CHAPTER THREE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The research methodology that will be employed to gather data is presented in this chapter. It
is split up into two main categories. The study's focus, methodology, and methods for
gathering data are all included in the first section. The tools for gathering data are covered in
the second section, followed by ethical issues to be taken into account when doing the
research.

3.2 Research Methodology

Both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collecting and analysis will be used in
this research project. In addition to one quantitative method, the study will also employ a
focused group discussion and key informants as a qualitative approach.

Survey

Male and female adults who live in Kaptembwo will be interviewed about different aspects of
organized crime gangs. We will conduct interviews with them at their work stations, homes,
and places of business. During the interviews, a questionnaire will be used.
Questionnaires are widely used in social and quantitative marketing research. They are a
useful method for gathering a lot of data on a range of subjects from a large number of
respondents et al. McDaniel (1984). As a result, the researcher will schedule key informant
interviews and use questionnaires when deemed appropriate. There will be five (5) main
sections to the questionnaire: personal data (gender, age, and educational attainment),
Employment (including job status, unemployment rate, and method of meeting needs), Crime
(causes of incarceration, categories of crimes, location, and timing) Families' characteristics
(e.g., if they live with their parents, housing arrangements, and weapons (what kind and
where they are obtained).

Focus group discussions (FGD)

Focus groups bring people together to discuss a specific topic of interest who have
comparable experiences or backgrounds. This kind of qualitative research involves asking
participants about their ideas, views, attitudes, and beliefs. Focus groups, in contrast to other
research approaches, facilitate unrestricted communication among participants, hence
stimulating discourse. It usually involves interviewing a small group of eight to twelve people
in groups. It is a loosely structured conversation about a variety of interesting topics facilitated by a
moderator (interviewer) (Dr Shishil Baral, 2010).
In this study, FGD was employed, and each of the four groups had twelve (12) participants.
The focus group discussions (FGD) were separated into two groups: one for youth and the
other for adult men and women. The thirty minutes that the group conversations lasted, and
the researcher took notes on what was said.

Key informants interview

According to Kumar and Krisna (1989) One technique used in quick assessment and
evaluation to get data from partner communities is key informant interviews (KIIs). Someone
who, because of their in-depth knowledge, can offer distinct insights and comprehensive
details about a given topic is referred to as a "key informant." The purpose of these in-depth
interviews is to collect qualitative data that will help to clarify the quantitative information
acquired for routine program monitoring. Furthermore, it is frequently rewarding for both the
interviewer and the participant to conduct these in-depth interviews. It is a chance for the
participants to share their thoughts and collaborate with someone who would genuinely listen
to them. Having someone they've probably never met discuss fascinating subjects with them
and provide them knowledge they can use to shed light on for the study report may be a
fulfilling experience for the interviewers.
The key informants will be those people who have skilled knowledge of organized criminal
gangs in Kaptembwo and its environs. They will consist of police officers (both
Administration Police and General Duty), youths, religious leaders, business persons,
government and community administrative units (county commissioner, county police
commander, chiefs, assistant chiefs and nyumba kumi)

Document review

A document review is a procedure that comprises gathering and analyzing pertinent papers for
scientific reasons. This method can be used to review a variety of papers, each with its own format,
kind, purpose, and history of production. The industry shall determine the definition and purpose of
document reviews. Reviews of documents used for research can facilitate the identification of relevant
problems or obstacles and assist decide the most practical solutions (Bowen, G.A, 2009)
Among the documents the researcher examined were police records alongside already existing
documentaries on organized criminal gangs.

Observation
The observation method is a technique for gathering data in which an individual watches
subjects of occurrences and documents details regarding the phenomena' attributes. {Sproull,
1988} Science starts with observation, and it also needs observation to confirm its
conclusions at the end. Record analysis and interviewing are common methods used in the
social sciences to supplement observations. As an established scientific study methodology,
observation is highly esteemed. The process of observing research subjects or circumstances
is called observation. Both social scientists and scientists use observation, which is one of the
most traditional ways to collect data. One tool the researcher used to collect data was
observation.

3.3 Research Design

Descriptive research design will be employed in this study. Capturing the dynamics of
organized crime groups in action is the goal, particularly in light of the government's 2010
ban on them. A scientific method called descriptive design entails describing a subject
without making any kind of alteration to it. To ensure complementarity in data collecting, this
design will use a triangulation methodological approach that combines quantitative and
qualitative methodologies. Triangulation's strength is that it combines each method's
advantages and disadvantages to get reliable results. The public's attitudes and perspectives,
both male and female above the age of 18, regarding their interactions with or experiences
from stage-managed criminal gangs and the impact such encounters have had on their daily
lives, will be ascertained through the use of the social survey method. An adult household
member will be randomly selected to participate in the study in order to collect quantitative
data for the survey.

Key informants to be interviewed will comprise of senior government officers from CID, the
Kenya Police, Provincial Administration and entrepreneurs or business persons. Ordinary
members of the public will be invited to participate in the focused group discussion in order
to obtain qualitative data. The interview will attempt to reach out to the passive and active
organized criminal group’s members together with their relatives and victims.

Reviewing police and court records regarding the arrests and convictions of members of
organized criminal gangs provided secondary data.

