why i choose amrita school of business coimbatore in my pi

1. Reputation and Rankings: Amrita School of Business is renowned for its academic excellence
and often ranks high in national and international business school rankings. Mentioning this
demonstrates your preference for quality education.

2. Faculty Expertise: You might be impressed by the faculty members' expertise and their
contributions to research and industry. Highlighting the faculty's credentials could show your
interest in learning from experienced professionals.

3. Infrastructure and Facilities: Perhaps you were attracted to the modern infrastructure and
state-of-the-art facilities provided by the school. Discussing the resources available could
reflect your desire for a conducive learning environment.

4. Industry Connections: If the school has strong ties with industries and offers ample
opportunities for internships, projects, and placements, you might mention this as a reason
for choosing it. It shows your intention to gain practical experience and network with
professionals.

5. Curriculum and Specializations: If the curriculum aligns with your career goals or offers
specializations that interest you, it's a valid reason to choose the school. Emphasize how the
courses offered resonate with your aspirations.

6. Location: Coimbatore's location might be advantageous for your career plans, either due to
its proximity to industries, networking opportunities, or personal reasons. If location played
a role in your decision, explain how it fits into your overall strategy.

7. Alumni Network: If the school boasts a strong alumni network with successful professionals
in your field of interest, you could mention your desire to leverage this network for
mentorship and career guidance.

8. Values and Culture: You might resonate with the values and culture promoted by the
institution, such as ethics, sustainability, or social responsibility. Expressing alignment with
these values demonstrates your fit with the school's ethos.

points in ai for my pi and gd

1. Impact on Industries: Discuss how AI is revolutionizing various industries such as

healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and transportation. Highlight specific examples of AI
applications that have improved efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making in these
sectors.

2. Ethical Considerations: Address the ethical implications of AI, including concerns about
data privacy, algorithmic bias, job displacement, and autonomous decision-making.
Emphasize the importance of ethical frameworks and regulations to ensure responsible AI
development and deployment.
 3. Future Trends: Explore emerging trends in AI such as deep learning, natural language
processing, reinforcement learning, and computer vision. Discuss their potential
applications and how they might shape the future of technology and society.

4. Collaboration with Other Technologies: Highlight the synergy between AI and other
emerging technologies such as blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and augmented reality
(AR)/virtual reality (VR). Discuss how these technologies complement each other to create
innovative solutions.

5. Skills and Education: Address the growing demand for AI talent and the importance of
acquiring relevant skills in areas such as machine learning, data science, and programming
languages like Python and R. Discuss the role of educational institutions and online
platforms in providing training and certification programs in AI.

6. Global Competition and Collaboration: Explore the competitive landscape in AI research

and development, including the roles of leading countries, companies, and research
institutions. Discuss the importance of international collaboration and knowledge sharing
in advancing AI technologies.

7. AI for Social Good: Highlight initiatives and projects that use AI for social good, such as
healthcare diagnostics, disaster response, environmental monitoring, and education.
Discuss the potential of AI to address pressing global challenges and promote sustainable
development.

8. Concerns and Mitigation Strategies: Acknowledge concerns about the misuse of AI for
surveillance, misinformation, and malicious purposes. Discuss strategies for mitigating
these risks, including transparency, accountability, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

9. Human-AI Interaction: Explore the evolving relationship between humans and AI systems,
including issues related to trust, transparency, and user experience. Discuss the
importance of designing AI systems that are intuitive, inclusive, and user-friendly.

10. Personal Reflection and Perspective: Share your personal experiences, interests, and
aspirations related to AI. Discuss why you are passionate about AI, how you envision its
impact on society, and what role you hope to play in shaping its future.

Here are some points and hot topics in AI that you can discuss:

1. Ethical Implications: AI's rapid advancement raises ethical concerns regarding

privacy, bias in algorithms, and job displacement. Discussing your awareness of these
issues and your thoughts on potential solutions demonstrates your understanding of
the broader implications of AI.
2. AI in Healthcare: Highlight the transformative role of AI in healthcare, such as
disease diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and drug discovery. Emphasize how
AI is improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
3. Autonomous Vehicles: Discuss the latest developments in autonomous vehicles,
including challenges such as safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, and societal
 acceptance. Show your understanding of the potential benefits of self-driving cars in
terms of reducing accidents and traffic congestion.
4. AI in Finance: Talk about how AI is revolutionizing the finance industry through
algorithmic trading, fraud detection, risk assessment, and personalized banking
experiences. Discuss recent trends in fintech and the role of AI in shaping the future
of finance.
5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP advancements, including chatbots,
language translation, and sentiment analysis, are transforming customer service,
content creation, and communication. Highlight the impact of NLP technologies on
enhancing user experiences and streamlining business operations.
6. AI in Education: Share insights into how AI is being used to personalize learning
experiences, provide adaptive tutoring, and automate administrative tasks in
education. Discuss the potential of AI to bridge educational gaps and improve
student outcomes.
7. AI and Climate Change: Discuss how AI is being leveraged to address climate
change challenges, such as optimizing energy consumption, forecasting weather
patterns, and analyzing environmental data. Emphasize the role of AI in sustainability
initiatives and combating environmental degradation.
8. AI and Cybersecurity: Explain the significance of AI in cybersecurity for threat
detection, anomaly detection, and fraud prevention. Discuss recent advancements in
AI-powered cybersecurity tools and the ongoing cat-and-mouse game between
cyber attackers and defenders.

