Lecture 4’s sequence

4.1 Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

4.2 Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

 A way to control the output of a half-wave rectifier is to

use an SCR1 instead of a diode.

 Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:

1. The SCR must be forward-biased ( > ).
2. A current must be applied to the gate of the SCR.

 The SCR will not begin to conduct as soon as the source

becomes positive. Conduction is delayed until a gate
current is applied, which is the basis for using the SCR as
a means of control. Once the SCR is conducting, the gate
current can be removed, and the SCR remains on until the
current goes to zero.
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

 If a gate signal is applied to the SCR at = , where is the delay (firing or triggering) angle. The average (dc) voltage
across the load resistor and the average (dc) current are

1
= = sin = (1 + cos ) = = (1 + cos )
2 2 2

 The rms voltage across the resistor and the rms current are computed from

1 1 sin(2 ) 1 sin(2 )
= sin = − + = = − +
2 2 2 2 2

 The power absorbed by the resistor is =

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: The single-phase half wave rectifier has a purely resistive load of R, and the delay angle is = / ,
determine: , , , .
Solution:

= 1 + cos = 1 + cos = = 1 + cos = 1 + cos =

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 sin(2 ) 1 sin(2 2 )
= − + = − + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 sin(2 ) 1 sin(2 2 )
= − + = − + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of across a load resistor from a ,
ac source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.
Solution:
2 2
= 1 + cos so = cos − 1 = cos 40 − 1 = 61.2 = 1.07 rad
2 2(120)

1 sin(2 ) 2(120) 1 sin 2(1.07) 75.6

= − + = − + = 75.6 = = = 0.756
2 2 2 2 2 100

75.6
= = = 57.1 = , = 120 × 0.756 = 90.72
100

57.1
= = = 0.629
90.72
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
The current is the sum of the forced and natural responses.
/
= + = sin − +

The constant A is determined from the initial condition = , ( )= :

/ /
=0= sin − + ⇒ = − sin( − )

Substituting for A and simplifying,

( )/
= sin − − sin( − ) for ≤ ≤
0 otherwise

The extinction angle is defined as the angle at which the current returns to zero, as
in the case of the uncontrolled rectifier. When =

=0= sin − − sin( − ) ( )/

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
The above equation must be solved numerically for . The angle ( − ) is called the conduction angle .

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

1 1
= = sin = (cos − cos ) = = = (cos − cos )
2 2 2 2

The rms voltage and current are computed from

1 = =
= sin +
2

1 1 1
= − − 2 + 2
= − − 2 + 2 + 4 2 2
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load

Example: For the circuit of controlled half-wave rectifier with RL Load, the source is at , = ,
= . , and the delay angle is . Determine (a) an expression for ( ), (b) the rms current, (c) the power absorbed by the
load, and (d) the power factor.

Solution:
a) An expression for ( )

= 120 2 = 169.7 = + = 20 + 377 ∗ 0.04 = 25 Ω

377 ∗ 0.04 377 ∗ 0.04

= tan = tan = 0.646 rad = = = 0.754 = 45 = 0.785 rad
20 20

= 6.78 sin − 0.646 − 2.67 . (A) for ≤ ≤

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
b) rms current

.
1
= 6.78 sin − 0.646 − 2.67 . = 3.26
2 .

c) Power absorbed by the load

= = 3.26 20 = 213

d) Power factor

213
= = = 0.54
(120)(3.26)
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

 The first figure shows a fully controlled bridge rectifier, which uses four
thyristors to control the average load voltage.
 Thyristors and must be fired simultaneously during the positive half
wave of the source voltage vs to allow conduction of current. To ensure
simultaneous firing, thyristors and use the same firing signal.
 Alternatively, thyristors and must be fired simultaneously during the
negative half wave of the source voltage.

 For the center-tapped transformer rectifier, is forward-biased

when is positive, and is forward-biased when is negative, but
each will not conduct until it receives a gate signal.

 The delay angle is the angle interval between the forward biasing of the SCR and the gate signal
application. If the delay angle is zero, the rectifiers behave exactly as uncontrolled rectifiers with diodes.
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load
 The average component of the output voltage and current waveforms are
determined from

1
= = sin = (1 + cos ) = = (1 + cos )

 The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined
from

1 1 sin(2 )
= sin = = − +
2 2

1 sin(2 )
= − + The rms current
2 2 in the source is
the same as the
rms current in
 The power delivered to the load is = the load.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: The full-wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac input of at and a load resistor. The delay
angle is . Determine: a) the average current in the load, b) the power absorbed by the load, and c) the power factor.

