semantics and pragmatics

SEMANTIC
AND
GRAMMAR
Presentation By Group 5
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(22018003) (22018012) (22018205)

Alimin sahid Dewinta Darmasari hanifah fathiyah aini
LIST OF
MATERIAL
Definition of Semantic and Gender and number
Grammar
The relationship between Person and deixis
semantic and grammar
Grammar and lexicon Transivity and causativity
Formal grammar Conclusion
 DEFINITION OF
SEMANTIC AND GRAMMAR
Semantic refers to the meaning of words, phrases, and
sentences. It involves understanding the concepts, ideas, and
relationships that words and phrases express. For EXample,
The word "cat" has a meaning (a small domesticated
mammal), and the phrase "the cat is on the mat" conveys a
specific meaning (the cat is located on a mat).
 DEFINITION OF
SEMANTIC AND GRAMMAR
Grammar is the structure and rules that govern how words
are combined to form meaningful sentences. For example, The
sentence "The cat is on the mat" follows the rules of English
grammar, with the subject "cat" followed by the verb "is"
and the object "mat."
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SEMANTIC AND GRAMMAR
Semantics and grammar are closely related in that grammar helps to
convey meaning through the correct use of words, phrases, and sentence
structure. Grammar provides the framework for semantics to operate
within, ensuring that sentences are constructed in a way that allows
for effective communication.

For example, "The cat is on the mat." The grammar ensures that the
subject "cat" is followed by the verb "is" and the object "mat," while the
semantics convey the meaning that the cat is located on the mat.
 GRAMMAR AND LEXICON
Grammar refers to the rules Lexicon is the vocabulary grammar and lexicon enable
that govern the structure of of a language, the construction of
sentences in a language, consisting of all the sentences that are both
including word order,
words and their grammatically correct and
agreement, and the use of
meanings. semantically meaningful.
tenses.

for example, The lexicon contains the word "cat," which has a specific meaning.
Grammar rules dictate that "cat" can be used as a subject in a sentence, and it
can be combined with other words to form phrases and sentences.
 FORMAL GRAMMAR
Formal grammar refers to a set of rules and structures that define the
syntax of a language in a precise and systematic way. It is used to
describe the correct formation of sentences and phrases within a
language. Formal grammar is often used in computational linguistics,
programming languages, and linguistic analysis.
for example, The cat chased the mouse. Formal grammar defines the syntax
of this sentence, including the order of words, the use of articles ("the"),
nouns ("cat" and "mouse"), verbs ("chased"), and the structure of the
sentence (subject-verb-object).
 GENDER AND NUMBER
Gender refers to the grammatical Number refers to the grammatical
categories that distinguish between categories that distinguish between
masculine, feminine, and sometimes
singular and plural forms of
neuter forms of nouns, adjectives,
nouns, adjectives, and pronouns.
and pronouns.

For example, in English, "cat" is a

IExample of gender: "La casa"
singular noun, while "cats" is its
(feminine) vs. "El libro" (masculine) in
plural form.
Spanish.
 PERSON AND DEIXIS
Person refers to the grammatical categories
indicating the speaker (first person), the one Deixis refers to words that
being spoken to (second person), and the one rely on context for their
being spoken about (third person). Person
refers to the speaker or the person being
meaning, such as pronouns
referred to in a sentence like "this," "that," "here,"
and "there."
Example: "I" (first person), "You" (second
person), "He/She/It" (third person).

In the sentence "I am here," the pronoun "I" refers to the person speaking, and
"here" is a deictic word that refers to the location of the speaker.
 TRANSIVITY AND CAUSATIVITY
Transitivity and causativity are grammatical categories that refer to the
relationship between the subject and the object of a sentence.

Transitivity refers to whether a verb Causativity refers to the

requires an object to complete its relationship between cause and
meaning (transitive) or not (intransitive). effect in language.

Example of transitivity: "He eats" Example of causativity: "The storm

(intransitive) vs. "He eats apples" caused damage" (cause and effect
(transitive). relationship).
 CONCLUSION
Semantic and grammar are fundamental aspects of language that
work together to convey meaning accurately. While semantic focuses
on meaning, grammar provides the structure and rules for expressing
that meaning effectively. Additionally, grammar interacts with other
linguistic elements like lexicon (vocabulary), formal rules, gender and
number distinctions, person and deixis, as well as concepts like
transitivity and causativity to create a rich and nuanced
communication system.
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