GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

GEOGRAPHY

GRADE 10

LEARNER ACTIVITIES

TERM 1
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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

PAGE ACTIVITY Composisition and Structure of the Atmosphere

NR NR
5 1 Structure of the atmosphere

6 2 Structure of the atmosphere

7 3 Structure of the atmosphere

8 4 Structure of the atmosphere

8 5 Ozone layer

9 6 Structure of the atmosphere (Informal test 1)

10 7 Structure of the atmosphere

11 8 Structure of the atmosphere and the Ozone layer

12 9 Structure of the atmosphere and the Ozone layer

13 10 Ozone layer

Heating of the Atmosphere

13 11 Factors that influence temperatures of different places

14 12 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

15 13 Global Warming

16 14 Global Warming

17 15 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

(Informal Test 2)
18 16 Factors that influence temperatures of different places

19 17 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

20 18 The Greenhouse Effect

21 19 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

22 20 Factors that influence temperatures of different places

23 21 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

23 22 Global Warming

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25 23 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere; Global

Warming; The Greenhouse Effect
27 24 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

28 25 Factors that influence temperatures of different places

29 26 Climate change

30 27 Climate change and Global Warming

31 28 Climate change

32 29 The Greenhouse Effect

33 30 Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere

34 31 Global Warming

35 32 Factors that influence temperatures of different places

Moisture in the Atmosphere

36 33 Moisture in the atmosphere and heating of the atmosphere

36 34 Clouds

37 35 Development of Rain

38 36 Moisture in the atmosphere concepts

38 37 Clouds

39 38 How height influences the temperature of earth

40 39 Development of rain

40 40 Types of precipitation

41 41 Clouds and development of rain

42 42 Moisture in the atmosphere terminology (Informal Test 3)

43 43 Moisture in the atmosphere; Clouds; Rainfall

44 44 Development of rain

44 45 Different forms of water

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

45 46 Development of rain

46 47 Types of clouds

47 48 Types of rainfall

Synoptic Weathermaps
48 49 Synoptic weathermaps

50 50 Weatherstation model

51 51 Synoptic weathermaps

52 52 Synoptic weathermaps

53 53 Synoptic weathermaps

54 54 Synoptic weathermaps (Informal Test 4)

55 55 Synoptic weathermaps

56 56 Synoptic weathermaps

58 57 Synoptic weathermaps

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 GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

THE ATMOSPHERE

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

Activity 1
1.3 Refer to FIGURE 1.3. on the ADDENDUM regarding the structure of the atmosphere and answer
the questions.

1.3.1 Name the layers A, B, C and D as shown in the diagram. (4x1) (4)

1.3.2 What is the name of the borders between A and B or C and D? (1x1) (1)

1.3.3 Name TWO permanent gasses that are found in the atmosphere. (2x1) (2)

1.3.4 In a paragraph of approximately 8 lines, explain the importance of layer A. (4x2) (8)

[15]

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 2
1.1 Refer to the figure below, which illustrates the layers of earth’s atmosphere. Select the correct
answer from the choice given in brackets to each of the following statements. Write only the
question number and the choice of answer.

1.1.1 (Temperature/distance) characterises the differences in the layers of the earth’s atmosphere.

1.1.2 The (troposphere/stratosphere) is where all earth’s weather occurs.

1.1.3 The (thermosphere/troposphere) is found at A on the above diagram.

1.1.4 Ozone is responsible for the temperature (decrease/increase) in layer C.

1.1.5 Carbon dioxide remains in the (troposphere/stratosphere) for thousands of years as there is
very little turbulence of mixing of gases in this layer.

1.1.6. The (mesosphere/stratosphere) is one of the coldest places within the earth’s atmosphere.

1.1.7 The aurora borealis is common in the (mesosphere/thermosphere).

1.1.8 The (troposphere/thermosphere) has the greatest density of air.

(8x1=8)

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Activity 3

1.5 Refer to Figure 1.5 showing the structure of the atmosphere

1.5.1 Define the atmosphere. (1x2)(2)

1.5.2 What gas makes up most of the atmosphere? (Nitrogen, Oxygen or
Argon)(1x2)(2)
1.5.3 Provide the name of the layer which is found between the Troposphere
and the Stratosphere.(1x2)(2)
1.5.4 Name TWO layers in which we find an increase in temperature with height?
(2X2)(4)
1.5.5 Provide an explanation why the temperature increases in the
Stratosphere?(1x2)(2)
1.5.6 Why do long-distance aircraft choose to fly in the lower part of the Stratosphere?
(1x2)(2)
1.5.7 Discuss the relationship between altitude and air pressure.(1x2)(2)

1.5.8“Much like a womb, which protects and nurtures life within, the

atmosphere is a huge invisible balloon guarding the Earth”

(TonyCarnie – World Summit)

Write a paragraphin which you discussSIX reasons why the

Troposphere is important. (4x2)(8) [24]

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Activity 4
2.1 Choose a term from the list provided in the box below that will match each of the
following statements about the layers of the atmosphere. A term may be used twice.
Write down the question numbers and the correct term next to it.
Tropopause, stratopause, mesopause, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere,
troposhere