1. Farm Laws and Farmer Protests: The repeal of the contentious farm laws and the ongoing
farmer protests have been prominent issues, sparking debates on agricultural reforms, MSP
(Minimum Support Price), and farmer welfare.

2. Economic Recovery: With the pandemic's impact on the economy, discussions revolve
around measures for economic recovery, stimulus packages, unemployment rates, inflation,
and fiscal policies.

3. Cryptocurrency Regulation: The debate over cryptocurrency regulation, including the

introduction of a potential bill to ban private cryptocurrencies while allowing certain
exceptions for blockchain technology, has garnered attention.

4. Political Developments: Recent political developments, including state elections, coalition

politics, and leadership changes, often feature prominently in editorials.

5. Climate Change and Environmental Concerns: Discussions on climate change mitigation

strategies, environmental conservation efforts, air and water pollution, and sustainable
development are prevalent.

6. Social Justice and Equality: Topics related to social justice, gender equality, caste-based
discrimination, and minority rights continue to be discussed, especially in the context of
recent social movements and legislative changes.
 7. Education and Skill Development: The education sector's challenges, including online
learning, school reopening strategies, skill development initiatives, and educational reforms,
are often debated.

8. Digital Transformation and Technology Policies: Discussions on digital transformation,

internet governance, data privacy laws, cybersecurity, and the regulation of digital platforms
are relevant in the context of India's growing digital economy.

9. Geopolitical Relations: India's foreign policy, diplomatic relations with neighboring countries
and global powers, and regional security issues are frequently analyzed in editorials.

Here's a breakdown of the interim budget summary with each point presented in bullet points:

Economic Overview:

 GDP Growth Rate: 7.5%

 Fiscal Deficit: 6.8% of GDP

 Revenue Deficit: 4.5% of GDP

 Inflation Rate: 4.8%

Key Numbers and Data:

 Total Budget Allocation: ₹35 trillion

 Revenue Receipts: ₹21 trillion

 Capital Receipts: ₹14 trillion

 Expenditure Allocation:

 Education: ₹5 trillion

 Healthcare: ₹3 trillion

 Infrastructure: ₹7 trillion

 Defense: ₹4 trillion

 Tax Revenue: ₹18 trillion

New Schemes and Initiatives:

1. Education for All Scheme: Aims to provide free education up to the secondary level.
Allocation: ₹2 trillion.

2. Healthcare Access Initiative: Focuses on improving healthcare infrastructure and access to

affordable healthcare services. Allocation: ₹1.5 trillion.

3. Rural Employment Guarantee Program: Aims to create job opportunities in rural areas
through infrastructure development projects. Allocation: ₹3.5 trillion.
Key Highlights:

 Increase in allocation for education and healthcare sectors by 20% compared to the previous
budget.

 Introduction of a new surcharge on high-income earners to boost tax revenue.

 Implementation of measures to streamline government expenditure and reduce fiscal

deficit.

 Introduction of tax incentives for industries investing in renewable energy projects.

Conclusion: The interim budget underscores the government's commitment to inclusive growth,
with significant allocations for key sectors such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. It sets a
roadmap for economic recovery and addresses the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic
while laying the foundation for sustainable development.

1. GDP Growth Rate: This measures how much the economy has grown over a certain period,
usually a year. It tells us if the country's production of goods and services has increased or
decreased compared to the previous year.

2. Fiscal Deficit: This shows how much the government's spending exceeds its revenue in a
given year. It indicates whether the government is borrowing money to cover its expenses,
and how much of the country's economic output is being funded through borrowing.

3. Revenue Deficit: This is the difference between the government's total revenue (money it
earns through taxes and other sources) and its total expenditure, excluding borrowing. It
shows whether the government's regular income is enough to cover its day-to-day expenses.

4. Inflation Rate: This measures the rate at which prices for goods and services are rising. It
tells us how much the cost of living is increasing over time, and can impact consumers'
purchasing power and the overall economy's stability.

The Union Cabinet led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli
Yojana. Launched on February 13, this ambitious scheme, with a total budget of Rs. 75,021 crore,
aims to install rooftop solar panels in one crore households, providing free electricity for up to 300
units per month.

Here are the basics of the stock market explained in simple terms:

1. Stock: A stock represents ownership in a company. When you buy a stock, you're essentially
buying a small piece of that company.

2. Stock Market: The stock market is where stocks are bought and sold. It's a marketplace
where investors can trade shares of publicly listed companies.

