Bangladesh Studies

Assignment 02

Part 1 : Migration
• What is Migration? Different types of migration with examples.
Migration is the temporary or permanent movement for geographical or regional from one place
to another.

Migration can be categorized into various types based on different criteria. Here are some
common types of migration with examples:

1. Internal Migration:

Rural to Urban: People moving from villages or rural areas to cities or towns for better job
opportunities, education, or improved quality of life. Example: Farmers moving to the city to
work in factories.

Urban to Rural: Less common, but some people move from cities to rural areas for a quieter
lifestyle, cheaper living, or to reconnect with nature.

Example: Retirees moving from the City to a rural area.

2. International Migration:

Voluntary Migration: People moving to another country willingly for better opportunities,
education, or quality of life.

Example: Someone moving from Bangladesh to the United States for Higher education.

Forced Migration: People who are compelled to move due to war, persecution, or natural
disasters.

Example: Syrian refugees fleeing their Country due to the ongoing conflict.

Intercontinental Migration: Migration between continents Movement of people from one

Continent to another, often for Employment, education, or family Reunification.

Example: A person moving from Africa To Europe for work.

3. Seasonal Migration:
Circular Migration: People moving temporarily to another place, usually for work, and returning
home.

Example: Agricultural workers moving to different regions for harvesting seasons.

Nomadic Migration: Communities or individuals who move regularly from one place to another,
often following traditional routes.

Example: Some indigenous groups in Africa or Mongolia who move with their herds for grazing.

4. Refugee Migration:

Asylum Seekers: Individuals fleeing persecution, war, or violence in their home countries and
seeking refuge in another country.

Example: Rohingya Muslims fleeing

Violence in Myanmar seeking refugee in Bangladesh.

5. Climate Change Migration:

Environmental Migration: Movement of people due to natural disasters, climate change, or

environmental degradation.

Example: Residents of small island

Nations like Kiribati or Tuvalu moving Due to rising sea levels.

6. Labor Migration:

Skilled Labor Migration: Movement of individuals with specific skills or qualifications to

countries where there is a demand for such skills.

Example: IT professionals from India Moving to the United States for job Opportunities.

Unskilled Labor Migration: People moving to other regions or countries for manual or lowskilled
jobs.

Example: Construction workers from Nepal working in the Middle East.

These are just a few examples, and Migration can often be a mix of these types, with individuals
or groups having multiple reasons for moving from one place to another.

• Examine the causes & consequence of rural to urban migration

Causes of Rural to Urban Migration:

1. Employment Opportunities: One of the primary reasons for rural to urban migration is the
availability of jobs in urban areas, especially in manufacturing, construction, services, and
informal sectors. Many rural residents move to cities in search of better-paying jobs.

2. Income Disparity: Rural areas often have lower income levels and limited economic
opportunities compared to urban centers. People migrate to cities seeking higher wages and
better standards of living.

3. Education and Healthcare: Urban areas generally have better educational institutions and
healthcare facilities. Families may move to cities so their children can access quality
education, and for better healthcare services.
4. Mechanization of Agriculture: Advancements in agricultural technology have reduced the
need for labor in rural areas, leading to unemployment. This pushes people to seek
alternative livelihoods in urban centers.

5. Infrastructure Development: Improved transportation and communication infrastructure in

urban areas make them more accessible and attractive for migration. People move to cities
seeking better connectivity and amenities.

6. Social Mobility: Rural areas may have limited social mobility and opportunities for personal
growth. Urban areas offer a more diverse environment with opportunities for cultural, social,
and intellectual enrichment.

Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration:

1.Strain on Urban Infrastructure: Rapid rural to urban migration puts pressure on urban
infrastructure such as housing, water supply, sanitation, and transportation. This can lead to
overcrowding and inadequate services.

2. Unemployment and Underemployment: While cities offer more job opportunities, the influx
of migrants can also lead to competition for jobs, resulting in high levels of unemployment
and underemployment, especially among unskilled migrants.

3. Housing Challenges: Migrants often face difficulties in finding affordable housing in cities.
This can result in the growth of slums and informal settlements, where living conditions are
poor and access to basic services is limited.
4. Social Issues: Migration can disrupt social structures and networks in rural areas, leading to
issues such as family separation, loneliness, and a loss of community cohesion. In urban
areas, migrants may face discrimination and social isolation.

5. Urban Poverty: Many migrants end up in urban poverty due to low-paying jobs and high
living costs. They may struggle to meet their basic needs, leading to a cycle of poverty.

6. Health Challenges: Urban areas may have better healthcare facilities, but migrants often face
challenges in accessing these services due to cost or distance. This can lead to health
disparities and the spread of diseases in crowded urban environments.