2.1.1 This layer is the furthest from the earth and absorbs the sun’s harmful
X-rays.
2.2.2 This layer is characterised by a decrease in temperature from 0° to
-80° and prevents dust and rocks from space from entering the lower
layers of the atmosphere.
2.2.3 The layer of the atmosphere that separates the troposphere from the
stratosphere.
2.2.4 Weather producing processes occur in this layer.
2.2.5 Ozone is found in this layer of the atmosphere which absorbs the
harmful ultra violet rays from the sun.
2.2.6 The top boundary of the stratosphere.
2.2.7 The layer of the atmosphere where aeroplanes fly. 7x1=(7)
Activity 5
1.4 Study the article,Figure 1.4, in the annexure before answering the following
questions.
1.4.1 In your own words, explainthe role of the ozone layer? (1x2)(2)
1.4.2 List any TWO effects of ozone depletion. (2x2)(4)
1.4.3 Name the gas mainly responsible for ozone depletion. (1x2)(2)
1.4.4 The article mentions the Montreal Protocol. Write a short paragraph in which you
describe how the countries that signed the Montreal Protocol aimed to reduce
ozone depletion. (2x2)(4)

Severe ozone depletion avoided

May 26, 2015

We are already reaping the rewards of the Montreal Protocol, with the ozone layer in much
better shape than it would have been without the UN treaty, according to a new study
in Nature Communications.

Study lead author Professor Martyn Chipperfield, from the School of Earth & Environment at
the University of Leeds, said: "Our research confirms the importance of the Montreal
Protocol and shows that we have already had real benefits. We knew that it would save us
from large ozone loss 'in the future', but in fact we are already past the point when things
would have become noticeably worse."

Although the Montreal Protocol came into force in 1987 and restricted the use of ozone-
depleting substances, atmospheric concentrations of these harmful substances continued to
rise as they can survive in the atmosphere for many years. Concentrations peaked in 1993
and have subsequently declined.
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Activity 6 (Informal Test 1)

1.2. Use figure. 1.2: The layers of the atmosphere, - to answer the following
questions.

Figure 1.2: The layers of the atmosphere

1.2.1.Describe why the atmosphere is important to life on Earth. (3 x 2 = 6)

1.2.2.Which layer of the atmosphere has the highest air pressure and why? (2 x 2 = 4)
1.2.3.Identify the two layers of the atmosphere with a positive lapse rate. (2 x 1 = 2)
1.2.4.Explain why the stratosphere is important to conserve life on Earth. (2 x 2 = 4)
1.2.5. a) Identify one variable gas in the atmosphere.
b) Identifythe most abundant permanent gas in the atmosphere. (2 x 1 = 2)
1.2.6.What particles in the air act as condensation nuclei? (1 x 2 = 2)
[20]

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Activity 7
1.1. Use the following three graphs to answer the questions on the structure and the
composition of the atmosphere. [14]

1.1.1. In which layer of the atmosphere does the ozone layer occur? (1 x 1 = 1)
1.1.2. What is the temperature 20 km above sea level? (1 x 1 = 1)
1.1.3. Name the most abundant permanent gas in the troposphere. (1 x 1 = 1)
1.1.4. Explain what the relationship between altitude and air pressure is. (1 x 1 = 1)
1.1.5. Explain the role of the ozone layer in the protection of life on Earth. (1 x 2 = 2)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

1.1.6. Human activities caused great damage to the ozone layer. Motivate /
substantiate this statement. (2 x 2 = 4)
1.1.7. Explain why parachuting form the thermosphere will be unlikely and very
hazardous to your health. Refer to two weather elements in this layer that would
be dangerous. (2 x 2 = 4)
Activity 8
1.1. Study the diagram below illustrating the structure of the atmosphere of the Earth
and answer the following questions:

1.1.1. Name the atmospheric layerwhere all weather occurs. 1x1=1

1.1.2. Identify one permanent and one variable gas in the troposphere. 2x1=2
1.1.3. Identify the transition layer that occurs between the stratosphere and the
troposphere. 1x1=1
1.1.4. Describe what happens to the temperature in the layer you have identified in
question 1.1.3. 1x2=2
1.1.5. Identify an atmospheric layer with a negative temperature lapse rate, where the
temperature increases with an increase in altitude. 1x1=1

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

1.1.6. Use the graph to find the temperature at 50km, above the earth, at the
boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. 1x1=1

1.2. Ozone depletion is a serious problem today. Ozone is a blue gas consisting of 3
oxygen molecules in the stratosphere that filters out harmful radiation from the
sun. Unfortunately, human activity caused major damage to the ozone layer.This has
a negative impact on humans and the environment.

1.2.1. Identify any TWO factors contributing to ozone depletion. 2x1 = 2

1.2.2. Describe ONE way in which ultraviolet radiation in the troposphere can affect
people and ONE way in which it can affect the environment. 2x 2 = 4

Activity 9
Give the correct term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the
question number (1.2.1 to 1.2.7) in your ANSWER BOOK.

