Transforming lives through

Good Honest Research

MAIN FINDINGS PPT

WaterAid India baseline survey on water, sanitation and hygiene in Purba
Bardhaman, Hooghly and Bankura districts of West Bengal
 STUDY BACKGROUND

West Bengal is situated on the Bay of Bengal in eastern India. It is India's fourth-most populated
state, with approximately 91 million people. Approximately one out of every five people in rural
India, who do not have access to clean drinking water resides in West Bengal. In West Bengal,
groundwater accounts for more than 85% of rural water supply.

The three proposed districts (Hooghly, Bankura, and Bardhaman) struggle with groundwater
depletion and acute freshwater scarcity. Government census data indicates that the water sources
in many of these districts in West Bengal are plagued with high levels of fluoride, arsenic, and
iron. According to government data households in the target, districts have access to sanitation,
however, these are typically leach pit toilets that pose a high risk of groundwater contamination.

The farming community includes cultivators and farm laborers, the majority of whom are women.
These women spend most of their day in the fields. Though agricultural fields may have water
supply for irrigation, it is likely not safe for consumption. Three of our proposed districts are facing
ground water quality issues – specifically arsenic in Bardhaman and Hooghly and fluoride in
Bankura.

This baseline project will ensure adequate and appropriate access to WASH in the fields which
includes the testing and treatment of water sources to ensure availability of safe drinking water;
water storage options; filters; and group toilet facilities.
 STUDY OBJECTIVES
The baseline intervention in the 45 Gram Panchayats in West Bengal aimed to work on the key change indicators which included, the
following:

Household water access, piped water supply or other means quantity and quality, toilets, usage and
handwashing facilities

Drinking water sources, technologies, location, functionality and water quality

Surface water sources to understand the potential to enhance ground water recharge

WASH in Anganwadi Centres and Schools

 BASELINE STUDY FRAMEWORK

Quantitative Data Qualitative Data Consolidation of

Collection Collection Findings

• Review and • Development of • Summary

translation of tool based on: statistics and
tool based on: • Quantitative crosstabs under
• WaterAid's ToR data collection each key area of
• Desk research • Desk research enquiry
• Feedback and • Feedback and • Results of the
discussions discussions qualitative
with WaterAid with WaterAid findings will be
based on
narrative and
will be
supported by
verbatims.
 SELECTION OF SURVEY SAMPLE AND RESPONDENTS

Village Sampling Design Type of tools and Selection of Respondents

For the Household Survey, the head of the household (in most cases) or any
For the quantitative survey, 90 villages were selected (as from amongst 45 Gram other member who knew the household was interviewed. The enumerators
Panchayats. The following criteria were used to conduct the sampling of villages used the (RHR) Right-hand Thumb Rule for selection of households. The detailed
from the GPs. sequence of steps is illustrated below

1. The village with the name of the Gram Panchayat Name was auto-selected
(Assumption Head Village of the Panchayat). If the village with the panchayat
name was not available, the village with the maximum population was chosen.
2. The second village selected was the village with the nearest population to the
one of the first village. (Reason for doing so was that NEERMAN needed to cover
at least 10 HH (with a Skip of 5 using RHR) and 5 water Points. Researchers had
been pre-warned by the WAI ground staff that this may be challenging in villages
where the population was comparatively less.
3. Within a cluster, enumerators conducted interviews of only one respondent
category per household. Following the completion of a successful interview, they
skipped five households and then selected the sixth house for attempting the
next respondent category interview. In every cluster – 1 respondent of each
category was covered and, in a household, not more than 1 interview was
conducted.

5
 RESPONDENTS CATEGORY

- For Water Point Mapping - Respondent involved pump operators/

User of this water point/ Nearby resident/ Committee member - VWSC,
Water Committee, etc. /Local Government – GP
- For Key Informant interviews with stakeholders - Respondent
interviewed involved rural local government (President or Secretary) and
district functionaries responsible for water and sanitation like SBA/ JJM
officials.
- For Anganwadi KAP - Respondents interviewed involved
Anganwadi workers, helpers, and adolescent girls.
- For School KAP - Respondents interviewed involved
schoolteachers, SMC members, students, and sanitation workers.
- For Anganwadi Baseline - Respondents interviewed involved
AWW Worker/ helper
- For School Baseline - Respondents interviewed involved the
schoolteacher/ headmaster/ principal.
- Household Survey- Respondents involved Head of the household
or any knowledgeable member of the household
- FGDs- Respondents will be farmers across three districts.
 ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

Analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data will follow the following steps:

Backchecks and Data Cleaning and Familiarization of Generating Initial

Data Collection
QAQC Processing Data Codes

Data Analysis as Creating Cross Creating Data Searching for

Reviewing themes
per the protocols tabs Maps themes

Defining and Producing the

Selection of Comparative naming themes report
Provisional Tables
Analysis Test Analysis
 ACHIEVED SAMPLE SIZE

Type of survey Target Hooghly Bankura Bardhaman

Achieved

Household Survey 905 279 412 214

Water Point Mapping 505 194 158 153

AWC Baseline 155 61 73 21

School Baseline 129 38 70 21

KII 13 5 4 4

AWC KAP 342 85 162 95

School KAP 497 90 238 131

Total 2531 772 1117 639

MAIN FINDINGS
 WASH IN HOUSEHOLDS- DEMOGRAPHICS
Gender of the Head of the Household Gender of the Head of the Household
100
91
90 83.5 13.7
80.8
80
86.3% of the households
70
were patriarchal in nature
60 and only 13.7% of the
50 households were women-
40
led.
30
19.2
20 16.5
9
10 86.3
0
Hooghly (n-279) Bankura (n-412) Purba Bardhaman (n-213)

(1) Male (2) Female (1) Male (2) Female

In all the three districts, of
Hooghly Bankura Purba Total Poverty status Hooghly, Bankura, and
Social Group (%) (%) Bardhaman (%) (%) 100 Purba Bardhaman, the
90
majority (47.9%) of the
study population belonged
80
(1) SC 36.2 60.2 39.4 47.9 to the Scheduled caste (SC)
70 category
64.3
60
57.2
(2) ST 1.8 5.3 18.3 7.3 50 53.1
49.8
40 Majority of the respondents
30
(57.2%) across all districts
(3) OBC 31.9 8.3 6.1 15 fell below the poverty line.
20 45.2 45.1
39.3
32.3
10
(4) General 30.1 26.2 36.2 29.8 2.92.2 0.52.9 1.9 1.5 2
0
Hooghly (n-279) Bankura(n-412) Purba Bardhaman (n-213) Total (n-904)

Don't know APL BPL Antodaya

Total 100 100 100 100
 PRIMARY OCCUPATION AND PRIMARY SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
100
Primary occupation of the Household
90
Agriculture Agriculture Labour
PRIMARY OCCUPATION 80 Non Agricultural Labour
70

60
• Majority of the population in the target demography was engaged as agricultural
47.3
labourers. Apart from that, a significant proportion of the population was involved 50

in agriculture and some form of business 40

32.7 32
36.8

• Majority of the population in the target demography was engaged as agricultural 30 25.9
23.4
21.7 22.6
labourers. Apart from that, a significant proportion of the population was involved 20 15.5
18
14.7
in agriculture and some form of business 10
8.5

0
Hooghly (n-278) Bankura(n-412) Purba Bardhaman (n-212) Total (n-902)

PRIMARY SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

primary source of drinking Hooghly Bankura Bardhaman Total
water
• The primary source of drinking water for the majority of people (40.2%) across all
Piped water into dwelling 38.0 14.6 4.7 19.5
districts was Tube-well. Apart from that, public taps and Handpumps were also
major sources of drinking water used by people
Public tap/ standpipe 10.4 26.7 8.9 17.5
• For majority of people (38%) across all districts, the water sources were located at
less than 20 metres from the household. In Hooghly district, the primary source of
Tube-well 23.7 45.9 50.7 40.2
water for 42.2% of the people was located at less than 20 metres from the
household. In Bankura also, 50.28% of the sample population, had their water
Hand pump 21.9 6.1 11.7 12.3
source at less than 20 metres. But in Purba Bardhaman, the primary water source
was located within the household premises for 76.35% of the study population.
Total 94 93.3 76 89.5
11
PIPED WATER CONNECTION AND WATER SCARCITY PERIODS
Piped water connection

Total %
21.4
(n-904)

Bardhaman
% 6.1
(n-213)

Bankura %
16.5
(n-412)

Hooghly %
40.5
(n-279)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Water Scarcity periods during the year

It was observed that people across all three districts, faced
January February March April May June July August September October November December
water scarcity during the months of March, April, and May,
100 which were the beginning of the summer months. In the
90
Hooghly district, the problem starts appearing in February
80 45.1 84.6
itself. But July onwards, the situation eases a bit and relatively a
70
60
smaller percentage of the population faces water scarcity by
50 then. However, the issue never disappears completely at any
62.3
40 37.3
79.8 time of the year. In the Bankura district, people mostly faced
30 water scarcity during March, April, and May. In the Purba
20 35.9 Bardhaman district, the problem is more evident during April-
10 19.6 10.1
6
May.
0 0.9 2.6
Hooghly (n-51) Bankura (n-109) PurbaBardhaman (n-39) Total (n-199)
 WASH IN HHS – WATER ACCESS
Time spent in collecting water

