UPS

Introduction

Present Power Scenario

Gap in Demand and Supply of Power

Power Cuts.
Poor Power Quality

Un-reliable Power Distribution

 Distortion in the Input Voltage

The voltage supplied by the utility may not be sinusoidal

Typical Voltage Tolerance Envelope for Computer
Systems
 Common Power Quality Problems

Problem Nature Effect

Power Failure Total loss of utility Electrical equipments
(Blackout) power stop working

Voltage Sag Transient under- Flickering of lights

voltage (short term)

Voltage Spike Transient over-voltage Acute damage to

(short term) electronic equipment

Under-Voltage Low line voltage for an Overheating in motors

(Brownout) extended period of time

Over-Voltage Increased voltage for Light bulbs fail

an extended period of
time
 Common Power Quality Problems …… Contd.

Problem Nature Effect

Line Noise Distortions superimposed Electro Magnetic

on the power waveform Interference

Frequency Deviation from the Motors to increase or

Variation nominal frequency decrease speed and line-
(50 or 60 Hz) driven timing devices to
gain or loose time

Switching Instantaneous under Erratic behavior in some

Transient voltage (notch) in equipments, memory loss,
nanoseconds data error, data loss and
component stress
Typical Range of Input Power Quality
 Where is the NEED?

Quality and reliable electric power for critical

electrical loads

Uninterruptible Power to essential consumer

loads

Solution: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

An ideal UPS should be able to deliver uninterrupted
power while simultaneously providing the necessary
power conditioning for the particular power application.
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

A device connected between the utility power

source and the load.
Ensures un-interrupted electrical power flow
Uses batteries to supply power during utility
power failure
Provides protection from a momentary power
interruption, which a stand-by generators can’t
Provides protection against power surges and
line noise as well.
 Basic Components of UPS

The UPS consists of three main components:

Rectifier: Converts the AC power into DC power.
Battery: Stores the power for use during interruption,
Determines the back-up time, and
Gets charge through rectifier.
Inverter: Converts the battery DC power to AC power
Supplies continuous power to the load

The Rating of an UPS is specified in terms of VA

 UPS : Essential Features
An Ideal UPS should have following features:
 Regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total
harmonic distortion (THD) independent of the
changes in the input voltage or in the load, linear or
nonlinear, balanced or unbalanced.
 On-line operation, which means zero switching time
from normal to backup mode and vice versa.
 Low THD sinusoidal input current and unity power
factor.
 UPS : Essential Features
 High reliability.
 High efficiency.
 Bypass as a redundant source of power in the case
of internal failure.
 Low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
acoustic noise.
 Electric isolation of the battery, output, and input
 Low maintenance.
 Low cost, weight, and size.
 UPS : Applications
 Medical facilities,
 Life support systems,
 Data storage and computer systems,
 Emergency equipments,
 Telecommunications,
 Industrial processing,
 On-line management systems.
Classification
 UPS

Static Rotary Hybrid

Classification of UPS
Static UPS
 Static UPS

The Static UPS systems is further classified

into three categories :

Online.

Offline

Line Interactive
Online UPS
 Online UPS
 Rectifies AC power to DC for charging the battery
and simultaneously converts back the battery DC
to AC power for the load.
 Filters out line noise and other anomalies,
effectively.
 System remains in the same operating mode.
 Less efficient due to the double conversion.
 Costs more being more complex.
 Higher running costs and higher operating
temperature.
 Known as True or Double conversion online UPS.
 Online UPS : Operating Modes
 There are three operating modes : normal mode,
stored energy mode, and bypass mode.
 During Normal Mode of operation, the power to the
load is continuously supplied via the rectifier and
inverter.
 In fact, a double conversion (i.e. AC/DC and then
DC/AC) takes place, which allows very good line
conditioning.
 In the absence of AC supply, the inverter and battery
maintain continuity of power to the load, known as
Stored-Energy Mode of operation.
 Online UPS : Operating Modes
 When the AC input voltage is outside the preset
tolerance (Brown-out), this Stored-Energy Mode of
Operation maintain continuity of power to the load.
 The duration of this mode is the duration of the
preset UPS backup time or until the AC line returns
within the preset tolerance.
 When the AC line returns, a phase-locked loop
(PLL) makes the load voltage in phase with the input
voltage and after that the UPS system returns to the
normal operating mode.
 Online UPS : Operating Modes
 The UPS operates in Bypass Mode of Operation
in case of an internal malfunction such as over-
current.
 This mode is also used for fault clearing.
 In some cases, there can be a maintenance bypass
as well.
 A manual switch usually operates this mode.
 Online UPS