1.2.1 The atmospheric layer in which ozone layer is located.

1.2.2 The gases that are responsible destroying the ozone layer.

1.2.3 The function of ozone in the earth’s atmosphere.

1.2.4 The human disease resulting from a depletion of the earth’s atmospheric ozone.

1.2.5 A source of the gases that destroy the ozone layer.

1.2.6 The term that describes products that do not destroy the ozone layer.

1.2.7 The international protocol adopted in 1987 to reduce the gases that destroy the
ozone layer.
(7x1) (7)

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Activity 10
1.3.1 Define the term ozone. (1x1) (1)

1.3.2 In which layer of the atmosphere is ozone concentrated? (1x1) (1)

1.3.3 What role does ozone play in protecting the earth? (1X2) (2)

1.3.4 Name THREE countries that are most affected by the spreading
hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic?
(3X1) (3)

1.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines discuss the effects of

ozone depletion and ways through which it couldbe reduced.
(4x2) (8)

[15]

Heating of the Atmopshere

Activity 11
Refer to the table below, which appeared in one of our local
newspapers.

 It shows the highest and lowest temperatures in different South

Africancities as was recorded on15 March 2013.
 The temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius.
 Temperature range is the difference in degrees between maximum
and minimumtemperature.

TOWN MAXIMUM MINIMUM

TEMPERATURE(°C) TEMPERATURE(°C)
Pretoria 25 5

Bloemfontein 23 2

Cape Town 20 12

Durban 25 15

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

1.3.1 Name the city which has the greatest temperature range.(1x2)(2)

1.3.2 In which province in is the city with the greatest temperature range?
(1x2)(2)

1.3.3 Compare the temperature range of Pretoria and Durban on the given
day.(2x2)(4)

1.3.4 Explain why there is such a big difference in the temperature range
between Pretoria and Durban. (2x2)(4)
[12]
Activity 12
1.3 Study Figure 3 that shows the heating of the atmosphere and answer the following
questions that follow.

Figure 3

1.3.1 Give the correct term for A. (1×1)=1

1.3.2What cause the scattering of 9% of the sun’s rays? (2×1)=2

1.3.3 What process prevents approximately 19% of the sun’s energy from reaching the

surface of Earth(1x1)=1

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

1.3.4 E and F represent two other ways in which the heat from the Earth reaches the

atmosphere. Name these two processes.. (2x1)=2

1.3.5 Explain the difference between A en E. (2x1)=2

1.3.6 Use a diagram to explain why temperatures decreases as altitude increases..

(3×1)=3

[11]

Activity 13
1.4 Study the cartoon and answer the questions that follow.

1.4.1 Identify the weather phenomenon that the cartoon illustrates. (1×1)=1

1.4.2 Describe four consequences of this weather phenomenon. (4×1)=4

1.4.3 List three solutions for this particular weather phenomenon. (1×3)=3

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1.7 Refer to the following extract out of the Pretoria News, and answer the questions that
follow:

“Pretoria News”: 31 March 2011. (Vrye vertaling)

According to the world’s leading scientists, we are on our way towards a disaster!
Planet earth is on the brink of a disaster and people should not just accept that their
children and grandchildren will survive in this environment-breaking world of the 21 st
century. It is predicted that surface temperatures will rise with 1,4° to 5,8° C in the next
100 years.

1.7.1 List TWO reasons why more Greenhouse gasses are released into thatmosphere. (2x2)=4
1.7.2 “Daar is voorspel dat oppervlaktemperature binne die volgende 100 jaar met
1.4° tot 5.8°C sal styg”. “Pretoria News”: 31 Maart 2011.
Write a paragraph of about 8 lines to explain the consequences of global warming.
(4x2)=8
Activity 14
2.1 Refer to the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

2.3.1 Define the term global warming. (1x2)=2

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.3.2 Describe the effect that global warming will have on the amount of fish that fisherman will
be able to catch. (1x2)=2
2.3.3 Discuss TWO human activities that can excel global warming. (2x2)=4

2.3.4 Discuss any TWO consequences of global warming. (1x2)=2

[10]

Activity 15 (Informal Test 2)

1.3 Refer to the following diagram showing the heating of the atmosphere and answer the
question which follow.

1.3.1 Name the way in which heat energy is transferred from the sun at A. (1X1)
1.3.2 What do we call the radiation that is leaving the ground at B. (1X1)
1.3.3 Identify the way in which energy is transferred at C and describe the process.
1+(1X2)
1.3.4 What effect will clouds have on incoming solar radiation? (1X1)
1.3.5 How will pollution emitting large quantities of carbon dioxide and sulphur, contribute
to the greenhouse effect? (2X2)
1.3.6 In a short paragraph describe the impact the greenhouse effect will have on the
environment and on people. (3X2)
[16]

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Activity 16
2.3The effect of ocean currents on the temperatures of coastal places is illustrated by

Port Nolloth and Durban in the table below and continental climate is shown in

Bloemfontein. Refer to the information given in the table and answer the questions

below.

PLACE LATITUDE ALTITUDE Monthly average Monthly average of

of hottest month coldest
month
Port Nolloth 29° S Sea level 20° 8°
Durban 30° S Sea level 24° 16°
Bloemfontein 29° S 1000m 23° 8°
2.3.1 Define temperature range. (1X1)
2.3.2 Calculate the temperature range for:
a) Port Nolloth (1X2)
b) Durban (1X2)
2.3.3 Along which coasts of South Africa are these two places situated. Write the name of
each town and next to it write the coast where it is situated. (2X1)
2.3.4 Name the ocean current flowing past:
a) Port Nolloth (1X1)
b) Durban (1X1)
2.3.5 How do the ocean currents flowing past Durban and Port Nolloth result in Durban
receiving 1 008mm of rain in comparison to Port Nolloth only receiving 58mm? (2X2)
2.3.6 How does altitude influence the temperatures experienced in Bloemfontein? (1X2)
[15]