Time taken to collect water for household purposes

100
80
Across all districts, the 60
majority (58.8%) of the WATER TARIFF/ CHARGES-
40
people got water from far- 63
47.7 52 51.7 52.5 43.7
off sources during lean and In Hooghly and Purba PRIMARY WATER 20 34.1 37.4
2.9 0 0.3 6.4 4.4 2.6 1.2
scarcity periods. Around Bardhaman, a certain COLLECTOR IN THE 0
66.7% of the population in section of the population HOUSEHOLD- Data shows Hooghly (n-173) Bankura (n-352) Purba bardhaman (n- Total (n-728)
Hooghly borrowed water paid water tariff or charges that it was the adult female 203)
from their neighbours and a for water, but in Bankura, who was responsible for the
(1) Less than 15 minutes (2) 15 to 30 min
significant percentage of the they did not pay any water primary water collection the
study population (51.8%) tariff. In Hooghly and Purba household. The age-old
also collected water from Bardhaman, only (0.7%) and practice where women ❑ Across all three districts, 52.5% of the population spends less than 15
far-off sources. In Bankura (8.9%) of the study travel long distances to
and Purba Bardhaman, respondents paid water tax. collect water has been seen minutes collecting water for household purposes. And 43.7% of the
people mostly collected But in Bankura, the study here population spends 15-30 minutes collecting water.
water from far off sources respondents did not pay
during lean and scarcity water tax. ❑ Across all the three districts, the majority of the household members
period (69.3%) went outside the household every day to collect water for
their needs.
❑ Only 19% of the population across all districts had piped water supply
❑ Across all districts too, the majority of the people (47.4%) made three
trips during the day to collect water.
RAINWATER HARVESTING, STORAGE CAPACITY AND DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting Drinking water quality

Quality of Drinking Water

69.4 67.1
100
97.7
45.1 48.3 49.7
44.9 90.8
90 86.4
32.9
21.922.710.4 1.1 24.3 19.4 0.2 0.9 1.9 1.4 18.1 12.5 0.3 0.4
80
71.3
HOOGHLY (N-279) BANKURA (N-412) PURBA BARDHAMAN (N-213) TOTAL (N-904) 70

60

50
Let it run off Harvested into wells Harvested into ponds
Rain water harvested and stored Recharging of sources Others 40

• Across all districts, it could be observed that around majority of the study 30

population let the rainwater run-off 20 14.7 13.6

Transforming
10
0.4
lives3.6 through
5.6
0.5 1.9
7.2 6.3
0.1
0
Storage Capacity
• In all the three districts, the majority (80.3%) of the people stored water in Good Honest Research
Hooghly (n-279) Bankura (n-412) Purba Bardhaman (n-
213)
Total (n-904)

covered containers. Don't Know Good Acceptable Poor

• Across all districts, 47% of the population could store up to 50-200 litres of
water for various purposes. In Hooghly district, half of the study population
(49.8%) had the capacity to store 50 litres of water in their household for Across all the three districts, the majority 86.4%) of study
various purposes. In Bankura, around 63.7%% of the study population could respondents have rated the water quality to be good. Here good
store up to 200 litres of water at the household level and in Bardhaman implies an absence of any smell or taste or colour. But in the Hooghly
district, around 33.52% of the study population can store up to 50 litres of district, 14.75% of the study population stated that they are not
water. aware of the quality of water they drink, which is a matter of
concern.
 WATER TREATMENTS AND TESTS
100 Water Treatment methods
80 70

60 55.8 56 56.1
45.9
40
23.1 24.4 20.9 18.8
16.5 20.1 16.5 17.5 17.8
20
2.4
Treatment of drinking water at the HH: 0
Hooghly (n-279) Bankura (n-412) Purba Bardhaman (n-213) Total (n-904)

Treated electric purifier Boiling filtered by cloth Others Non-treated

• Across all three districts, the majority of people do not
treat the water before drinking. There is a high
possibility of the presence of bacteria or germs in the Water Testing
water.
Total (n-904) 8.2
Purba Bardhaman (n-213) 24.9
Water Tests and their results Bankura (n-412) 2.7
Hooghly (n-279) 3.6
• It has been observed that across all the three districts 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
only 8.2% of the population have done water testing.
• Of the very small section of the study respondents
who had done water testing, around 80% of people in Water Test Results
100
Hooghly and Bankura stated that the water quality 80 81.8
80
was found to be safe and in Purba Bardhaman, around 64.2 68.9
60
64% of the respondents deemed the water as safe.
40
20
0
Hooghly (n-10) Bankura (n-11) Purba Bardhaman (n-53) Total (n-74)
15
 SANITATION AND HYGIENE
ACCESS TO TOILETS- In all three districts, a fair share of the study
population had access to individual toilets in their respective homes. Across all
districts, 59.5% of the households had access to toilets. 20% of the household
across all districts did not have access to toilets, which is a matter of concern as
having access to toilets is a necessity
SYSTEM OF DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER AND SEWAGE
In all three districts, a considerable section of the population disposed of the wastewater in
open low land areas/ streets. Apart from that people also disposed of the household
wastewater in a stagnant pool near the household, nearby river/nalla/ponds.