Advantages
 Very wide tolerance to the input voltage
variation.
 Very precise regulation of output voltage.
 No transfer time during the transition from
normal to stored energy mode.
 Additional possibility to regulate or change the
output frequency also.
 Online UPS
Disadvantages
 Low input power factor.
 High THD at the input.
 Low efficiency.
 Needs an extra power factor correction (PFC)
circuit.
 High initial cost.
 Because of low input power factor, the on-line
UPS cannot efficiently utilize the utility
network and local installation.
 Online UPS
 It is the most preferred topology in
performance, power conditioning, and load
protection.
 They have a broad range of applications from a
few kVA to several MVA.
 Large diversity of topologies to solve different
specific problems and particular application.
 There are two major topologies: with a low-
frequency transformer isolation and with a high
frequency transformer isolation.
 Online UPS Topology
with Low frequency transformer Isolation
 Online UPS Topology
with Low frequency transformer Isolation
 This topology uses a large isolation transformer
(>20 kVA) at the output, which operates at low
frequency (< 2 kHz).
 Therefore, this topology is used only in high-
power ratings.
 Apart from the large size transformer, the
drawback of this topology is high acoustic noise
from the transformer and filter inductor.
 This topology also has a poor transient response to
the changes in the load and input voltage.
 By increasing the switching frequency of the
inverter above 20 kHz, these problems can be
solved, except for the size of the transformer.
 A topology employing a high frequency
transformer link can significantly reduce the
weight and the size of the transformer.
 The use of high-frequency pulse width modulation
(PWM) techniques can additionally reduce the
size of the output filter.
 Therefore, another topology with high frequency
isolation as shown in next slide can be adopted.
 Online UPS Topology
with High frequency transformer Isolation
Offline UPS
 Offline UPS

 The AC line is the primary power source.

 Switches on to the backup battery, if any
interruption in supply is detected.
 Switches back to AC power when supply is
restored
 The switch-over (transfer) time should not be
more than the tolerance limit of the load (i.e. about
4 ms for a typical computer).
 Offline UPS

 In contrast with the on-line UPS, which drives the

load in the normal operating mode, off-line UPS
provides power for the load in case of power
outage, over-voltage, and under-voltage situations
in the AC line.
 There are two operating modes for an off-line
UPS system: normal mode and stored-energy
mode.
 Offline UPS : Operating Modes

 In the Normal Mode of Operation, the AC line

supplies the load via filter/conditioner, which, in
fact, is not always required, but often exists. The
filter/conditioner depends on the requirements of
the particular load and the quality of the AC line
power supply. The AC/DC converter charges the
battery in this mode in order to provide backup
power for the stored-energy mode of operation.
 Offline UPS : Operating Modes

 When the AC line is beyond the preset tolerance

or is not available, the load is supplied by the
battery through the inverter for the backup time or
until the AC line is available again. This is called
the Stored-Energy Mode of Operation.
 The rating of the AC/DC converter has to meet
only the charging requirements of the battery,
which contributes to the lower cost of this UPS.
 Offline UPS

Advantages
 Simple design.
 Low cost.
 Small size.
Disadvantages
 No isolation of the load from the AC line.
 No output voltage regulation.
 Long switching time.
 Poor performance with nonlinear loads.
 Offline UPS with Isolation

A three-winding transformer can be used to provide

electric isolation for the off-line UPS.
 Offline UPS with Isolation

 The use of a three-winding transformer can

provide electric isolation for the off-line UPS.
 This technique has a high reliability at a moderate
cost.
 The transformer allows limited power
conditioning for the output voltage as well.
 However, the disadvantages of off-line UPS
systems limit their application to less than 2 kVA.
Line Interactive UPS
 Line Interactive UPS

 The AC line is still the primary power source.