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Activity 17
1.2. Examine FIGURE 1.3showing HEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
FIGURE 1.3: HEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

1.2.1. What do we call the 100% incoming rays of the sun which reaches our
atmosphere? (1x2)(2)
1.2.2. FIGURE 1.3shows a high rate of reflection.
(a) What is the total amount of reflection by the clouds and earth’s surface
combined (as shown in FIGURE 1.3)? (1x2)(2)
(b) Why are the sunrays reflected by the clouds? (1x2)(2)
(c) Name anyONE surface on the earth that would cause a lot of reflection.
(1x2)(2)
1.2.3. In a paragraph of no more than 8 lines, discuss the CAUSES and RESULTS of
greenhouse effect.
(4x2)(8) [16]

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Activity 18
2.4 Study Figure 2.4 before answering the following questions.

2.4.1 A greenhouse is a glass house that people use to grow plants. The air inside
stays warm because it traps heat.
Examine how the Earth’s atmosphere works in a similar way to the way a
greenhouse works. (3x2)(6)
2.4.2 Explain why the greenhouse effect is necessary for life on Earth? (1x2)(2)
2.4.3 Discuss any TWO consequences of global warming for the people of Africa.
(2x2)(4)

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Activity 19
2.2. Use figure. 2.2: How the atmosphere is heated - to answer the following
questions.

2.2.1. Compare the concepts ‘radiant energy from the sun’ and ‘terrestrial radiation’. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.2. What causes loss of energy from the sun before the heat reaches the surface of
the Earth? (3 x 2 = 6)
2.2.3. The Greenhouse effect is a natural process but when it is strengthened, it can
lead
to global warming. What is global warming? (1 x 2 = 2)
2.2.4. What causes the Greenhouse effect to become strengthened, thus resulting in
global warming? (2 x 2 = 4)
2.2.5. Explain in a paragraph of 10 lines how governments can attempt to reduce global
warming.
(5 x 2 = 10)
[26]

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Activity 20
2.3. Refer to figure 2.3 illustrating average minimum and maximum
temperatures of South African cities and their locations on a map.

Figure 2.3: Temperatures of South African Cities

2.3.1. Calculate the annual maximumtemperature range of Bloemfontein and
Durbanrespectively. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.3.2. Which city has the largest temperature range as calculated in question 2.3.1? (1 x 2 = 2)
2.3.3. Explain why this city has a larger temperature range than the other one. (2 x 2 = 4)
2.3.4. Draw a station model to illustrate the conditions at the following station model:
Temperature: 32ºC, Dew point temperature: 20ºC, Weather: thunderstorm,
Cloud cover: overcast, Wind direction: South, Wind speed: 10 knots (1 x 5 = 5)
[15]

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Activity 21
2.1. Climate terminology on heating of the atmosphere.

Choose a term from the list in brackets to fit the definitions below. Only write the
number and correct term as an answer e.g. 2.1.9. Global warming

(Reflection, radiation, Insolation, conduction, absorption, scattering,

convection)

2.1.1. The shortwave radiation heat that reach the Earth from the sun.

2.1.2. The type of heat loss mostly caused by clouds and ice caps.

2.1.3 The type of heat loss mostly caused by microscopic solid particles in the atmosphere.

2.1.4. The type of heat loss caused mostly by water vapour and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

2.1.5. Heat distribution by means of waves.

2.1.6. Heat distribution by means of moving molecules.

2.1.7. Heat distribution by means of contact. (7 x 1 = 7)

Activity 22
2.4. Read the case study from The Guardian on the impact of Global warming on the
climate, agriculture and communities of Africa. Study the map as well before answering the
questions.

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Many African countries are already experiencing longer and deeper droughts, floods and cyclones. The
continent is expected to suffer disproportionately from food insecurity, due to fast-growing vulnerable
populations.

Egypt expects to lose 15% of its wheat crops if temperatures rise 2C, and 36% if the increase is 4C. Morocco
expects crops to remain stable up to about 2030, but then to drop quickly later. Most North African
countries traditionally import wheat and are therefore highly vulnerable to price shocks and droughts
elsewhere.
A new study of 11 West African countries expects most to be able to grow more food as temperatures rise
and rainfall increases. But demand from growing populations may double food prices. Climate change may
mean Nigeria, Ghana and Togo can grow and export more sorghum, raised for grain.
Temperatures are expected to rise several degrees in regions close to the Sahel. In Burkina Faso, the
sorghum crop is expected to decline by 25% or more, but maize yields may improve.

Other studies by IFPRI suggest crop yields across sub-Saharan Africa may decline 5-22% by 2050, pushing
large numbers of people deeper into destitution.

A new UN study suggests climatic conditions in southern Africa will worsen. Climate models mostly predict
an increase in annual maximum temperatures in the region of 1 to 2C by 2050. This will favour some crops
but shift others to higher ground or further north.

Both of Africa's staple crops, maize and sorghum, are expected to be badly hit by increasing severity of
weather.

Oxfam warns that small-scale farmers in the Horn of Africa will bear the brunt of the negative impacts of
climate change. Unpredictable weather here has already left millions semi-destitute and dependent on food
aid.