3.4 location of the study

The research will be conducted in Kaptembwo area situated in Nakuru Town West
Constituency, within Nakuru County. The neighboring environs are; Rhonda, Ponda Mali and
Kivumbini. The area is considered to be the largest slum within Nakuru County with a high
population density of over 79,480 according to (Nakuru CIDP 2013). The huge number being
youths who are unemployed.

3.5 Target Population

Community members who are adults, both male and female, make up the study's main
population. They will include both direct and indirect victims as well as organized crime
offenders. Officials from the government, business community, and civic society will be
additional secondary sources.

3.6 Sample procedures and techniques

Sampling is the process of selecting a suitable sample or a representative subset of a
population in order to determine characteristics or parameters of the full population. Patterson
(1990). In this research proposal two sampling procedures will be used. Purposively sampling
as the first procedure will be used to sample the key informants such as the police officers,
the religious leaders and the chiefs. It will also be used in sampling of the members of
focused group discussion since it is a selected group of individuals. Systematic sampling as
the second procedure will be to sample members of the community in regular intervals.

3.7 Sample Population

A sample is a constrained subset of a statistical population, whose features are analyzed to
get additional insight into the population's characteristics (Webster, 1985). In terms of people,
it can be defined as a collection of responders, or people, selected from a larger community
for the purpose of a survey.
The study found that there are typically 100 recorded criminal cases at Central Police Station.
The Central Police Station was chosen by the researcher for the key informant interview due
to its size and ability to gather information from all outposts and cases reported at the DCI
Department. The researcher chose the Crime Officer in Charge out of the ten officers
assigned to the crime department at the police station since he has access to all the
information that his younger officers have provided.
The sample size of this study is as indicated below:

Sample Size
Target Population Sample Size
Police officers 5 5
Religious leaders 5 5
Chiefs 2 2
Kaptembwo residents 100

3.8 Construction of Research Instruments

A research instrument is a device used to collect, measure, and assess data relevant to study.
As per the main objective of the study which is to determine the effects of criminal gangs in
the livelihood of Kaptembwo residents, the following are the key research instruments to be
used;
a) Interviews
We will conduct interviews on the key informants who include; the police officers, the
religious leaders and chiefs. The interviews will help us get information that will be useful in
answering our study questions.
b) Questionnaires
A set of questions distributed to various people is called a questionnaire so as get their different
views and experiences. Since we have a large target group a questionnaire will be a preferred
research tool as to gather more information and get useful information that will help us in our
study. We will issue questionnaires to a sample population so as to be able to get answers to
our questions of study. There are four types of questionnaires; structured, unstructured, open
ended and close ended questionnaires. In this study we will use the open ended questionnaire
since we can get an elaborate and more expand information helpful in our research.
3.9 Testing for validity and reliability/ trustworthiness
Validity, as defined by Mugenda & Mugenda (1999), is how well the instrument assesses the
constructs being studied. Additionally, it describes how well a research tool assesses the
things it is supposed to measure. There are three types of validity which include released
construction, content and criterion validity. Content validity can be described as a measure of
interest of construct so as to ensure that The surveys offer sufficient data covering the subject
matter of the study questions. The questionnaire's questions must provide sufficient
information to address the study's research questions.
The purpose of measuring reliability was to see whether the measure's items would produce
results that are comparable after a number of repeated trials. In this instance, a chosen sample
population will be used to test the questionnaires. The pre-testing process for the
questionnaires will follow the same protocol as the main research project. Ensuring that the
questions are pertinent to the study and learning how to administer the research instrument
correctly will be the primary goals of the testing process.

3.10 Data collection methods and procedures

Some of the data collection tools used include;
i. Questionnaire. This will be the primary quantitative instrument. Adult and youth
members of the public will receive it in person. Subsections covering various aspects
of the study will comprise the questionnaire.
ii. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) guide. The researcher will formulate a range of
topics which will be used in guiding the discussion. Findings will be recorded
iii. Key Informant Guide. This is a list of topics for a detailed interview and conversation
on different facets of organized crime in Kaptembwo with the main informants.

3.11 Proposed data analysis techniques and procedures

Methods of Data Analysis

Using the Kaptembwo estate as a case study, this study attempted to determine the
consequences of organized criminal gangs. After the respondents receive the surveys, they
will be checked for accuracy and their answers will be recorded. For manual collation, all
open-ended questions were converted into computer tables. Responses to closed-ended
questions were converted to numerical values and coded independently. The frequency
distributions, which were subsequently transformed to percentage distributions to enable
comparison, best represented the factors. Data entry was done using the Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS), and computer-generated tables were analyzed, the results were
arranged, and interpretation was done. Each table was described in terms of the variables
included in the research topic, and frequencies and correlation analysis were used to analyze
the data.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

A letter of introduction to the respondents from Mount Kenya University will be provided by
the researcher, given the delicate nature of the subject. The researcher has an obligation to
preserve the respondents' anecdotes by adhering to the study's objectives (Creswell, 2002). In
addition, he emphasizes that the partnership should be built on reciprocity, ethical
interviewing techniques, privacy preservation, and respect for the study location.
When distributing the questionnaires, the researcher will take great care. Before the interview
starts, the responders' consent will be requested. Confidentiality will be guaranteed to the
respondents, and no inducements or promises will be used to force them to provide feedback.