 A inverter/converter combination replaces the
battery charger, inverter and the source selection
switch of an offline UPS.
 During Brown-outs the inverter feeds the load
while making up the difference.
 With the inverter always on and connected to the
output, this design provides additional filtering
and yields reduced switching transients compared
with the Offline UPS topology.
 Costlier compared to Offline UPS.
 Line Interactive UPS Topology

Power Static
Supply Load
Switch

Converter/
Inverter

Battery
 Line Interactive UPS

 A line-interactive UPS system can operate either

as an on-line UPS or as an off-line UPS.
 Most of the line-interactive UPS systems operate
on-line in order to either improve the power factor
of the load or regulate the output voltage for the
load.
 The on-line line-interactive UPS uses a series
inductor, however, in the off-line line-interactive
UPS , the series inductor is not required.
 Line Interactive UPS

 When the AC line is within the preset tolerance, it

feeds the load directly. The inverter is connected
in parallel with the load and charges the battery. It
may also supply the reactive power required to
keep the power factor close to unity or to regulate
the output voltage.
 The inverter supplies reactive power for under-
voltage and consumes reactive power for over-
voltage situations.
 Line Interactive UPS

 Since it is desirable to draw only reactive power

from the inverter, it is obvious that the power factor
deteriorates when a voltage regulation is
implemented.
 When the AC line is not available or is beyond the
preset tolerance, the inverter supplies the load with
energy from the battery set.
 Therefore, there are two operating modes for a line-
interactive UPS also: normal and stored-energy.
 Line Interactive UPS : Operating Modes

 The power flow during the normal mode of

operation is from the AC line to the load. The
bidirectional converter plays the role of a charger
for the battery set.
 It can also keep the output voltage relatively
stabilized and sinusoidal or improve the power
factor of the load with a proper PWM control.
 The current taken from the AC line is mainly the
current for the load.
 Line Interactive UPS : Operating Modes

 In fact, no additional harmonics are injected from

the UPS into the AC line.
 This is an important advantage compared to the
conventional on-line double conversion UPS.
 In order to enable better regulation for the output
voltage during the normal mode, a bulk constant
voltage transformer can be added to the output;
however, it is heavy, large, and expensive.
 Line Interactive UPS : Operating Modes

 In the stored energy mode, the bidirectional

converter operates as an inverter and supplies the
load with power from the battery set.
 The static switch disconnects the AC line in order
to prevent back feed from the inverter.
 The duration of this mode is the duration of the
preset backup time or until the AC line returns
within the tolerance.
 Line Interactive UPS

Advantages
 Simple design,
 High reliability,
 Comparatively low cost,
 Good harmonic suppression for the input
current,
 Efficiency is higher than that of the
double-conversion UPS.
 Line Interactive UPS

Disadvantages
 Lack of effective isolation of the load from the
AC line.
 However, use of a transformer in the output can
eliminate this; but, it will add to the cost, size,
and weight of the UPS system.
 Output voltage conditioning is not good because
the inverter is not connected in series with the
load.
 Line Interactive UPS
Disadvantages
 Since the AC line supplies the load directly
during the normal mode of operation, there is no
possibility for regulation of the output frequency.