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.4.1. List one social, one economic and oneenvironmental consequence of Global
warming for Africa. (3 x 1 = 3)

2.4.2. How much is the average temperature expected to increase in Southern Africa?
(1 x 1 = 1)

2.4.3. It is stated that some crops will have to move to higher ground when climate
change influence crop productions. Explain how the higher altitude will influence the
temperature and why it would be necessary to move some crops higher.
(2 x 2 = 4)

2.4.4. Global warming is the slow increase of the ocean and atmospheric temperatures
of the Earth. It is mostly caused by increased levels of Greenhouse gasses emitted into the
atmosphere by pollution form human activities. In a paragraph of no more than8
lines,explain what the Greenhouse effect is and how Global warming impacts on the
Greenhouse effect. (4 x 2
= 8)

Activity 23
1.3. The heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the earthinvolve factors such as
insolation, terrestrial radiation, conduction, convection and the release of latent
heat.

1.3.1. Compare INSOLATION and TERRESTRIAL RADIATION by completing the table

below. Just write the letter and the correct answer on your answer sheet,

e.g. 1.3.1.a:

Insolation Terrestrial Radiation

Originates from the sun and occurs during the day (b)
(a) Easily trapped by the atmosphere
Consists of short and long waves (c)
Heats theearth's surface effectively, but not the
atmosphere (d)
4x1 = 4

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1.4) Indicate whether the following statements about the Greenhouse effect are
TRUE or FALSE. Only write the question number and True or False on your
answer sheet.

1.4.1) The Greenhouse effect is the normal process, which heats the atmosphere of the
earth.
1.4.2) The Greenhouse effect is becoming weaker.
1.4.3) Climate change can be the effect of a stronger Greenhouse effect.
1.4.4) Greenhouse gasses include Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon. 4x1 = 4

1.5) Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow:

Oh dear,
I’m heating
up…

1.5.1. Identify the process illustrated by the picture. 1x1 = 1

1.5.2. Define the process that you have identified in question 1.5.1. 1x2=2

1.5.3. Identify one cause that leads to this process. 1x1=1

1.5.4. One of the consequences of the process identified in question 1.5.1 is a rise in
sea level. Describe TWO ways in which people would be affected, when there is a
rise in sea level. 2x 2 = 4

[16]

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Activity 24

1.4 Study the diagram below illustrating the heating of the atmosphere and answer the
following questions.

State whether the following statements are true or false. Only write the correct number and
TRUE or FALSE as an answer. E.g. 1.4.6 TRUE

1.4.1 The source of nearly all heat energy is the sun.

1.4.2 As much as 53% of the sun’s radiation energy does not reach the surface of the Earth.
1.4.3 Conduction is the vertical transfer of heat by moving molecules.

1.4.4 When condensation takes place, latent heat is released.

1.4.5 Terrestrial radiation mostly takes place during the day. 5x1 (5)

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Activity 25

1.5 Study the diagrams below and answer the following questions.

A: The influence of latitude on temperature B: Location of SA towns and cities

1.5.1 What factors illustrated in Sketch A will cause warmer temperatures at place B than at
on earth. 2 x 2 (4)

1.5.2 It is said that the albedo at the Poles are higher than at the equator. What is albedo?
1 x 2 (2)

1.5.3 Mount Kilimanjaro is close to the Equator (3˚S), but the peak is covered with snow
throughout the year. What causes this 1 x 2 (2)

1.5.4 Durban (29˚14’S) and Port Nolloth (29˚32’ S) are both at the coast, but the average
annual temperature at Port Nolloth is 4,5˚C cooler than at Durban. What gives rise to this
temperature difference? 2 x 2 (4)

1.5.5 Bloemfontein has a continental climate. Explain what this means. 2x2 (4)

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Activity 26

Refer the figure below that highlights the impact of climate change on Africa.

3.1 Provide a definition for the term “climate change”. (1x2) (2)
3.2 “Africa is already feeling the effects of climate change and will experience more
changes in the years ahead”.
(a) Prove that Africa “is already feeling the effects of climate change” using
the above figure. (2x2) (4)

(b) Justifywhy Africa is unfairly paying the price of climate change. (2x1) (2)
(c) Comment, in a paragraph of 8 lines, how the effects of climate change
could lead to conflicts and war in Africa.
(4x2) (8)

3.3 Read the following news extract illustrating alternative energy use in rural South Africa.

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Fifty-five-year-old Ernestina Chamane was

introduced to her “miracle” last year when she
started harnessing the power of cow dung to
fire her two-plate stove.

Once a day Chamane deposits dung from 12

cattle into the digester along with water, allowing
for the production of bacteria and the biogas that
is then piped directly into a modified low-pressure
gas stove in her kitchen.

The slurry waste that emerges at the end of the digester is an excellent fertiliser for her crops.

So much so that the slurry has improved the growth of spinach, carrots and beans, so that
Chamane now gives away surplus produce to members of her community.

The biogas produced from the dung is an excellent substitute for coal and firewood commonly
used in poorer communities, thereby reducing deforestation.

Adapted from UNDP, November 2018

3.3.1 Discuss how the cow-dung gas stove is sustainably meeting the energy needs of
rural people such as Ernestina. (2x2) (4)
3.3.2 Highlighthow this cow-dung gas stove will address climate change. (2x2) (4)
3.3.3 Suggestwhy this cow-dung gas stove also is addressing the effect of climate
change particularly in Africa. (3x2) (6)
[30]

Activity 27
1.4 Refer to FIGURE 1.4 showing the smoke plumes over the Amazon as fires sweep through the
world’s largest and most important rain forest.