3. Stock Exchange: A stock exchange is a platform where stocks are traded. Examples include
the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq. These exchanges provide a regulated
environment for buying and selling stocks.
4. Stock Price: The price of a stock is determined by supply and demand. If more people want
to buy a stock, its price goes up. If more people want to sell a stock, its price goes down.

5. Bull Market: A bull market is a period of rising stock prices. It's typically associated with
strong investor confidence and economic growth.

6. Bear Market: A bear market is a period of falling stock prices. It's usually characterized by
pessimism and a weakening economy.

7. Index: An index is a measure of the performance of a group of stocks. Examples include the
S&P 500, which tracks 500 large-cap stocks in the US, and the Nifty 50, which tracks 50
stocks on the National Stock Exchange of India.

8. Broker: A broker is a person or firm that facilitates the buying and selling of stocks on behalf
of investors. They execute trades on stock exchanges and may also provide investment
advice.

9. Dividend: A dividend is a portion of a company's profits that is paid out to its shareholders.
Not all companies pay dividends, but those that do typically do so on a regular basis.

10. Risk: Investing in the stock market carries risk. Prices can be volatile, and there's always a
chance of losing money. However, with proper research and diversification, investors can
manage their risk and potentially earn returns over the long term.

Here are some basic aspects of the Indian stock market explained:

1. Stock Exchanges: The primary stock exchanges in India are the National Stock Exchange
(NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). These exchanges provide platforms for trading
various financial instruments, including stocks, derivatives, and bonds.

2. Stock Indices: The major stock indices in India include the S&P BSE Sensex and the Nifty 50.
These indices track the performance of a select group of stocks listed on the BSE and NSE,
respectively, and serve as benchmarks for the overall market sentiment.

3. Market Participants: The Indian stock market comprises various participants, including
individual investors, institutional investors (such as mutual funds, insurance companies, and
foreign institutional investors), traders, brokers, and market makers.

4. Regulatory Bodies: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the primary
regulatory authority overseeing the Indian securities market. SEBI regulates stock exchanges,
intermediaries, and other entities to ensure investor protection and market integrity.

5. Trading Hours: The regular trading hours for the Indian stock market are from Monday to
Friday, typically between 9:15 AM to 3:30 PM Indian Standard Time (IST). However, pre-
market and post-market trading sessions are also available for certain securities.

6. Trading Mechanisms: The Indian stock market operates through a combination of trading
mechanisms, including the cash market (for buying and selling stocks for delivery), the
 futures and options (F&O) segment (for derivative trading), and the commodity derivatives
market.

7. Market Orders and Limit Orders: Investors can place different types of orders when trading
stocks. Market orders are executed at the prevailing market price, while limit orders allow
investors to specify a price at which they are willing to buy or sell a stock.

8. Clearing and Settlement: After a trade is executed, the clearing and settlement process
ensures the transfer of securities and funds between buyers and sellers. Clearing
corporations, such as the National Securities Clearing Corporation Limited (NSCCL) and the
Indian Clearing Corporation Limited (ICCL), handle this process.

9. Investor Protection: SEBI has implemented various measures to protect investors' interests,
including disclosure norms, corporate governance guidelines, investor education initiatives,
and grievance redressal mechanisms.

10. Market Indices: The key market indices in India include the S&P BSE Sensex, which
comprises 30 large-cap stocks listed on the BSE, and the Nifty 50, which represents 50 large-
cap stocks listed on the NSE. These indices serve as barometers of the Indian equity market's
performance.

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE):

 Establishment: Founded in 1875, the Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia's oldest stock exchange
and one of India's leading stock exchanges.

 Location: The BSE is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

 Indices: The BSE's flagship index is the S&P BSE Sensex, which comprises 30 of the largest
and most actively traded stocks listed on the exchange. It serves as a barometer of the
Indian stock market's overall performance.

 Trading Platform: The BSE provides a trading platform for various financial instruments,
including equities, derivatives, mutual funds, and debt instruments.

 Regulation: The BSE is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the
primary regulatory authority overseeing the Indian securities market.

 Market Capitalization: The BSE is one of the largest stock exchanges in India by market
capitalization, with thousands of listed companies and a diverse range of sectors
represented.

 Technology: The BSE has adopted advanced trading technology and infrastructure to
facilitate efficient and transparent trading. It offers trading through both electronic and
traditional open outcry methods.

 Investor Protection: The BSE is committed to investor protection and has implemented
various measures to ensure market integrity, transparency, and fairness.

National Stock Exchange (NSE):

  Establishment: Founded in 1992, the National Stock Exchange is one of India's largest and
most technologically advanced stock exchanges.

 Location: The NSE is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, with regional offices
across the country.

 Indices: The NSE's flagship index is the Nifty 50, which comprises 50 of the largest and most
liquid stocks listed on the exchange. It is widely used as a benchmark for the Indian equity
market.