Solution:
a) Average current in the load

2(120) 95.4
= 1 + cos = 1 + cos 40 = 95.4 = = = 4.8
20

b) Power absorbed by the load

1 sin(2 ) 2(120) 1 0.698 sin(2 ∗ 0.698)

= − + = − + = 5.8
2 2 20 2 4

= = 5.8 20 = 673
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

c) Power factor
The rms current in the source is also . , and the apparent power of the source is

= = 120 (5.8) = 696

672
= = = 0.967
696
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

Load current for a controlled full-wave rectifier with an RL

load (Fig. (a)) can be either continuous or discontinuous.

For discontinuous current:

1. At = with zero load current, SCRs and in the bridge rectifier will be forward-biased and and will be
reverse-biased as the source voltage becomes positive.
2. Gate signals are applied to and at = , turning and on. With and on, the load voltage is equal to the
source voltage.

The output current can be given as

= sin − − sin( − ) ( )/ for ≤ ≤

= + = tan and =
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

The above current function becomes zero at = . If the

current remains at zero until = + when gate signals are
applied to T3 and T4 which are then forward-biased and begin
to conduct. This mode of operation is called discontinuous
current as shown in Fig. (b).

< + → Discontinuous current

Analysis of the controlled full-wave rectifier operating in the

discontinuous current mode is identical to that of the controlled
half-wave rectifier except that the period for the output current
is rather than rad.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

1
= = sin = = = (cos − cos )

= (cos − cos )

The rms voltage and current are computed from

1 1 = =
= − − 2 + 2 +
2 2 2

1 1 1
= − − 2 + 2
+ 2 2 2
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

Example: A controlled full-wave bridge rectifier has a source of at , = , = , = , = .

Determine (a) an expression for load current, (b) the average load current, and (c) the power absorbed by the load.

Solution:

= 120 2 = 169.7 (377)(0.02)

= tan = tan = 0.646 rad
10
= + = 10 + (377)(0.02) = 12.5 Ω
(377)(0.02)
= = = 0.754 rad
10
= 60 = 1.047 rad
a) An expression for load current

= 13.6 sin − 0.646 − 21.2 / . (A) for ≤ ≤

Since + = 4.19 > , the current is discontinuous, and the above expression for current is valid.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

b) Average load current

169.7
= cos − cos = 60 − 216 = 7.07
10

c) Power absorbed by the load

1 1 1
= − − 2 + 2
+ 2 2 2

1 169.7 1 1
= 3.78 − 1.047 − sin (2)(216) + sin (2)(60) = 8.8
10 + 377)(10 2 2 2

= = (8.8 ) 10 = 774.4
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Continuous Current

 If the load current is still positive at = + when gate signals

are applied to T3 and T4 in the above analysis, and are turned
ON and and are forced OFF.
 The initial condition for current in the second half-cycle is not zero.

In continuous current = + . The current at = + mus be

greater than zero for continuous-current operation.

+ ≥0

sin + − − sin( + − ) ( )/ ≥0

Using
sin + − = sin( − )
)/
sin( − ) 1 − ≥0
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Continuous Current

Solving for : ≤

Using: = ≤ → Continuous current

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

1 2 2
= sin = cos = = cos

The rms voltage and current are computed from

1 = = =
= sin =
2 + 2 +
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Highly Inductive Load, L>>R

 The behavior of the fully controlled rectifier with

resistive-inductive load (with highly inductive load)
is shown in the figure. The high-load inductance
generates a perfectly filtered current and the
rectifier behaves like a current source. With
continuous load current, thyristors and remain
in the ON-state beyond the positive half-wave of the
source voltage . For this reason, the load voltage
can have a negative instantaneous value.
 The firing of thyristors and has two effects:
• They turn off thyristors and .
• After the commutation they conduct the load
current.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Highly Inductive Load, L>>R

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

1 2 2
= sin = cos = = cos

The rms voltage and current are computed from

1
= sin = = =
2
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

 The rectifier shown in the figure consists of a combination of thyristors and diodes
and used to eliminate any negative voltage occurrence at the load terminals. This is
because the diode is always activated (forward biased) whenever the load
voltage tends to be negative. For one total period of operation of this circuit.