Across all the districts, it has been observed that households that had access to PLACE OF DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE
individual toilets, all of them used toilets for sanitation With regards to the prevalence of any system for solid waste management at the village or
ward level, only Hooghly district has such a provision. But Bankura and Purba Bardhaman
districts, do not have the provision or any system for solid waste management at the village
TYPE OF TOILETS- In Hooghly and Bankura districts, the majority of or ward level. The system used by respondents for waste disposal in Hooghly are- the NADEP
respondents had single leach pit toilets but in Purba Bardhaman, around method, Vermicomposting, and Biogas organic solid waste
43.78%
Type ofdesign
of toilet the population had septic
Hooghly (n- tank toilets.
Bankura (n- Apart from that,Total
Purba Bardhaman the
244) 261) (n-201) (n-706)
other kinds
(1) single leach pit
of toilets prevalent were twin leach pits, septic tanks, lined
69.7 36 17.4 42.4 PLACE OF DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE
tanks,
(2) etc.pit
twin leach 11.1 35.6 12.9 20.7 With regards to the prevalence of any system for solid waste management at the village or
(3) Unlined tank 0 0 1.5 0.4 ward level, only Hooghly district has such a provision. But Bankura and Purba Bardhaman
(4) Lined tank 4.9 8.8 24.4 11.9 districts, do not have the provision or any system for solid waste management at the village
(5) septic tank 2 17.6 43.8 19.7 or ward level. The system used by respondents for waste disposal in Hooghly are- the NADEP
(6) Tank connected to sewer line 4.9 0.8 0 2
method, Vermicomposting, and Biogas organic solid waste
(7) Tank connected to open drain 4.9 0.4 0 1.8
(8) Directly connected to sewer line 0.8 0.4 0 0.4 HOUSEHOLD TOILET (KII DATA)
(9) Directly connected to open drain 1.6 0.4 0 0.7
In Hooghly district, 20% of the population still does not have access to household toilets. In
Bankura and Bardhaman, 25% of the population does not have access to toilets at home,
HANDWASHING FACILITIES AT THE HH which is a matter of concern. Various flagship programs like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan which
Across all districts, around 63.3% of the households had a designated aims to make the country defecation free must be implemented everywhere and awareness
must be raised among people with regard to the construction of toilets at the household
place to wash their hands and the rest 36.4% did not.
level.
 WATER & SANITATION FACILITIES AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
(ANGANWADI CENTRES) Functionality of Water Connection

Total %
91.2
• PRIMARY SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER- All three districts
(n-147)

majorly used borewell handpumps as the primary source of drinking Bardhaman %

100
(n-16)
water at the Anganwadi Centre.
• Apart from that, in Hooghly and Bankura districts, around 34.4% and Bankura %
86.1
(n-72)
16.4% of the Anganwadi Centres had tap water connections too. In the
Purba Bardhaman district, 23.8% of the AWC does not have any source of Hooghly %
94.9
(n-59)
drinking water. Only five Anganwadi Centres of the sampled villages in
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Purba Bardhaman had primary sources of drinking water. They are
Abujhati, Nimo, Debipur, Birshimul, and Rasulpur. The functionality of Water Connection
The water connection installed at AWC was reported to be functional in all three
districts, which is a great status, in comparison to the national data, where less than
50% of the connections are functional
Water Harvesting measures
100 94.7

80 70.4 68.3
59.7
60

40
27.8
16.7 19.4 18.1 20
20 15.2
5.6 5.3 3.4
0
Hooghly (n-54) Bankura (n-72) Purba Bardhaman (n-19) Total (n-145)
Rain Water Harvesting with storage Rain water recharge Soak pit None

WATER HARVESTING MEASURES UNDERTAKEN

A significant proportion (68%) of the Anganwadi Centres across all
districts did not conserve or harvest the rainwater
 WATER FACILITIES AT THE ANGANWADI CENTRES
STORAGE FACILITY TO STORE WATER AT THE AWC
❑ Out of the Anganwadi centres which had storage facilities to store
water, around 53.85% of the AWCs in Hooghly store drinking water
separately.
WATER TREATMENTS-
In Hooghly district, at 41% of the Anganwadi centres, water was treated by filtering
it with a cloth. In Bankura district too, majority of the Anganwadi centres (34.2%)
treated the water using cloth filters. But in Purba Bardhaman district, in most of the
Anganwadi centres, water was not treated before drinking, which may lead to
various diseases. Majority (33.5%) of the Anganwadi Centres across all districts filter
the drinking water using cloth.
Water treatment at the AWCs