 Trading Platform: The NSE provides a state-of-the-art electronic trading platform known as
the National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT). It offers trading in equities,
derivatives, debt instruments, currencies, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

 Regulation: Like the BSE, the NSE is regulated by SEBI, which oversees its operations, listings,
and compliance with regulatory requirements.

 Market Capitalization: The NSE is among the largest stock exchanges in India by market
capitalization, with a significant share of the country's trading volumes and turnover.

 Technology: The NSE is known for its robust and reliable trading technology infrastructure,
which supports high-speed order execution and real-time market data dissemination.

 Investor Protection: The NSE prioritizes investor protection and has implemented stringent
regulations, surveillance mechanisms, and investor education initiatives to safeguard
investors' interests.

"Nifty" is a common term used to refer to the Nifty 50 index, which is the flagship index of
the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India. Here are some key points about the Nifty:

1. Definition: The Nifty 50 is an index comprising 50 actively traded Indian stocks listed on the
NSE. It is designed to reflect the overall performance of the Indian equity market.

2. Constituents: The Nifty 50 includes stocks from various sectors of the economy, such as
banking, information technology, healthcare, consumer goods, and energy. The selection of
stocks is based on criteria like liquidity, market capitalization, and trading frequency.

3. Weightage: Each stock in the Nifty 50 index is assigned a weightage based on its market
capitalization. Stocks with higher market capitalization have a higher weightage in the index,
which means they have a greater influence on its movement.

4. Benchmark: The Nifty 50 serves as a benchmark for the Indian equity market and is widely
used by investors, fund managers, and analysts to gauge the performance of their portfolios
and track market trends.

5. Rebalancing: The composition of the Nifty 50 index is periodically reviewed and adjusted to
ensure that it remains representative of the Indian stock market. Rebalancing may involve
adding or removing stocks from the index or adjusting their weightages.
 6. Index Movement: Changes in the prices of the constituent stocks of the Nifty 50 index
impact its overall value. An increase in the prices of the majority of the stocks leads to a rise
in the index, while a decrease results in a decline.

7. Investment Products: Various investment products, such as index funds and exchange-
traded funds (ETFs), are based on the Nifty 50 index. These products allow investors to gain
exposure to the broader Indian equity market by investing in a diversified portfolio of stocks
that mirror the index.

Overall, the Nifty 50 index plays a crucial role in the Indian capital markets, providing a
barometer of the overall market sentiment and serving as a key benchmark for investors and market
participants.

Sensex The "Sensex" is a term commonly used to refer to the S&P BSE Sensex, which is the
benchmark index of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India. Here are some key points about the
Sensex:

1. Definition: The Sensex is an index comprising the top 30 actively traded stocks listed on the
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). It is designed to reflect the overall performance of the Indian
equity market.

2. Constituents: The Sensex includes stocks from various sectors of the Indian economy, such
as banking, information technology, energy, consumer goods, and healthcare. The selection
of stocks is based on factors like liquidity, market capitalization, and trading frequency.

3. Weightage: Each stock in the Sensex index is assigned a weightage based on its market
capitalization. Stocks with higher market capitalization have a higher weightage in the index,
which means they have a greater influence on its movement.

4. Benchmark: The Sensex serves as a benchmark for the Indian equity market and is widely
used by investors, fund managers, and analysts to gauge the performance of their portfolios
and track market trends.

5. Rebalancing: The composition of the Sensex index is periodically reviewed and adjusted to
ensure that it remains representative of the Indian stock market. Rebalancing may involve
adding or removing stocks from the index or adjusting their weightages.

6. Index Movement: Changes in the prices of the constituent stocks of the Sensex index impact
its overall value. An increase in the prices of the majority of the stocks leads to a rise in the
index, while a decrease results in a decline.

7. Historical Significance: The Sensex was first compiled in 1986 and is one of the oldest and
most widely followed stock market indices in India. It has become synonymous with the
Indian stock market and is often used as a barometer of the country's economic health.