1.4.1 Name the gas that is being released into the atmosphere by the burning of trees in this forest.(1)

1.4.2 Explain the role of this gas in global warming.(2x2=4)

1.4.3 In a paragraph of eight lines, evaluate the impact of the Amazon fires on both global

warming and climate change.(4x2=8)

1.4.4 Suggest how the negative impact of these fires can be addressed by people living in

South Africa, and in so doing address climate change. (2x1=2)

(15)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 28
2.3 Refer to FIGURE 2.3 showing the carbon emissions from the top 17 countries for 2018.

2.3.1 Name the country that.

(a) has the least amount of carbon emissions

(b) has the most carbon emissions.(2x1=2)

2.3.2 Give South Africa’s carbon emission for 2018.(1x2=2)

2.3.3 Name the main source of carbon emissions for all 17 countries.(1x2=2)

2.3.4 China and India have a combined contribute of 84% to the global carbon emissions for 2018.

(a) Name the climate protocol that hopes to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions such as
carbon dioxide.(1x2=2)

(b) Using the above table, account for the refusal of the U.S.A. to sign this protocol. (3x2=6)

2.3.5 Refer to FIGURE 2.3.5 showing the Eskom power stations in South Africa.

(a) Give the importance of these power stations for South Africa.(1x2=2)

(b) State why, in a paragraph of eight lines, South Africa continues to operate these power
stations knowing the climate changes associated with their carbon emissions.(4x2=8)

(c) Discuss THREE consequences of the continued carbon emissions and its resultant

climate change on South Africa.(3x2=6)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 29
1.4 Study FIGURE 1.4 representing greenhouse gas emission.

1.4.1 Define the term greenhouse effect. (1x1) (1)

1.4.2 Define the term climate change. (1x1) (1)

1.4.3 The gases responsible for the greenhouse effects are called
greenhouse gases. Name THREE main examples of these gases.
(3x1) (3)

1.4.4 From figure 1.4 which country contributed most to global warming? (1x2) (2)

1.4.5 Which two countries have the highest per capita emissions? (2x1) (2)

1.4.6 List any three consequences of the greenhouse effect. (3x2) (6)

[15]

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Activity 30

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 31

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 32

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Moisture in the atmosphere

Activity 33
1.1 Match the description in COLUMN A with the terms in COLUMN B:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.1.1 Change of state from a liquid to a gas. A Thermometer

1.1.2 Climate experienced at coastal regions. B Inversion

1.1.3 Instrument with which temperature is C Maritime

measured.
1.1.4 Incoming solar radiation. D Insolation

1.1.5 Process where temperature increases E Evaporation

with an increase altitude.

Activity 34
2.4 Study the following figure and answer the questions that follow.

2.4.1 What does a cloud consist of? (1x2)=2

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.4.2 Name the clouds numbered 1-5. (5x1)=5

2.4.3 Describe THREE of the cloud types in question 2.4.2. (3×2)=6

2.4.4 What is the condensation level? (1x2)=2

2.4.5 Describe the favouring factors for the formation of cloud 8. (3×1)=3

[18]

Activity 35

1.3. Study FIGURE 1.3 which shows the DEVELOPMENT OF RAINFALL and answer
the following questions.
FIGURE 1.3

1.3.1. Explain what happens to the air as it is forced to rise. (1x2)(2)

1.3.2. Name the level labelled as A and explain what happens at this level.
(3x2)(6)
1.3.3. Label B and Cin FIGURE 1.4as either the windward or the leeward side of the
mountain. (2x2)(4)
1.3.4. Identify the type of precipitation shown in FIGURE 1.4. (1x2)(2)
[14]

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 36
2.1. Study FIGURE 2.2t hat shows MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE and answer the
questions.
FIGURE 2.2: MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE

2.1.1. What is relative humidity? (1x2)(2)

2.1.2. Briefly explain why the relative humidity increases as the air temperature
decreases. (3x2)(6)
2.1.3. The air at 10˚C is saturated air.
(a) Explain the term ‘saturated air’. (1x2)(2)
(b) Briefly explain what will happen to this saturated air when it reaches
dew point temperature. (2x2)(4)
[14]
Activity 37
1.3 Study Figure 1.3 in the annexure. Provide the name of the cloud associated with
the descriptions below. Only write the question number and the cloud name as
your answer.

1.3.1 A cloud with great vertical height, as illustrated by A in Figure 1.3.

1.3.2 A cloud found at 6000m or higher formed of wispy ice crystals.
1.3.3 A thick black layer of clouds found very close to the earth. It brings storms and
heavy rains.
1.3.4 Rolls of grey cloud with blue sky in between, usually found at about 2km above
the Earth’s surface.
1.3.5 A cotton wool like cloud, associated with fine weather. It is illustrated by C in
Figure 1.3.
(5x1)(5)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 38
1.6 Study Figure 1.6 in the annexure. Write an 8-10 line paragraph in which you
assess how altitude affects the temperature on Earth. In your assessment, you
should mention the following:
- Environmental lapse rate
- Positive and negative lapse rates
- Thinner and denser air
- Temperature inversions (4x2)(8)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 39
1.8 Study the three diagrams labelled Figure 1.8 in the annexure before answering
the following questions.
1.8.1 Name the three types of rain illustrated by A, B and C respectively. (3x1)(3)
1.8.2 Give a South African example of a place where rainfall type B often occurs.
(1x1)(1)
1.8.3 In bullet points, describe the method through which rain forms. (4x1)(4)
1.8.4 What is the role of condensation nuclei in the formation of rain? (1x2)(2)
FIGURE 1.8