❑ Majority of the Anganwadi Centres across all districts used buckets to 100
store drinking water. In Hooghly district, majority of the Anganwadi
80
centres stored drinking water in cement tanks and buckets. In Purba
57.1
Bardhaman and Bankura districts too, drinking water was stored 60
mostly in buckets. Apart from that, water was also stored in 41
40 31.5 34.2 33.5
steel/plastic tanks/pots 26.2
21.9 24.5
19.7 20
20 14.314.3
9.5
12.9
8.2 4.9 8.2 7.1
4.8
1.4 2.7 1.9
0
❑ WATER TESTS- Efforts must be made by the government to test Hooghly (n-61) Bankura (n-73) Purba Bardhaman (n- Total (n-155)
drinking water at regular intervals as only 29% (i.e. 43 out of 147) of (1) Treatment system
21)
(2) Adding chlorine drops/ tablet
Anganwadi Centres across all districts have done water testing (3) Filtering with cloth (4) Boiling
(5) No treatment (6) Other (please specify)
 SANITATION FACILITIES AT THE AWC
Functionality of toilets
AVAILABILITY OF TOILETS AT AWC 100

Across all districts, majority (41.1%) of the Anganwadi centres had single leach pit 80 41.2 35.7
47.8
toilets. But in Bankura district, it can be observed that 45% of the Anganwadi centres 60 14.3 94.1
have twin leach pit toilet. Apart from that, there were also septic tank toilets with and 10
40
without soak pit 58.8
20 50 42.2
FUNCTIONALITY OF TOILETS AT AWC 0 5.9

Across all districts, 47.8% of the toilets at the Anganwadi Centres were dysfunctional, Hooghly (n-17) Bankura (n-56) Purba Bardhaman (n- Total (n-90)
17)
which meant despite having the facility, either people went out for open defecation or (1) Functional and in use (2) Functional but not in use (3) Dysfunctional
to their neighbour’s place. Efforts should be made by government to ensure that toilets
that are functional should at least be used.

Child friendly Availability of soap and

Availability of specific
facilities at the toilets
In Hooghly district, around
31.25% of the Anganwadi
centres had child friendly
toilets. But in Bankura district
only 4.08% of the AWCs had
child friendly toilets. And in
Purba Bardhaman, around
26.67% of the AWCs had child
friendly toilets.
Only in Hooghly district, it was
observed Anganwadi centres
had western toilets for pregnant
women
Availability of water
inside toilets
In Hooghly and Purba
Bardhaman districts, around
93.3% of the Anganwadi centres
had water inside the toilets but
in Bankura district, only 63.3%
of the Anganwadi centres have
water inside the toilets. Overall,
75% of the Anganwadi centres
have water inside toilets
Availability of hand
washing facility at the
AWC
There was a lack of adequate
handwashing facilities at the
Anganwadi Centres across all
three districts. In Hooghly and
Purba Bardhaman districts, only
11.5% and 14.3% Anganwadi
Centres had handwashing
facilities. In Bankura around
only 21.9% Anganwadi’ had
handwashing facilities
handwashing facility
water at handwashing
In Hooghly district, around 2% facility at the AWC
of the Anganwadi centres had
handwashing facilities for Across all the three districts
children. In Bankura and Purba majority (84.6%) of the
Bardhaman, at least 29.82% and Anganwadi centres had both
33.33% of the Anganwadi soap and water at the
centres had child friendly
handwashing facility. In
handwashing facilities. It is very Bankura district, 75% of the
crucial to have handwashing
facility accessible for children Anganwadi centres had both
because children aged 3-5 years soap and water and the rest
comes to the Anganwadi 25% had only water at the
centres and if the handwashing handwashing stations
points are not accessible to
them, it makes no sense.
 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT MHM AT AWC
100 Wastewater Management
90
80
70 65.6
60
It is a matter of concern that around 45.2% of the 50 45.2 45.2
Anganwadi Centres across all districts had no proper 38.1
40 31.5 33.3 34.2
arrangement for wastewater disposal. 30 26.2
19
20 12.3 9.5 12.3
10 3.3 4.9 5.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.2 2.6
0
Hooghly (n-61) Bankura (n-73) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-155)

Drainage leading to main drain of village/ slum Garden Soak Pit Stagnation No arrangement Other (please specify)