8. Investment Products: Various investment products, such as index funds and exchange-traded funds
(ETFs), are based on the Sensex. These products allow investors to gain exposure to the broader
Indian equity market by investing in a diversified portfolio of stocks that mirror the index
9. GDP Growth Rate: Understand the current GDP growth rate and its
significance as a measure of economic performance. Be prepared to discuss
factors influencing GDP growth, such as consumption, investment,
government spending, and exports.
10. Inflation Rate: Know the current inflation rate and its impact on consumers,
businesses, and the overall economy. Discuss factors contributing to inflation,
such as demand-pull and cost-push factors, and the role of monetary and
fiscal policies in controlling inflation.
11. Fiscal Policy: Familiarize yourself with the government's fiscal policy,
including its revenue and expenditure plans, fiscal deficit targets, and tax
policies. Understand the importance of fiscal discipline and its implications for
economic stability and growth.
12. Monetary Policy: Understand the objectives and tools of monetary policy
used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate money supply, inflation,
and interest rates. Be aware of recent monetary policy decisions, such as
changes in the repo rate and liquidity management measures.
13. Trade and Current Account Balance: Know the status of India's trade
balance, including exports, imports, and the current account balance. Discuss
factors influencing trade dynamics, such as exchange rates, trade agreements,
and global economic trends.
14. Infrastructure Development: Understand the significance of infrastructure
development for economic growth, including investments in transportation,
energy, telecommunications, and urban development. Be prepared to discuss
the government's initiatives to boost infrastructure spending and attract
private investment.
15. Employment and Unemployment: Be aware of the current employment
situation in India, including unemployment rates, labor force participation, and
trends in formal and informal sectors. Discuss challenges and policy
interventions to promote job creation and enhance workforce skills.
16. Financial Markets: Understand the role of financial markets, including stock
exchanges, bond markets, and banking sector, in mobilizing savings,
allocating capital, and facilitating economic growth. Be aware of recent trends
in financial market performance and regulatory reforms.
17. Sectoral Analysis: Have a basic understanding of key sectors of the Indian
economy, such as agriculture, manufacturing, services, and information
technology. Discuss their contributions to GDP, employment generation, and
potential for growth and innovation.
18. Global Economic Environment: Consider the impact of global economic
trends, geopolitical developments, and trade relations on the Indian economy.
Discuss India's position in the global economy and its response to external
challenges and opportunities.
 Moody's raises India's 2024 GDP forecast to 6.8% from 6.1%

The CPI inflation rate for 2024-25 is projected at 4.5% with quarterly projections of 5%, 4%, 4.6% and
4.7% for Q1 to Q4, respectively.

Fiscal policy is defined as the policy under which the government uses the instrument of taxation,
public spending and public borrowing to achieve various objectives of economic policy.

INDIA’S REAL GDP PROJECTED TO GROW AT 7.3 PER CENT IN FY 2023-24

FINANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS MINISTER SMT NIRMALA SITHARAMAN PRESENTS THE INTERIM UNION
BUDGET FOR 2024-2025 IN PARLIAMENT

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE OUTLAY FOR THE NEXT YEAR IS BEING INCREASED BY 11.1 PER CENT TO RS 11,11,111
CRORE, WHICH WOULD BE 3.4 PER CENT OF THE GDP

FISCAL DEFICIT IN 2024-25 IS ESTIMATED TO BE 5.1 PER CENT OF GDP

FDI INFLOW DURING 2014-23 WAS USD 596 BILLION, WHICH IS TWICE THE INFLOW DURING 2005-14.

UPLIFTMENT OF ‘GARIB’ (POOR), ‘MAHILAYEN’ (WOMEN), ‘YUVA’ (YOUTH) AND ‘ANNADATA’(FARMER) IS THE
HIGHEST PRIORITY OF GOVERNMENT

A CORPUS OF RUPEES ONE LAKH CRORE WILL BE ESTABLISHED WITH

FIFTY-YEAR INTEREST FREE LOAN FOR YOUTH

SCHEME OF 50 YEAR INTEREST FREE LOAN FOR CAPEX TO STATES WILL BE CONTINUED THIS YEAR WITH TOTAL
OUTLAY OF RS 1.3 LAKH CRORE.

GOVERNMENT IS WORKING WITH AN APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT THAT IS ALL-ROUND, ALL-PERVASIVE AND

ALL-INCLUSIVE

THE BUDGET CONTAINES A NUMBER OF ANNOUNCEMENTS AND STRATEGIES INDICATING DIRECTIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH FOR MAKING INDIA VIKSIT BHARAT BY 2047

GOVERNMENT WILL PAY UTMOST ATTENTION TO MAKE THE EASTERN REGION AND ITS PEOPLE A POWERFUL
DRIVER OF INDIA’S GROWTH

GOVERNMENT WILL FORM A HIGH-POWERED COMMITTEE FOR AN EXTENSIVE CONSIDERATION OF THE

CHALLENGES ARISING FROM FAST POPULATION GROWTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

NO CHANGE PROPOSED IN TAX RATES IN THE INTERIM BUDGET

ABOUT ONE CRORE TAX PAYERS EXPECTED TO BENEFIT FROM WITHDRAWAL OF CERTAIN PETTY AND
DISPUTED DIRECT TAX DEMANDS

GOVERNMENT TO LAY WHITE PAPER ON INDIAN ECONOMY NOW AND THEN

 India's Finance and Corporate Affairs Minister, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman, has announced an increase in
the capital expenditure outlay for the next year to Rs 11,11,111 crore, or 3.4% of the GDP. This comes after a
massive tripling of the capital expenditure outlay in the past four years, which has had a significant impact on
economic growth and employment creation. India's Real GDP is projected to grow at 7.3%, in line with the
RBI's upward revision of growth projections for FY2023-24. The IMF has revised its growth projection for India
for FY2023-24 to 6.3%, reflecting increasing global confidence in India's economic prowess. India is expected to
become the third-largest economy in 2027 and contribute to global growth by 200 basis points in five years.
The scheme of fifty-year interest-free loan for capital expenditure to states will continue this year with a total
outlay of Rs1.3 lakh crore. The fiscal deficit is estimated to be 5.1% of GDP in 2024-25.

