Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DataCommunicationUnit 1
DataCommunicationUnit 1
DataCommunicationUnit 1
multi-point
more than two devices share the link
simplex
In simplex transmission, signals are transmitted in only one direction; one station is
transmitter and the other is receiver.
eg. Television
half duplex
In half-duplex operation, both stations may transmit, but only one at a time.
either direction, but only one way at a time
eg. police radio
full duplex
In full-duplex operation, both stations may transmit simultaneously, and the medium is
carrying signals in both directions at the same time.
both directions at the same time
eg. telephone
Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth
Time domain concepts
analog signal
An analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies in a smooth
fashion over time.
various in a smooth way over time
digital signal
A digital signal is one in which the signal intensity maintains a constant level
for some period of time and then abruptly changes to another constant level.
This is an idealized definition. In fact, the transition from one voltage
level to another will not be instantaneous, but there will be a small
transition period.
maintains a constant level then changes to another constant level
periodic signal
. The simplest sort of signal is a periodic signal, in which the same signal
pattern repeats over time.
pattern repeated over time
aperiodic signal
pattern not repeated over time
Analogue & Digital Signals
Periodic
Signals
Transmission Impairments
Signal received may differ from signal transmitted
causing:
analog - degradation of signal quality
digital - bit errors
Causes of impairment –
Attenuation – It means loss of energy. The strength of
signal decreases with increasing distance which causes loss
of energy in overcoming resistance of medium.
This is also known as attenuated signal.
Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which
gives the original signal back and compensate for this loss.
Distortion – It means changes in the form or shape of the
signal. And that’s why it delay in arriving at the final
destination. Every component arrive at different time which
leads to distortion. Therefore, they have different phases at
receiver end from what they had at senders end.
Noise – The random or unwanted signal that mixes up
with the original signal is called noise. There are several
types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise,
thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the
signal.
CHANNEL CAPACITY
The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a given
communication path, or channel, under given conditions, is
referred to as the channel capacity.