventurism,
• State includes Central, State, and Local Legislatures and Executive
Overreach, Basic
• State also include administrative dimension of Judiciary
Structure no where
• State does not include the Judicial side of Judiciary
mentioned in the
Constitution
• Art 13 (2) : No law can violate a Fundamental Right
• (SC and/or HC decide) : Read with 32 and 226 : Conceptual origin of Judicial Review
• Law includes passed legislation, rules, regulations, orders, etc.
• Law DOES NOT include a Constitutional Amendment under Art 368

• Art 368 : Power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure thereof.
• 368 (4) Can make a law to alter Fundamental Rights and wont be restricted by Art 13.

• Doctrine of Basic Structure

• Parliament can amend any provision in the Constitution as long as it does not violate Basic Structure
which are nothing but a set of principles identified through various SC judgements.
 Essential Reading List
• NCERT
• XI : Political Theory
• Chapter 5 : Pages 68-74
• XII : Indian Constitution at Work
• Chapter 2 : 28-47
• Laxmikant : 6/6e Edition
• Chapter 7 : Features + Definition of State + Laws Inconsistent with FRs + Equality + Freedom +
Constitutional Remedies + Writs + Tables 7.1 and 7.2
• Chapter 8 : Features + New Principles + Criticism + Utility + Conflict + Table 8.1
• Chapter 9 : List + Criticism
MAGNA CARTA 2022
THE PRELIMS POLITY CRASH
COURSE
Lecture 7- Judiciary
Atish Mathur:

www.atishmathur.com

telegram: https://t.me/csepaper2atish
Class Structure
1. Structure
2. Comparative Review
3. Reading List
 Independent + Integrated

Oath
CoM Pres. Supreme Court Civil
Appt. Courts of Record + Contempt
© Criminal
Governor Oath Higher
323A (Admin)(Parl.)(One-Centre,
Judiciary High Courts One-State)
Parliamentary Tribunals
Removal ©
323B (Others)(Parl./S.L.)(Hierarchy)
(SC+HC)
Special Courts (Family)
District Courts
{Family Courts Act, 84}
©
Apptd. By Gov. Lok (Legal Services
Lower Local Courts
State-wise exams Adalats Authorities Act, 1987)
Judiciary
HC Judges interview
panelists (Civil only no
Gram appeal)
Nyayalayas
Civil+Criminal
(Gram Nyayalayas Act, 08)
 CJI CJ-HC

Admin SC Judges Admin HCs Judges

Sec.
Registrar Registrar
Gen.

Lawyers Lawyers
 3rd Judges Case

Memorandum of Procedure Memorandum of Procedure

Constitution
SC Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 HC
SC HC
Rules Judges Protection Act, 1985 Rules
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971

SC Judges SC Judges HC Judges

(Salaries & (No. of (Salaries &
Conditions Judges), Act, Conditions
of Service), 1956 of Service),
Act, 1958 + Act, 1954 +
Rules Rules
 According to the Constitution,
All SC + HC Judges Apptd. By President Consultation with SC/ HC
Judges Judges

SC (oath by HC (oath by
Pres.) 3rd Judges Case Gov.)

Collegium: CJI+ 4 Collegium: CJI+ 2

senior SC judges senior SC judges
MOP MOP
CJI Other SC Judges CJ-HC Other HC Judges
(seniority
principle) Collegium
Consensus Seniority Governor Collegium Pres: CJ-HC
Principle Consult Consensus Consult
 Qualifications Retirement @ 62
Retirement @ 65 Delhi (or “x” Can’t practice law
Can’t practice law by CJI/Pres. anywhere in the
anywhere in India Approval) state(s) where HC
Judge

SC (Salary + Pension, both CFI) HC (Salary: CFS, Pension: CFI)

Citizen, and Citizen, and

HC Judge for 5 years Judicial office for 10 years
OR OR
HC Lawyer for 10 years HC Lawyer for 10 years
OR
Distinguished jurist as per
President
 Removal of SC/ HC Judges

Constitution + Judges Inquiry Act, 1968

Proved
Grounds Authority Procedure
misbehavior/
incapacity
Not guilty- X
• CJI/ SC(J)
3-member • CJ-HC/
Admit HC(J)
Removal Committee
Motion Presiding • Distinguished
(100- LS or Officer Jurist
50- RS) Guilty
Reject

X Spl. Maj.- II

President
 SC Jurisdiction
HC/SC- SC (same question of law)

HC- HC (justice)
1. Original: Writ [32] + Centre/State Dispute [131(1)] + Transfer Petitions [139A(1)][139A(2)] + Pres./VP
Election Dispute [71]
2. Appellate: Civil/Criminal/Other [132] + Civil [133] + Criminal [134] {HC certificate of appeal required}
3. Extra Ordinary Appellate: Special Leave Petition [136] {from any lower court/ tribunal, no HC
certificate of appeal required}
SC can deny SC can’t deny
4. Advisory: Pres. Reference [143(1) + 143(2)] + Inquiry- PSC member [317]

Public imp. Pre-const. obligation

5. Plenary: Review [137] + Curative [142] Gross miscarriage of justice
Prevent abuse of law
Review any Any person
SC judgement
 Binding Value of Judgements
CJI- Master of the Roster (Principle of Stare Decisis)

SC Larger Bench
Bench
2-3 Judges (open Binding
court)
Binding SC Bench of co-
SC Smaller Bench equal strength
Binding
Constitutional
bench (Min. 5 High Courts Persuasive
Other HCs
Judges)
145(3) Binding

Lower Courts
under its
jurisdiction
 Comparison

215 (contempt)
32+129 (contempt) Suo moto Suo moto
SC HC 226
227 (supervisory suo motu)

1. HC has wider writ jurisdiction (226): Fundamental & Legal Rights

2. Constitutionality of a law can be challenged both at the SC & HC
3. Sc can only punish for contempt of itself whereas HC can punish for
contempt of itself and lower courts
4. Death penalties are confirmed by HCs
Essential Reading List