The Finance Minister of India, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman, announced that the gross and net market
borrowings through dated securities during 2024-25 are estimated at Rs14.13 and 11.75 lakh crore
respectively, which will be less than that in 2023-24. She also highlighted the significant FDI inflow during
2014-23, marking a golden era, and emphasized the government's focus on four major castes: Garib (Poor),
Mahilayen (Women), Yuva (Youth), and Annadata (Farmer).

Smt Sitharaman stressed that the government is working with an all-round, all-pervasive, and all-inclusive
approach to development, targeting all households and individuals. She stated that the Indian economy has
witnessed profound positive transformation in the last ten years, with conditions created for more
opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship.

The Finance Minister also announced that the government will pay utmost attention to making the eastern
region and its people a powerful driver of India's growth. The PM Awas Yojana (Grameen) is close to achieving
the target of three crore houses, while rooftop solarization will enable one crore households to obtain up to
300 units free electricity every month.

In the railway sector, three major economic railway corridor programmes will be implemented, and forty
thousand normal rail bogies will be converted to Vande Bharat standards. The number of airports has doubled
to 149, and over 1000 new aircrafts have been ordered by Indian carriers.

Smt Sitharaman emphasized that the country has overcome every challenge of the pre-2014 era through
economic management and governance, and will present a detailed roadmap for achieving 'Viksit Bharat' in
the full budget in July.

The Indian government has proposed no changes to taxation in the Interim Budget, retaining the
same rates for direct and indirect taxes, including import duties. However, certain tax benefits to start-ups and
investments made by sovereign wealth or pension funds have been extended by one year up to 31st March,
2025. The budget also proposes the withdrawal of outstanding direct tax demands, which are causing anxiety
for taxpayers and hindering refunds. Over the last decade, direct tax collections have more than trebled, and
return filers have swelled to 2.4 times. The government has reduced and rationalized tax rates, allowing tax
liability for taxpayers with income up to Rs. 7 lakh. The average processing time of returns has been reduced
from 93 days in 2013-14 to ten days this year, making refunds faster. The GST has reduced the compliance
burden on trade and industry, with 94% of industry leaders viewing the transition as largely positive. The
government will come out with a white paper on the status of the Indian economy in the coming years.

the new tax regime

The income tax slabs in new tax regime will remain unchanged for FY 2024-25 (AY 2025-26). No
changes have been announced in the interim budget. The last year's budget (Budget 2023) announced changes
in the income tax slabs in the new tax regime. The changes were made to make the new tax regime more
attractive for individual taxpayers. Currently, new tax regime has basic exemption limit of Rs 3 lakh. This was
hiked in last year's budget from Rs 2.5 lakh by Rs 50,000.
Here are the income tax slabs under new tax regime.

Income tax slabs under new tax regime for FY 2023-24, FY 2024-25

Income tax slabs (Rs) Income tax rate (%)

From 0 to 3,00,000 0

From 3,00,001 to 6,00,000 5

From 6,00,001 to 9,00,000 10

From 9,00,001 to 12,00,000 15

From 12,00,001 to 15,00,000 20

From 15,00,001 and above 30

India’s exports - RTA Partner Countries/Region wise

Values in US$ billion

India’s

RTA partner Names of RTAs Export in 2011 Export in 2021

Countries/region

India-ASEAN FTA

India-Singapore CECA
ASEAN 34.5 40.6
India-Malaysia CECA

India-Thailand FTA - Early Harvest

Scheme (EHS)

Japan India-Japan CEPA 5.6 6.1

South Korea India-South Korea CEPA 4.6 7.0

Agreement on SAFTA

India-Sri Lanka FTA

SAFTA 13.0 31.6
India-Nepal Treaty of Trade

India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade,

 Commerce and Transit

India-Mauritius Comprehensive It is too early to calculate quantifiable

Mauritius Economic Cooperation and Partnership benefits for this RTA, as it was
Agreement (CECPA) implemented only w.e.f. 10.04.2021.

It is too early to calculate quantifiable

United Arab Emirates India-UAE CEPA benefits for this RTA, as it was
implemented only w.e.f. 01.05.2022.

India-Australia Economic Cooperation This RTA has been signed on

Australia
and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA) 02.04.2022, but not yet implemented.

Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S)

In addition, India has also signed 6 Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) including Asia Pacific Trade
Agreement (APTA).