100
System of waste disposal at the AWC
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT
80

62.3
60
47.6 44.5
42.5 In Hooghly district, at 32.8% of the
40 32.9 33.3 34.8 Anganwadi Centres, regular MHM
21.3 sessions were held for adolescent
20
17.8 14.3 girls or women. There should be At around 18% of the
8.2 6.6 6.8 4.8 8.4 11.6 sessions on menstrual hygiene Anganwadi centres in Hooghly,
1.6 0.6 management for adolescent girls as
0
Anganwadi workers or helpers
Hooghly (n-61) Bankura (n-73) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-155) menstruation is still a taboo topic in distributed sanitary napkins to
India and girls and women do not
adolescent girls/women. In
(1) Dumped outside the AWC premises in an isolated place (2) Waste treated using appropriate technology talk about it openly so there needs to
(3) Burning (4) No system be proper informative sessions on Bankura and Purba Bardhaman
(5) Collection by municipality menstruation. But in Bankura and in districts, only a certain section
In Hooghly district, 62.3 % of the Anganwadi centres Purba Bardhaman district, it was of the adolescent girls and
observed that a considerable number women received sanitary
had no system for waste disposal, around 21% of Anganwadi centres hold MHM napkins
Anganwadi centres dumped their garbage outside the sessions for girls. Overall, 64.5% of
the Anganwadi centres had MHM
centre, some burnt it and only (6.8%) of the Anganwadi sessions for adolescent girls.
centres treated the waste using appropriate technology.
In Bankura and Purba Bardhaman district, at most of the
Anganwadi centres wastes are dumped outside the
centre only.
 WATER & SANITATION FACILITIES AT INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL (SCHOOLS)
AVAILABILITY OF DRINKING WATER PRIMARY SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Almost 98% of the schools across all three districts had drinking water In the Hooghly district, the majority of the schools (81.06%) had piped water system
sources present within the school premises. Very few schools (only 3, as the primary source of drinking water. In Bankura and Purba Bardhaman districts,
one per district) did not have dedicated drinking water sources within the majority of the schools used borewells or handpumps as the primary source of
the premises, which was a matter of concern because the children had drinking water
to either buy water or had to bring it from their home or borrow from
their neighbours. Primary sources of drinking water
100
90 18.9
Drinking water sources 80

97.4 98.6 97.7 70 57.9

100 95.2 60
71
85
90 50
80 40 81.1 0.8
30
70 1.4
20 41.3
60 10 27.5
15
50 0
40
Hooghly (n-37) Bankura (n-69) Purba Bardhaman (n- Total (n-126)
30
20)
20
10 2.6 4.8 2.3 (1)Piped water scheme (2)Protected Sanitary Well or Spring (4)Borewell/ handpump
1.4
0
Hooghly (n-38) Bankura (n-70) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-129)

Yes
. 58% of the schools across all districts have not adopted any water
conservation or harvest measures.
The Primary Source of Water within the premise Water conservation/ harvest measures undertaken
In Hooghly and Bardhaman districts, all the water sources were located within the 100
100
school premises whereas in Bankura district around 98.55% of the water sources
63.2 61.4 58.1
were located within school premises.
50
Availability of drinking water from the primary water source 28.9
20
28.7
18.6
10.5 10.9
In Hooghly and Bankura district, all the water sources remained functional 2.9 1.4 4.7 0.8
throughout the year, whereas in Purba Bardhaman, the number reduced to 95% of 0
Hooghly (n-38) Bankura (n-70) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-129

the water sources remaining functional throughout the year. Rain water harvesting with storage Rain water recharge Soak pit Other None
 WATER STORAGE FACILITIES & DISTRIBUTION POINTS
Drinking water storage facility
Across all three districts, the majority (61.2%) of the schools did
not have storage facilities to store drinking water. In Purba
Bardhaman around 85.7% of the schools did not have water The distribution system of water in the institution- Around 30% of the
storage facilities, which was a matter of concern as the school schools across all districts have no water distribution system and 30.2% of the
authorities should have acted in this regard. It is necessary to schools have piped water supply connected to overhead tanks.
store drinking water in times of scarcity too.
• .
100 Distribution system of water at schools
90
80
70
60
50
37.8 35.1 40.6 40
40 35
30.2 30.2 27.8
30 26.1
23.2
18.9 20
20
8.1 9.5
10 5.8 4.3 5
2.4
0
Hooghly (n-37) Bankura (n-69) Purba Bardhaman (n-20) Total (n-126)