A new series–parallel line-interactive topology,

called Delta-conversion UPS, can simultaneously
achieve both unity power factor and precise
regulation of the output voltage, which is not
possible with a conventional line interactive UPS.
Battery Charger/Discharger
UPS system with a battery bank directly connected to
the DC-link bus
UPS system with a battery bank connected to the DC-
link bus through a bidirectional DC/DC converter
A bidirectional buck-boost
DC/DC converter
Delta Conversion UPS
Delta Conversion UPS
 Delta Conversion UPS
 It consists of two bidirectional converters
connected to a common battery set, static switch,
and a series transformer.
 The series bidirectional converter is rated at 20%
of the output power of the UPS and it is
connected via a transformer in series with the AC
line.
 The second bidirectional converter is the usual
inverter for a line-interactive UPS connected in
parallel to the load and rated at 100% of the
output power.
 Delta Conversion UPS

 The parallel converter keeps output voltage stable

and precisely regulated by PWM control.
 The series converter compensates any differences
between output and input voltages.
 It also controls the input power factor to unity
and, at the same time, controls the charging of the
battery.
 When the AC line is within the preset tolerance,
most of the power is supplied directly from the
AC line to the load.
 Delta Conversion UPS

 Only a small part of the total power, usually up to

15%, flows through the series and parallel
converters.
 This power is needed to compensate for any
differences between the input and the output
voltages and to make the input power factor unity.
 Since about 85% of the power flows without any
conversion from the AC line to the load, the
efficiency of this UPS is relatively high.
 Delta Conversion UPS

 Therefore, the delta-conversion UPS is used in

high-power rating applications, where the
efficiency is a key factor.
 However, the complicated control of this
topology limits its applications.
 Another disadvantage is the lack of electrical
isolation of the load from the AC line.
 Delta Conversion UPS

Advantages
 It is a line interactive UPS topology with active
series–parallel power conditioning capability.
 The sinusoidal output voltage regulation
capability results in low input current and
output voltage THD, in both modes.
 The series converter (mains side) can be
operated as a current source and the parallel
converter (Load side) as voltage source.
 Delta Conversion UPS

Advantages
 Alternatively, the parallel converter can be
operated as a current source and the series
converter as a voltage source under standby mode.
 Increased overall efficiency.
 Input power factor control.
 Close to unity power factor.
 Line current distortion near 1% in many instances.
Rotary UPS
 Rotary UPS

 A Rotary UPS consists of an AC motor, a DC

machine, an AC generator, and a battery bank.
 The Electric machines are mechanically
coupled.
 There are two operating modes: normal and
stored energy.
 During the normal mode of operation, the AC
line supplies the AC motor, which drives the DC
machine.
Block Diagram of Rotary UPS
 Rotary UPS
 The DC machine drives the AC generator, which
supplies the load.
 During the stored energy mode of operation, the
battery bank supplies the DC machine, which in
turn drives the AC generator which supplies the
load.
 The rotary UPS systems are more reliable than the
static UPS systems.
 However, they require more maintenance and
have a much larger size and weight.
 Advantages of Rotary UPS

 Transient overload capability is 300 to 600% of

the full load as compared to 150% for the static
UPS.
 This helps for rapid fault clearing.
 Low output impedance improves its
performance with nonlinear loads.
 Low EMI and input current THD.
 Efficiency is usually 85% or higher.
 Most suitable for very high power applications.
Hybrid UPS
 Hybrid UPS
 It consists of a bidirectional AC/DC converter,
an AC motor, an AC generator, a battery bank,
and a static switch.
 Hybrid UPS systems combine the main features
of both static and rotary UPS systems.
 They have low output impedance, high
reliability, excellent frequency stability, and low
maintenance cost.
 These are because of the missing mechanical
commutator.
Schematic Diagram of Hybrid UPS
 Hybrid UPS : Operation Modes
 It also operates in two modes: normal and
stored energy modes.
 During the normal mode of operation, the AC
motor is fed from the AC line and drives the
generator.
 The AC generator supplies the load. The
bidirectional converter, which behaves as a
rectifier, charges the battery.
 Hybrid UPS : Operation Modes