Activity 40
2.2 Match the type of precipitation in Column A with the description in Column B.
Only write the question number and correct answer on your answer sheet (e.g.
2.2.6 G). (5x1)(5)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.2.1 Dew A. Falling liquid water
2.2.2 Frost B. Forms inside cumulonimbus clouds
2.2.3 Hail C. Freezes the sap inside a plant
2.2.4 Rain D. Minute ice crystals that join together
2.2.5 Snow E. Occurs mainly in winter at the bottom of a valley
F. Temperature of dew point is above freezing level

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 41
1.3. Use figure 1.3: Convectional Rain, - to answer the following questions.

Figure 1.3: Convectional rain

1.3.1.Convectional rain occurs over Gauteng during the summer months. Explain how
convectional rain forms. (3 x 2 = 6)
1.3.2. Another type of precipitation develop from the same clouds as convectional rain
Will it be hail or snow that is likely to develop? (1 x 2 = 2)
1.3.3.Cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds form. What is the essential difference
between cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds? (1 x 2 = 2)
1.3.4.Convectional rain is associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain and lightning.
Write a paragraph to describe the damage that can be caused by this. (5 x 2 = 10)
[20]

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 42 (Informal Test 3)

1.2. Climate terminology on moisture in the atmosphere.
Match the information in column B with the appropriate information in column A.
Write you answer as follows on your answer sheet. 1.1.10. J (1 x 8 = 8)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.1.1. Dew point temperature A Large grey low clouds stretching from horizon
to horizon
1.1.2. Absolute humidity B The base of a cloud where water drops start to
form
1.1.3. Relative humidity C Large vertically developed clouds that lead to
heavy rain and possibly hail
1.1.4. Saturated air masses D The specific temperature where condensation
takes place
1.1.5. Cirrus clouds E The amount of moisture in the atmosphere
1.1.6. Cumulonimbus clouds F The amount of moisture an air mass holds at a
specific temperature given as a percentage of
what it can hold
1.1.7. Stratus clouds G The humidity is 100%
1.1.8. Condensation level H Fine white wispy high clouds consisting of ice
crystals

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 43
1.3. Use the sketch below to answer the questions on moisture in the atmosphere.
[16]

1.3.1. Identify the process illustrated by the sketch above. (1 x 1 = 1)

1.3.2. Define the term evaporation. (1 x 2 = 2)
1.3.3. Explain the importance of evaporation for the formation of clouds. (1 x 2 = 2)
1.3.4. The precipitation in this sketch is caused when moist air is forced up against a
mountain range. Identify this type of rain. (1 x 1 = 1)
1.3.5. The type of rain mentioned in 1.4.4 often leads to the formation of a rain shadow.
Explain what a rain shadow is. (1 x 2 = 2)
1.3.6. Precipitation is the life blood of life on land. It provides the necessary water for
all land living organism to survive. In no more than 8 lines write a paragraph
explaining how rain forms. (4 x 2 = 8)
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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 44
4.3. Study the diagram below, illustrating relief rain in the Drakensberg, and answer
the questions that follow:

4.3.1 Identify the windward sideand the leeward sideof the slope by matching the
correct term to the labels A and B on the sketch. 2x1 = 2

4.3.2. Explain what a rain shadow is. 1x2=2

4.3.3. The rain that occurs here is called relief or orographic rain. Explain how this rain
develops. 3 x 2 = 6 [10]

Activity 45
2.1 Match the process in COLUMN A to the correct definition in COLUMN B. Write on the
number and correct letter of the answer down. E.g. 2.1.5 C 4 x 1 (4)

2.1.1 Condensation A. Change form a liquid to a solid due to cooling

2.1.2 Evaporation B. Change form a gas to a liquid due to cooling

2.1.3 Freezing C. Change from a gas to a solid due to cooling

2.1.4 Thawing / Smelting D. Change form a liquid to an gas due to heating

E. Change form a solid to liquid due to heating.

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 46
1.3 Refer to the weather map in FIGURE 1.3 and then answer the questions.

(b) Using a labelled diagram explain the type of rainfall associated with this passing cold
front.

Ensure you label:

- front

- air masses

- air movements

- cloud type and position

- rainfall area (8x1=8)

(c) State the forcing mechanism or trigger action of the rain associated with this

cold front. (2x1=2)

(d) Name one other form of precipitation usually associated with cold fronts

as they cross South Africa. (1x2=2)

(12)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 47

2.4 Refer to FIGURE 2.4 illustrating different types of clouds.

2.4.1 Identify the clouds labeled A, B and D from the figure. (3x1) (3)

2.4.2 Name the type of cloud that contains ice. (1x1) (1)

2.4.3 In which family of clouds does cumulus clouds fall? (1x1) (1)

2.4.4 State one weather condition associated with the cloud type labeled
A.
(1x2) (2)

2.4.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines, discuss the processes

that lead to the formation of clouds.
(4x2) (8)

[15]

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Activity 48
1.4 Refer to FIGURE 1.4 A and B illustrating types of rainfall.