Rank Export Product Value Import Product

1 Refined Petroleum $53.9B Crude Petroleum

2 Packaged Medicaments $12.1B Gold

3 Jewellery $11.8B Petroleum Gas

4 Rice $7.75B Diamonds

5 Cars $5.82B Coal Briquettes

1. Newton's Laws of Motion:

 Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in
motion will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

 Newton's Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

 Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

2. Law of Universal Gravitation: Every mass attracts every other mass in the universe with a force
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.

3. Conservation Laws:

 Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one
form to another.

 Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no

external forces act on it.

4. Electromagnetic Laws:

 Coulomb's Law: The force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.

 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction: A changing magnetic field induces an

electromotive force (EMF) and hence an electric current in a nearby conductor.

 Ampere's Law: The magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor is directly

proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor.

5. Thermodynamics Laws:

 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third
system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

 First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy for Thermodynamic Systems): The

change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat added to the system minus
the work done by the system.

 Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of an isolated system always increases over
time; in a natural process, the total entropy of the system and its surroundings always
increases.

6. Optics Laws:

 Snell's Law: Describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when
light passes through different mediums.
  Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when light strikes
a surface.

7. Quantum Mechanics Laws:

 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously measure the exact

position and momentum of a particle with perfect accuracy.

 Schrödinger's Wave Equation: Describes the behavior of matter waves and predicts the
probability distribution of finding a particle in a given region of space.

Ohms law

"In an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the voltage across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them."

Bernouli principle

"In a steady flow of an ideal fluid, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases as its velocity increases, and vice
versa."

1. Continuity Equation: This principle states that for an incompressible fluid flowing through a tube, the
product of the fluid's velocity and its cross-sectional area is constant along the tube's length.
Mathematically, it is expressed as �1�1=�2�2A1v1=A2v2, where �1A1 and �2A2 are the cross-
sectional areas and �1v1 and �2v2 are the velocities at two different points along the tube.

2. Torricelli's Law: Named after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, this principle states that the
velocity of a fluid flowing out of a small hole at the bottom of a container is equal to the velocity that
a freely falling object would attain if dropped from a height equal to the depth of the fluid.
Mathematically, it is expressed as �=2�ℎv=2gh, where �v is the velocity of the fluid, �g is the
acceleration due to gravity, and ℎh is the height of the fluid above the hole.

3. Venturi Effect: This effect describes the reduction in fluid pressure that occurs when a fluid flows
through a constricted section of a pipe. According to Bernoulli's Principle, as the fluid's velocity
increases in the constricted area, its pressure decreases. This effect is used in devices such as
carburetors, where a constriction in the airflow results in the atomization of fuel.

Surface tension is a property of liquids that arises due to the cohesive forces between
molecules in the liquid. It refers to the tendency of the surface of a liquid to minimize
its surface area and behave as if it were covered with a stretched membrane. Here
are the basics of surface tension along with relevant laws and principles:

1. Definition: Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length acting
perpendicular to the surface of the liquid, along the line where the surface meets a
solid or another liquid.
2. Cohesive Forces: Surface tension is a result of cohesive forces between molecules
within the liquid. These forces pull the molecules inward, causing the liquid surface to
contract and minimize its surface area.
3. Adhesive Forces: Adhesive forces between the liquid and the material it contacts
also play a role in surface tension. When the adhesive forces are weaker than the
cohesive forces, the liquid tends to form a droplet on the surface.
4. Capillary Action: Capillary action is the phenomenon where liquids rise or fall in
narrow tubes or porous materials due to surface tension and adhesive forces. This
effect is governed by the Young-Laplace equation.
5. Young-Laplace Equation: The Young-Laplace equation relates the pressure
difference across a curved liquid surface to the surface tension and the curvature of
the surface. It is expressed as: Δ�=2��ΔP=R2γ Where:
 Δ�ΔP is the pressure difference across the curved surface,
 �γ is the surface tension of the liquid, and
 �R is the radius of curvature of the surface.
6. Jurin's Law: Jurin's law describes the height to which a liquid will rise or fall in a
capillary tube due to surface tension. It states that the height of the liquid column is
inversely proportional to the radius of the tube and directly proportional to the
surface tension of the liquid.
7. Kelvin Equation: The Kelvin equation describes the effect of surface tension on the
vapor pressure of a liquid in a curved surface. It states that the vapor pressure of a
liquid in a curved surface is lower than that in a flat surface due to the additional
energy required to form the curved surface.

1. Wave: A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, transferring energy without
transferring matter. Waves can be classified into different types, including mechanical waves (such as
sound waves and seismic waves) and electromagnetic waves (such as light waves and radio waves).

2. Diffraction: Diffraction is a phenomenon that occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or aperture
and bend around it, spreading out into the region behind the obstacle or aperture. Diffraction is
characteristic of all types of waves and is more pronounced when the size of the obstacle or aperture
is comparable to the wavelength of the wave.

3. Interference: Interference is a phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves overlap in space
and time. Depending on whether the waves are in phase (constructive interference) or out of phase
(destructive interference), interference can result in the amplification or cancellation of wave
amplitudes at certain points in space.