The average (dc) voltage across the load and the average (dc) current are

= 1 + cos = 1 + cos

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

1 sin2 1 sin2
= 1− + = 1− +
2 2 2 2

The power delivered to the load is =

Lecture 4’s sequence

4.1 Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

4.2 Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

 The thyristor will conduct (ON state), when the anode-to-cathode voltage is positive and a firing current
pulse is applied to the gate terminal. Delaying the firing pulse by an angle controls the load voltage.
 The possible range for gating delay is between = and = , but because of commutation
problems in actual situations, the maximum firing angle is limited to around 160◦.
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

 When the load is resistive, current has the same

waveform of the load voltage. As the load becomes
more and more inductive, the current flattens and
finally becomes constant. The thyristor goes to the
non-conducting condition (OFF state) when the is
following thyristor switched ON, or the current,
tries to reach a negative value.
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

Continuous & Dicscontinuous Conduction in Three-Phase Controlled Rectifier

For resistive load:

 0 ≤ ≤ 30 , output voltage is continuous.
 30 ≤ ≤ 12 , output voltage is discontinuous and
has some intervals in which output voltage is zero.
 > 150 , output voltage is zero.

For Inductive load: Resistive load Resistive load Resistive load

Firing angle α = 0º Firing angle α = 30º Firing angle 30º <= α <= 150° (α= 60º)
 There is no discontinuous conduction mode for
three-phase controlled rectifier if ≫ .
 But if ≈ or firing angle is very large,
discontinuities can be seen in output as output
voltage can become zero in certain intervals (those
intervals in which inductor has quickly dissipated
its energy and firing angle hasn’t reached). RL load
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

The RL load voltage is modified by changing firing

angle . When < , is positive and when
> , the average dc voltage becomes negative. In
such a case, the rectifier begins to work as an inverter
and the load needs to be able to generate power
reversal by reversing its dc voltage.
 Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For RLLoad

Let
= sin
= sin( − 2 /3)
= sin( − 4 /3)

is triggered at = + = 30 +

is triggered at = + = 150 +

is triggered at = + = 270 +

Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For RLLoad

Load current is always continuous. The dc component of the output voltage is the average value, and load
current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance.

3 3 3 3 3
= sin ω ω = cosα = = cosα
2 2 2

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

3 1 3
= sinω ω = 3 + cos2α
2 6 8

3 1 3
= = + cos2α
+ + 6 8
 Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For Resistive Load

In the case of a three-phase half wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load, the
thyristor is triggered at =( + ) and conducts up to = . When
the phase supply voltage decreases to zero, the load current falls to zero and the
thyristor turns off. Thus, conducts from =( + ) to ( ).
1) When ≤

3 3 3 3 3
= sin ω ω = cosα = = cosα
2 2 2

3 1 3
= sinω ω = 3 + cos2α
2 6 8

3 1 3
= = + cos2α
+ + 6 8
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For Resistive Load

2) When ≥

3 3
= sin ω ω = 1 + cos( + )
2 2 6

3
= = 1 + cos( + )
2 6

3 3 5 1
= sinω ω = − + sin + 2
2 4 6 2 3

3 5 1
= = − + sin + 2
4 6 2 3
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with
Freewheeling Diode
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge-

controlled rectifier using six thyristors connected in the form
of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are
controlled switches which are turned on at an appropriate
times by applying suitable gate trigger signals.

 The three thyristors ( , and ) will not work together at the same time or two of them also will not work
together at the same time.
 The three thyristors ( , and ) will not work together at the same time or two of them also will not work
together at the same time.
 ( and ), ( and ) or ( and ) will not work together at the sametime.
 Each thyristor is triggered at an interval of / .
 Each thyristors pair (( & ), ( & ), ( & ), ( & ), ( & ), ( & )) is triggered at an interval of / .
 The frequency of output ripple voltage is .
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 If is triggered at ( + ), will be triggered at ( + + ) and will be triggered at ( +

+ ). will be triggered at ( + + ), will be triggered at ( + + + ) and will
be triggered at ( + + + ).

Firing Angle T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Single-Pulse Firing Scheme Double-Pulse Firing Scheme

 Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are triggered.

 The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, 34, …
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 is triggered at =( + ), is already conducting when is turned ON.