7. Environmental Impact: Increased urbanization due to rural to urban migration can put
pressure on the environment, leading to issues such as pollution, deforestation, and loss of
biodiversity.

8. Remittances: On a positive note, rural to urban migration can also result in remittances sent
back to rural areas. Migrants often send money to their families, which can contribute to the
local economy and improve living standards in rural communities.

Overall, rural to urban migration is a complex phenomenon with both positive and negative
consequences. Effective urban planning, investment in rural development, and policies that
address the needs of migrants can help mitigate some of the challenges associated with this type
of migration.

• How can we reduce rural to urban migration in Bangladesh

Reducing rural to urban migration in Bangladesh requires comprehensive strategies that address
the root causes. Some approaches include:

1. Investment in Rural Infrastructure: Develop rural areas by improving infrastructure, such

as roads, schools, healthcare facilities, and electricity. This enhances livelihood opportunities
locally.

2. Promote Rural Employment: Encourage the establishment of industries and businesses in

rural areas, providing job opportunities and economic stability.

3. Agricultural Development: Enhance agricultural productivity through modern techniques,

training, and access to resources, making rural livelihoods more sustainable and attractive.

4. Education and Skill Development: Invest in education and skill development programs
tailored to rural youth, enabling them to find employment locally or start their own ventures.
5. Access to Basic Services: Ensure access to essential services like healthcare, sanitation,
and clean water in rural areas to improve quality of life and reduce the pull factors of urban
migration.

6. Information and Communication Technology (ICT): Expand access to ICT infrastructure

and training in rural areas, enabling remote work opportunities and access to online markets.

7. Social Support Systems: Implement social safety nets and support systems for vulnerable
populations in rural areas, reducing the need for migration in search of better opportunities.

8. Policy Support: Formulate and implement policies that prioritize rural development and
incentivise investment in rural areas.

By addressing these factors holistically, Bangladesh can reduce the pressure of rural to urban
migration and promote balanced development across the country.

Conclusion :

In conclusion, migration is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that impacts societies,

economies, and individuals in various ways. While it presents opportunities for personal growth,
economic development, and cultural exchange, it also poses challenges such as integration,
social cohesion, and the protection of migrant rights. Recognizing the diverse motivations behind
migration and implementing thoughtful policies that balance these interests is crucial for creating
a more inclusive and prosperous global community.

Part 02 : Good governance

What is good governance?

Good governance refers to the effective, efficient, and accountable management of public
resources and affairs by governments or organization

Disscuss the elements of good governance

Good governance is a broad concept that encompasses various principles and elements. While
the specific elements can vary slightly depending on the source, here are 13 common elements
often associated with good governance:
1. Accountability: Officials and institutions are answerable for their actions and decisions to the
public and other institutional stakeholders.

2. Transparency: Openness in decision-making processes, allowing citizens and stakeholders

access to information and the ability to monitor proceedings.

3. Rule of Law: Governance is based on clear laws that are applied fairly and consistently,
ensuring justice and equality.

4. Participation: Involvement of citizens and stakeholders in decision-making processes, giving

them a voice in policies that affect them.

5. Responsiveness: Institutions and processes are responsive to the needs and concerns of
citizens and communities.

6. Equity and Inclusiveness: Ensuring that all segments of society have opportunities to
participate in and benefit from governance processes, without discrimination.

7. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Governance processes are efficient in achieving desired

outcomes, using resources effectively to deliver services and implement policies.

8. Strategic Vision: Governance is guided by a long-term vision that takes into account the
needs of current and future generations.

9. Ethical Conduct: Governance is conducted with integrity, honesty, and fairness, promoting
trust in institutions.

10. Soundness in Decision Making: Decisions are based on evidence, analysis, and consultation,
rather than on arbitrary or biased considerations.

11. Sustainability: Policies and decisions consider the long-term impact on social, economic, and
environmental factors.

12. Resilience: Institutions are able to withstand challenges and adapt to changing circumstances.

13. Independence: Institutions are free from undue influence, ensuring autonomy and
impartiality in decision-making.

These elements are interconnected and contribute to the overall effectiveness and legitimacy of
governance systems. They provide a framework for evaluating the quality of governance within
a country or organization.

Does Bangladesh exists good governance?

Partially yes because Bangladesh, like any country, has a complex governance situation. It has
made progress in some areas but faces challenges in others. The government has implemented
various initiatives to improve governance, such as anti-corruption measures and digitalization of
services. However, there are still concerns about issues like political polarization, human rights,
and transparency.

Conclusion :

Good governance is not just a concept; it’s a framework that can lead to prosperity, stability, and
equity within societies. By prioritizing transparency, accountability, rule of law, and
participation, good governance fosters trust between citizens and their governments. Ultimately,
it lays the foundation for sustainable development, effective public services, and a fair and just
society for all.