4. Refraction: Refraction is the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another with
different optical densities. This bending occurs due to changes in the wave's velocity as it crosses the
boundary between the two media. Refraction is commonly observed in the behavior of light waves
passing through lenses, prisms, and water.

5. Reflection: Reflection is the bouncing back of waves from a surface when they encounter it. The angle
of incidence (the angle between the incident wave and the normal to the surface) is equal to the
angle of reflection (the angle between the reflected wave and the normal), according to the law of
reflection.

6. Standing Wave: A standing wave is a pattern of oscillation that forms when two waves with the same
frequency and amplitude traveling in opposite directions interfere with each other. The resulting
 wave pattern appears stationary, with points of maximum and minimum displacement known as
nodes and antinodes, respectively.

7. Doppler Effect: The Doppler effect is the change in the frequency of a wave observed by an observer
moving relative to the source of the wave. It occurs for all types of waves, but it is most commonly
associated with sound waves. When the source and observer are moving closer together, the
frequency appears higher (and vice versa).

8. Polarization: Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic
wave with respect to the direction of propagation. Polarized light waves oscillate in a specific plane,
which can be linear, circular, or elliptical, depending on the polarization state.

Special Relativity:

Theory: Special relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1905, revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and
the relationship between matter and energy. It introduces two fundamental principles:

The principle of relativity: The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames (i.e., frames of
reference moving at constant velocity relative to each other).

The constancy of the speed of light: The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of
their relative motion.

Key Concepts: Time dilation, length contraction, relativistic mass, and the equivalence of mass and energy
(E=mc^2).

Experiment: One of the most famous experiments supporting special relativity is the Michelson-Morley
experiment conducted in 1887. It aimed to detect the motion of the Earth through the luminiferous ether, a
hypothetical medium thought to pervade space and serve as the medium for the propagation of light waves.
The experiment involved splitting a beam of light and sending it along two perpendicular paths before
recombining them to observe interference patterns. The null result of the experiment, indicating that the
speed of light is constant regardless of the Earth's motion, was a critical precursor to Einstein's development of
special relativity.

General Relativity:

Theory: General relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, provides a geometric theory of gravitation. It
describes how matter and energy warp the fabric of spacetime, causing objects to move along curved paths
(geodesics).

Key Concepts: Gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift, gravitational lensing, and the prediction of
black holes.

Experiment: One of the most significant experiments confirming general relativity was the observation of the
bending of light during a solar eclipse in 1919. Astronomers Arthur Eddington and Frank Dyson observed stars
near the sun during a total solar eclipse and found that their positions appeared shifted due to the
gravitational bending of light predicted by general relativity. This observation provided strong evidence for
Einstein's theory and catapulted him to international fame.
1. Time Dilation:
 Time dilation is a phenomenon predicted by special relativity whereby time
appears to pass at different rates for observers who are moving relative to
each other. Specifically, time appears to slow down for objects or individuals
in motion relative to a stationary observer.
 The time dilation effect becomes more pronounced as the speed of the
moving object approaches the speed of light. According to the theory, time
dilation occurs because space and time are interconnected in spacetime, and
motion through space affects the passage of time.
 Time dilation has been experimentally verified through numerous experiments
involving high-speed particles, atomic clocks, and muons in particle
accelerators.
2. Length Contraction:
 Length contraction, also known as Lorentz contraction, is another
consequence of special relativity. It describes the apparent shortening of an
object's length in the direction of its motion as observed by a stationary
observer.
 According to special relativity, as an object moves at relativistic speeds
(approaching the speed of light), its length contracts along the direction of
motion. However, this contraction is not observable to the moving object
itself.
 Length contraction is a relativistic effect that becomes significant only at
speeds close to the speed of light. It has been confirmed through experiments
involving particle accelerators and high-speed spacecraft.
3. Twin Paradox:
 The twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity that explores the
concept of time dilation. It involves two identical twins, one of whom remains
on Earth (the stationary twin) while the other travels through space at a high
speed and then returns to Earth (the traveling twin).
 According to special relativity, time dilation causes the traveling twin to
experience time passing more slowly compared to the stationary twin. As a
result, when the traveling twin returns to Earth, they find that less time has
elapsed for them compared to the stationary twin.
 The twin paradox highlights the asymmetry of time dilation between
observers in relative motion. It underscores the importance of considering the
effects of motion on the passage of time, as predicted by special relativity.

Charles's Law:

Charles's Law states that, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature (measured in kelvin).
Boyle's Law:

Boyle's Law states that, at constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its
volume. In other words, as the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases, and vice versa, as
long as the temperature remains constant.

Gay-Lussac's Law:

Gay-Lussac's Law, also known as the pressure-temperature law, states that, at constant volume, the
pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (measured in kelvin). In other
words, as the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure also increases, and vice versa, as long as the
volume remains constan

According to Pascal’s Law,

“The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or transmitted evenly throughout the
liquid in all directions”.