(1)No distribution system (2)Piped supply connected to overhead tank

(3)Piped supply directly pumped (4)Piped supply connected to underground tank
(5)Piped supply connected to ground level storage tank
 DRINKING WATER QUALITY
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS- TESTING DRINKING WATER FOR BACTERIAL AND CHEMICAL
From the figure below, it can be observed that around 83.33% of CONTAMINATION
the schools in Hooghly utilised a mechanism through which
There must be efforts from WASH departments or governments to properly test
drinking water was treated making it safer for consumption.
drinking water because across the three districts only 37% of the schools have tested
Availability of system for treating drinking water their drinking water for both bacterial and chemical contamination and 27.9% of the
schools have not tested their quality of drinking water yet.
100
Hooghly (n-18) 83.3 . Water testing for bacterial and chemical contamination
80
(1)Not tested
66.7
Bankura (n-29) 41.4
60 51.4 (2)Tested only for bacterial contamination
Purba Bardhaman 42.1
37.2
66.7 40
(n-3) 26.3 27.9 (3)Tested only for chemical contamination
21.1 19 21.7
17.115.7
Total (n-50) 58 20 10.5 10 9.5 7.8
5.7 4.8 5.4 (4)Tested for both bacterial & chemical
contamination
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 Hooghly (n-38) Bankura (n-70) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-129
(5)Tested but unaware of test type

WATER QUALITY TESTS- 100

Results of the water test
Of all the schools that have tested the drinking water, 80 74.5
25% of the schools in Hooghly have found the water to be 60 57.1 57
safe for drinking
40
25
20

0
Hooghly (n-28) Bankura (n-51) Purba Bardhaman (n- 7) Total (n-86)
 SANITATION FACILITIES
Open defecation
Water Treatment
The figure below shows around 97.14% of the schools in Hooghly district had Across all districts, in 83% of the schools, the practice of open defecation
functional toilets. In Bankura and Purba Bardhaman, (17%) and (23.8%) of the has totally been eliminated.
schools did not have functional toilets which meant that the students/ teachers Practice of open defecation at schools
were either going out for sanitation or to somebody else’s place to use the 100

toilet. Across all districts, 85.7% of the schools have functional toilets. 90 84.2 85.7
82.9
81.4
80
Functionality of toilets
70
100 2.9
17.1 14.3 60
23.8
80 50

60 40
97.1
85.7 30
40 82.9 76.2
No
20
20 Yes
Transforming lives through
10
0
0
Hooghly (n-35) Bankura (n-70) Purba Bardhaman (n-
21)
Total (n-126)
Good Honest Research
Hooghly (n-38) Bankura (n-70) Purba Bardhaman (n-21) Total (n-129)

SYSTEM OF FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT

1. Only 37.14% of the surveyed schools in Hooghly district had functional
disposal systems for excreta (pipes/chamber/septic tanks). 60% of the
schools in Hooghly do not know whether they have a disposal system for
excreta.
2. In Bankura district, the majority (88.6%) of the schools had disposal
system for excreta and in Purba Bardhaman 66.7% of the schools had
disposal system for excreta.
DISPOSAL OF WASTE-
- From the baseline study, it was observed that in Hooghly district half (50%) of
the schools dumped their waste inside the school premises, 21% of the schools
dumped it outside the premises in an isolated place and only 10.5% of the
schools treated the waste using appropriate technology. In Bankura and Purba
Bardhaman districts, majority of the schools dumped the waste generated
outside the premises in a far-off isolated place. Across all the districts, 53.5% of
the schools dump the waste outside the premises in an isolated place but that
too has many environmental consequences.
 HANDWASHING FACILITIES
• Majority (92.9%) of the schools in Bankura district had handwashing facility. In Hooghly, (71%) and in Purba Bardhaman (61.9%) of the schools did not have any
kind of handwashing facility.
• Around (43.8%) of the schools across the three districts did not have soaps or handwash at the handwashing stations. It is very important for the school
authorities to understand that just washing hands does not kill any germs or bacteria. .
• 85% of the schools across Hooghly, Bankura and Purba Bardhaman have handwashing stations which are accessible to children across all the age groups

Availability of water Availability of soap

100
100 88.9
90
80 69.2 77.8
80
60 53.8 70
44.8 61.5
35.2 60
40 29.2 30.8 50.8
20 50 45.743.8
16.9
20 7.4 3.7 40 35.4
30.8
0 30
Hooghly (n-27) Bankura (n-65) Purba Bardhaman Total (n-105) 18.5
20 13.8
(n-13) 7.7 10.5
10 3.7
0
Hooghly (n-27) Bankura (n-65) Purba Bardhaman (n-13) Total (n-105)
(1)Yes for all units (2)Yes but for some units (1)Yes for all units (0)No (3)Yes for some units
(3)Not available

