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Hysiology of Blood Vessels: DR Ramya Jayakumar Assistant Professor
Hysiology of Blood Vessels: DR Ramya Jayakumar Assistant Professor
Dr Ramya Jayakumar
Assistant Professor
Introduction
Applied
INTRODUCTION
William Harvey –Blood is in continuous circulation.
Function of circulation:
Maintain an appropriate environment in all tissue fluids of the
body for optimal survival & function of the cells
-Distribute O2 & nutrients
-Remove co2 & waste from tissue cells
-Thermo regulation
-Distribute hormones to target tissue
-Distribute Abs & cells concerned with defense
Vascular
system is divided into 2 separate circulation:
-Systemic circulation
-Pulmonary circulation
Arteriovenous Shunt/thoroughfare
anastomoses
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSEL
Tunica intima-innermost layer
endothelial lining
Basal lamina
Subendothelial connective tissue
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media- middle
run circular
Thickest coat
Smooth muscle & elastic tissue
External elastic lamina
Tunica adventitia- outermost
Connective tissue-collagen
SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Largearteries:
Prominent elastic tissue in Tunica media
Property of distensibility & elastic recoil
Capillary:
Continuous/ non-fenestrated
Fenestrated
Discontinuous
Continuous capillaries:
-Single layered cells
-Small clefts
-Let pass water soluble ions & molecules
-Found in most body tissues, skeletal muscle, pulmonary
circulation
Discontinuous capillaries:
-Large gaps between endothelial cells
-For movement of formed elements
-Not closed by basement membrane
-Seen in sinusoids: bone marrow, spleen, liver.
5.Venules & Veins (Capacitance vessels)
Thin walled, small amount of elastic tissue & smooth
muscle.
More distensible & more collapsible
Function:
-Blood reservoir
-Carry blood from tissue to the right atrium
-Pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs to
left atrium
-Maintenance of cardiac output.
6. Shunt vessels
/thoroughfare vessels
Bypass capillaries
Directly connect meta-arterioles
with venules
A-V anastamoses
With control:
tissue will never suffer O2 & nutrition deficiency
Workload on heart is kept minimum.
MECHANISM
Local acute
long term
Humoral vasodilators
vasoconstrictors
ions & chemical factors
Neural
1. Local control:
Acute- rapid changes
Metabolic mechanisms
Oxygen availability
Role of nutrients
Oxygen decreases
decreases blood flow through tissue
increases
2 theories:
Vasodilator theory
Oxygen lack theory
VASODILATOR THEORY
Greater the rate of metabolism or less the
availability of O2 or nutrients to the tissue,
greater is the rate of formation of vasodilator
substances in the tissue cells.(adenosine, CO2,
histamine, phosphate ions, hydrogen ions)
Deficiency of vitamin B
2 theories:
Metabolic theory
Myogenic theory
Metabolic theory :
Mechanism:
Vascularity increases- angiogenesis
Noradrenaline vasoconstriction
blood vessels
Stimulation increases vasomotor tone vasoconstriction
Angina pectoris
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