ok . lay in the ‘Some chemists tried to explain this by asserti i 3 radigm shifts PI eee asserting that phlogiston Pare knowledge? tad npatne ms Hwee whe np fl ath) gon of He tharding) val is, again with the loss of phlogiston, its mass decreases. theory of combustion (burnin ‘ ' SN a a Se Ee ae aaa oh shlogiston. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) and the English a psbsanee BHT si ‘chemist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) who proposed a theory of ne heard purning and rusting: both represent the burning (combustion) involving a chemical reaction with oxygen. Jara ir neces fr both rae? {t completely replaced the phlogiston theory in a paradigm shift. charge: Mew—Mewp se: Aig (e)=sHS1Kdmt" Asse nS onizationsre ndtrmi oes, and ea steve enaton fr a fe same lent gt ager "fi imizatnenris ofthe semetsaregien navn 9 of eB hemi dat Boke Elecvon attinities skein sn pel oH, sah mp ‘ewe stn aA hit ies, unter swsysao Katt it snd or th lst fintyotheelement‘The is electron affinity isthe enthalpy’ chon ‘mole of electrons is gained by one of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous | (Using sulfur as an example: Sig) +e +S (eh: AH®, (S) = -200kI mol"! ‘The second electron affinity isthe enthalpy change shen one mole of lecteons is gained bya ste of singularly negative ions to form one mole of ~ ions Swe +H; AH. (S) = 4545kI mol! "eres an unfiled orbital in an atom’s outer shell, the effective nuclear charge of th atin ' wally rong enough o atractan electron and enerey is released in this process. Mos i sleron fines are exothermic. Values forthe ‘alwateletonegatvity. A small alom with a high nuclear change has a high eletoeain) ‘value and a relatively large exothermic electron aff ‘nity. The trends in electron affinity valoes wer discussed in $3.1 page 234, The second elton aint ‘verome the mutual rel = ud ‘Pe fis and second, when relevant electron affinities fr ‘many elements are given m= the IB Chemistry dava booker Enthalpy of atomization electron affinities of elements come git Ya crs anenaec oes ease Ision between the negatively cl ion and the electron being alle! AH? = +109ks mol" (= AHS.) angen iso thalpy of sublimation, A/S, Sublimation 2 Jom solid to-a gas. The atomization enthalpy of merc) ‘f vaporization SKI mol (= AM") AHO = +121 kdmotaHpNact] Nats) + $CLg) —_._nacis) a OC + 8. @@ OOO sodium chloride lattice —- _Na(g) ICH 4 CI _ sina) Nats) 3 25 (9) $d —". ? ee ——+ Na‘(g) +e SHE IC Cig) +e — rg) syyInal Nata) Me 00 0, ee @ & oe @ ee @ Hal NOCH Naclts) ~ Nat) + rte) sodium chloride lattice {Fee RL. Stndard enthalpy changes involving sodium and chlorine For the solid diatomic element iodine, the atomization enthalpy is a combination of its sublimation enthalpy and bond enthalpy, dy Hay, 39) = Mey, * Give equations which represent the following enthalpy anges: * fist onization enthalpy of iron ¥ atalpy of atomization of zine < ltie enthalpy of magnesium oxide * fist ecton affinity of chlorine {Stal of stomization of bromine il lonization enthalpy of calcium ‘iow eectton affinity of oxygen “We emhalpy of lithium oxide Lie ‘nbalpy changes which eorespond to the are described oe Oh, ®@ e@ sodium ions chloride ions AH® = (AHS, + Sang) = #107kI mot a Cas) + Clg) + CaCl) D_ CaCl{s) > Cag) +2C1(g) © Ofg) > 2018) 4d Zn(g) > Zn") + © Zn(g) > Z0(g) + 2e° £ Zn(s) + Zn™*(g) + 2 g She +o >F(g) h_ O(g)+2e + OF(g) 355)