Status of hygiene education- 1. Across all districts, around 75% of the teachers have been trained on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, 77.3% of the
schools have posters displayed to create awareness on hygiene practices and 74.2% of the schools hold regular sessions on Water Sanitation and
hygiene.
2. In Hooghly district as compared to Bankura and Purba Bardhaman, the status of hygiene education is not very satisfactory. Efforts have to be made
by school authorities to prioritize hygiene education at schools in Hooghly because it helps to improve behavior through useful practices connected to
personal, water, food, and public hygiene
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT AT SCHOOLS

In Hooghly district, around 66.7 % of the

schools did hold discussions with
adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene
management, its disposal and various
other aspects. In Bankura district, all
schools discussed about menstruation
with the adolescent girls.
Out of two, one school had the provision
for disposal of menstrual waste in
Hooghly and in Bankura district only 3 out
of 6 schools has provisions for disposal of
menstrual absorbents at school..

Incinerators work best in disposing of

menstrual waste properly by burning
In Hooghly and Bankura, there were
sanitary pads with the help of electricity.
facilities for treating the menstrual waste
When the pads burn, it turns to ashes,
that got accumulated. In Bankura,
which gets collected at the removable ash
schools burnt the menstrual waste or
collector in the upper part of the
used manual or electric incinerators for
incinerator. This device can be easily used
disposing them.
in schools, colleges, workplaces, hospitals
etc.

70% of the teachers across all districts

have received training on Menstrual
Hygiene Management. But very few
teachers (50%) from Hooghly have
received such training.
 WATER POINT TESTING 1. Functionality status of the water point

• In Hooghly district, hand pumps constituted majority of
the waterpoints (47.9%) followed by bore/tube wells or
power pumps (30.9%). In Bankura district, (88.6%) of
the water points were bore/tube wells or pumps and in
Purba Bardhaman district, again hand pumps
constituted (91.5%) of the water points. Across all
districts too, 46.7% of the water sources are hand
pumps.
Type of waterpoint
100
88.6
80
Across Hooghly district 87.5% of the water points were functional and the rest
8.3% were partially functional and in need of repair. Across Bankura district, 96.8%
of the water points were functional and across Bardhaman district, 98% were
functional.
2. Access to the Water Points by marginalized communities
In Hooghly district, only 50% of the water sources were located within the reach of
the marginalized communities, which means that they had to collect water from
other sources or borrow it from the neighbours. In Bankura and Purba Bardhaman
alteast (91.6%) and (99.3%) of the water sources were located within the reach of
the marginalized communities.
91.5
3. Safety threats while using facility/Water Point

60
47.9 46.7
In Hooghly and Bankura district, 3.3% and 3.2% of the community people who
41.6
40 uses the waterpoint stated that women and children faced some kind of security
30.9
threat while using the waterpoint. In the Purba Bardhaman district, it is 1.3% and
20 11.9
3.1 4.6 5.1 6.5 6.7 across all districts, 2.6% of respondents stated that women and children faced
1.5 1.9 0.6 3.2 0.6 2 0.2 1.6 1.4 1.8
0 some kind of threat. It is very important for concerned authorities to ensure that
Hooghly (n-194) Bankura (n-158) Purba Bardhaman (n- Total (n-505)
153) no women or children feel threatened while collecting water from the water
Bore/Tube Well/ Power Pump Hand pump sources.
Dug well / Open well Stand posts/ Pit taps
Piped Water Supply Scheme Mini Piped Water Supply Scheme
Other (please specify)
 WATER QUALITY TEST RESULTS
Water Test Quality Table
Fluoride (F) Hooghly Bankura Purba Bardhaman Total
• pH levels: Permissible unit 6.5 to 8.5 (1) below 1.0 67.2 51.3 54.6 58.2
• Turbidity of water: Permissible limit below 5 and maximum 10 (2) 1.0 26.1 44.9 44.1 37.8
• Nitrate: Permissible limit 45 (3) 1.5 6.7 3.8 1.3 4.1
• Sulphate: Permissible limit 200- above is considered as unsafe pH levels
• Iron (Fe)- Permissible limit 0.3 1 to 6 pH levels 40 9.5 51.3 33.7
6 to 8 pH levels 60 90.5 48.7 66.4
Turbidity
Above 10 NTU 100 100 2.1 6.9
10 NTU 0 0 98 30.4
Iron (Fe)
below 0.3 62.8 53.1 90.1 68.2
above 0.3 37.2 46.8 9.9 31.8
Nitrate
Below 45 78.9 94.6 99.3 90.4
45 21.1 3.8 0 0
Above 45 0 1.2 0.7 0.6
Sulphate
Above 200 mg/l 83.9 100 0 61.3
200 mg/l 12.8 0 0 4.7
Below 200 mg/l 3.4 0 100 32.2
Bacterial Contamination present in the water
Yes 15.6 1.3 5.9 8
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