 During the interval ( + ) to (9 + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage is equal to =
=( − ).
 is triggered at = ( + ), turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as is triggered. During the
interval ( + ) to (15 + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage = =( − ).
 is triggered at =( + ), turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as is triggered. During the
interval ( + ) to ( + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage = =( − ).
 is triggered at =( + ), turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as is triggered. During the
interval ( + ) to ( + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage = =( − ).
 is triggered at =( + ), turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as is triggered. During the
interval ( + ) to ( + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage = =( − ).
 is triggered at =( + ), turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as is triggered. During the
interval ( + ) to ( + ), and conduct together & the output load voltage = =( − ).
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1 T3
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3

Vo

ωt

iT1
ωt
iT2
ωt
iT3
ωt
When = iT4
ωt
iT5
ωt
iT6
ωt
ia
ωt

ib
ωt

ic
ωt
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2

Vo
When =
ωt

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T4 T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2

Vo
When =
ωt
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T4 T6 T2 T4 T6

When = T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1

Vo
Output Voltage ωt
when = for
Resistive load
Vo
Output Voltage ωt
when =
for RL load
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Thyristor one ( ) VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
voltage for different =
ωt
firing angles. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
=
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
=
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
450 480 510 540

VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
=
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
 Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Let
= sin = sin − 2 /3 = sin − 4 /3

= 3 sin + /6 = 3 sin − 3 /6 = 3 sin − 7 /6

The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as

3 3 3 3 3
= 3 sin + /6 = cosα = = cosα

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

3 =
= 3 sin + /6 +
3 1 3 3
= + cos2α
1 3 3 + 2 4
= 3 + cos2α
2 4
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Special case: resistive load >

The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
3 3 3
= 3 sin + /6 = cos /3 + α
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

3 3
= = cos /3 + α
T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are T4 T6 T2 T4 T6

T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1

3
= 3 sin + /6 Vo
ωt

=
+ =
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Example: A three-phase controlled rectifier has an input voltage which is at . The load is modeled as a series
resistance and inductance with = and = . Determine the delay angle required to produce an average current of
in the load.

Solution:

= = 50 ∗ 10 = 500

3 = 480

500
= cos = cos = 39.5
3 3 3 3(480)
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

 3-phase semi-converters are three phase half-controlled bridge-controlled rectifiers which employ three
thyristors and three diodes connected in the form of a bridge configuration. Three thyristors are controlled
switches which are turned on at appropriate times by applying appropriate gating signals. The three diodes
conduct when they are forward biased by the corresponding phase supply voltages.
 The power factor of 3-phase semi-converter decreases as the trigger angle increases. The power factor of
a 3-phase semi-converter is better than three phase half wave converter.
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

 Thyristor is forward biased when the phase supply voltage is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages and . The diode D1 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage is more
negative than the other phase supply voltages.

 Thyristor is forward biased when the phase supply voltage is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages. Diode D2 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage van is more negative than the
other phase supply voltages.

 Thyristor is forward biased when the phase supply voltage is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages. Diode D3 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage is more negative than the
other phase supply voltages.

 The frequency of the output supply waveform is , where fS is the input ac supply frequency. The trigger
angle can be varied from 0 to .
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For >

 During the period / ≤ ≤ / (i.e., ≤ ≤ (thyristor is forward biased. If is

triggered at = / + , and conduct together, and the line-to-line supply voltage appears
across the load. At = / , starts to become negative and the free-wheeling diode turns on and
conducts. The load current continues to flow through the free-wheeling diode and thyristor and diode
are turnedoff.

 If the free-wheeling diode is not connected across the load, then would continue to conduct until the
thyristor is triggered at = / + and the free-wheeling action is accomplished through and ,
when turns on as soon as becomes more negative at = / .
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

Waveforms for =
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For <

If the trigger angle ≤ /

each thyristor conducts for
/ and the free-wheeling
diode does not conduct.

Waveforms for =
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

Let
= sin = sin − 2 /3 = sin − 4 /3

For > and Discontinuous Output Voltage

= = 3 sin −
6
The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as

3 3 3
= 3 sin − /6 = 1 + cos
2 2

3 3
= = 1 + cos
2
 Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

3 3 sin2
= 3 sin − = 1− +
2 6 2 2

3 sin2
= = 1− +
+ 2 + 2
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For ≤ and Discontinuous Output Voltage

= = 3 sin +
6

The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as

3 3 3
= 3 sin + = 1 + cos
2 6 2

3 3
= = 1 + cos
2
 Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

3 3 2 3(cos )
= + ( ) = +
2 2 3

3 2 3(cos )
= = +
+ 2 + 3
Question &
Answer