 During the stored-energy mode of operation, the

inverter supplies the AC generator from the
battery set through the AC motor.
 In fact, the bidirectional converter, which behaves
as an inverter, drives the AC motor coupled to a
generator supplying the load.
 When an internal malfunction in the UPS system
occurs, the static switch (bypass) is turned on and
the load is supplied directly from the AC line.
 Hybrid UPS : Operation Modes

 The AC generator is started on utility power to

avoid starting current overloads allowing the
inverter to be rated for the normal operation.
 After the AC generator is on, the AC line is
disconnected and the supply to the AC
generator is given by the inverter. It is
relatively easy because of the large inertia of
the AC generator.
 Hybrid UPS : Operation Modes

 This configuration has the advantage that the

transfer from the AC line to the inverter takes
place under controlled conditions instead of
under fault conditions when different undesired
conditions can influence the transfer.
 Another good point is that the inverter is always
on, allowing no transfer time for switching to
the stored-energy mode of operation.
 Hybrid UPS : Operation Modes

 The main advantages of this UPS over the static

UPS include low output impedance, low THD
with nonlinear loads, higher reliability, and
better isolation.
 Hybrid UPS systems are usually used in very
high-power applications, that is, several
hundreds kVA
Tradeoff between Static and Rotary UPS
CONFIGURATIONS OF UPS
Block diagram of a typical on-line UPS with
several rectifiers in parallel
Block diagram of a typical on-line UPS with
two dedicated AC lines
Block diagram of a typical UPS with several rectifiers in
parallel forming a DC ring bus
Block diagram of several on-line UPS
systems working in parallel
Block diagram of a distributed UPS system
Performance of UPS
 UPS Responses to PQ Problems

Online Line Rotary Offline

(Double Interactive (Passive
Conversion) (Delta Standby)
Conversion)
Voltage Load voltage is Load voltage is Load voltage is During normal
Sag regulated within regulated within regulated within operation up
+/-0.5% at +/-0.5% at +/-1% at Steady to 10% voltage
Steady State, Steady State, State, and +/-5% in sag is
and +/- 5% in and +/-5% in dynamic state experienced by
dynamic state (1 dynamic state (1 (200ms) the load
power cycle) power cycle)
Voltage Load voltage is Voltage surge Load voltage is Voltage surge
Swell regulated within (>140%) is regulated within is experienced
+/-0.5% at experienced at +/-1% at Steady at the load for
Steady State, the load for State, and +/-5% in short duration
and +/- 5% in short duration dynamic state (~1cycle)
dynamic state (3 (~1 cycle) (200ms)
power cycles)
 UPS Responses to PQ Problems

Online Line Interactive Rotary Offline

(Double Conversion) (Delta Conversion) (Passive Standby)

Frequency Frequency variation No control on line No control on line No control on line

variation is restricted to +/- frequency variation frequency variation frequency
0.5% at load variation

Voltage Load voltage Line voltage Line voltage distortion Line voltage
waveform waveform is not distortion is is corrected to a large distortion is
distortion distorted by line corrected by the extent by the passed on to the
voltage distortion parallel converter at synchronous motor load
the load point (short circuit ring) at
the load point
Voltage Load does not see Load does not see Line voltage unbalance Line voltage
unbalance the input voltage the input voltage is corrected to a large unbalance is
unbalance unbalance extent by the passed on to the
synchronous motor (low load
negative sequence
impedance) at the load.
 Conclusion
Practical Voltage Cost Efficienc Inverter
Power Conditioning per VA y always
Range operating
(kVA)
Offline 0 - 0.5 Low Low Very High No

Line 0.5 - 5 Design Medium Very High Design

Interactive Dependent Dependent

On-Line 5 - 5000 High Medium Low - Yes

Medium

Delta 5 - 5000 High Medium High Yes

Conversion
On-Line
Rotary and 100-5000 Low High Medium Design
Hybrid Dependent
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