1.4.1 Which type of rain is represented by FIGURE 1.4 A? (1x1) (1)

1.4.2 Provide the name of the border that is formed between warm and cold (1x1) (1)
air.

1.4.3 In which PROVINCE and during which SEASON will this type of rain (2x1) (2)
occur (FIGURE 1.4 A)?

1.4.4 Referring to FIGURE 1.4 A ;

(a) Will the clouds form at X or Y ? (1x1) (1)

(b) Give a reason for your answer in Question 1.4.4.(a) by (1x2) (2)
providing ONE evidence.

1.4.5 Name the process that takes place A, slopes B, C and the resultant (4x1) (4)
wind D in FIGURE 1.4 B.

1.4.6 Which type of rain will occur at FIGURE 1.4 B? (1x1) (1)

1.4.7 Name TWO NEGATTIVE AND ONE POSITIVE IMPACT of this type of
rainfall in FIGURE 1.4 A. (3x1) (3)

[15]
Figure 1.4 A

Cold air
Warm air

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Figure 1.4 B

Synoptic Weather Map

Activity 49
1.4 Refer to Figure 1.4,the Synoptic weather chart, below and answer the
following questions. The date is 6 June 2013.

2013-06-06

Cape Town

20

12

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

1.4.1 What are the lines joining places of equal pressure on the synoptic weather map
called? (1x2)(2)

1.4.2 What is the isobaric interval on this synoptic chart? (1x2)(2)

1.4.3Give the season indicated on the synoptic weather chart?

(Winter or summer) (1x2)(2)

1.4.4 Identify2 reasons from the map why you chose this season.(2x2)(4)

1.4.5 A is a coastal low which forms at the coast.

Predict whether a land breeze or a sea breeze will blow on this
particular day at 14:00 when this synoptic map was drawn.(1x2)(2)

1.4.6 Name the weather system which the cold front B is a part of.
(Tropical cyclone or Mid Latitude cyclone) (1x2)(2)

1.4.7State the name of the High pressure cell at C. (1x2)(2)

1.4.8Refer to the station model at Cape Town on the synoptic weather map.
Describe the weather conditions as they appear in Cape Town by using the following
headings.
 Air Temperature:
 Dew point temperature:
 Wind direction:
 Wind speed:
Cloud cover:(5x2)(10)

1.4.9Cape Town usually experiences rainfall in winter due to the cold front.Draw a fully-labelled
diagram to illustrateFrontal rain that is usually experienced in Cape Town in winter.
(Remember you can only get marks for labels) (4)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 50
2.5 Refer to the synoptic weather map and answer the questions that follow.
oughough

G Eiland
Marion
Kaapstad Eiland

Complete the information for Marion Island.

Marion Island

2.5.1 Airtemperature

2.5.2 Dew point temperature

2.5.3 Cloud cover

2.5.4 Wind direction

2.5.5 Windspeed

2.5.6 Precipitation

(6x1)=6

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 51
2.4 Refer to the synoptic weather map on the following pageand answer the questions:

2.4.1 What do we call a line which joins places of equal atmospheric pressure? (1X1)
2.4.2 What is the isobaric interval on this map? (1X1)
2.4.3 Determine whether the pressure cell at A is a high pressure or low pressure cell. (1X1)
2.4.4 Explain your answer to QUESTION 2.2.3 (1X2)
2.4.5 Identify the front at X on the synoptic weather map. (1X2)
2.4.6 What type of rainfall will Cape Town experience when Front X moves over it? (1X2)
2.4.7 In a paragraph explain the formation of the rain you identified in QUESTION 2.4.6. (3X2)
[15]

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 52
2.2. Examine SYNOPTIC MAP FIGURE 2.4 to answer the following questions.

2.2.1. (a) Label the High pressure cells A, B and Con the synoptic map. (3x1)(3)
(b) Label the feature found at D. (1x1)(1)
2.2.2. Explain what an isobaris. (1x1)(1)
2.2.3. What is the isobaric interval on all synoptic maps?(1x1)(1)
2.2.4. Draw a station model for Pretoria showing the following conditions:
 Clear skies
 Air temperature of 18˚C
 Dew point temperature 2˚C
 North-westerly wind
 Fog (5x1)(5)
2.2.5. (a) Which season does this synoptic map represent? (1x1)(1)

(b) Give ONE reasons for your answer in QUESTION 2.4.5 (a). (1x2)(2)
[14]

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 53
2.7 Study the Synoptic Weather Map (Figure 2.7) in the annexure and answer the
following questions.

D
C
A

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.7.1 Describe the wind conditions being experienced at Marion Island (encircled on
the synoptic weather map). (2x1)(2)
2.7.2 Determine the atmospheric pressure being experienced at A. (1x2)(2)
2.7.3 Provide the name of the lines on the map that illustrate areas of equal pressure.
(1x1)(1)
2.7.4 Provide the name for the high pressure cell labelled B. (1x1)(1)
2.7.5 Name the types of fronts labelled C and D respectively. (2x1)(2)
2.7.6 Describe the difference in temperature conditions between front C and front D.
You may make use of an annotated diagram to illustrate your answer.
(2x1)(2)
Activity 54 (Informal Test 4)
2.3. Use the synoptic weather map clip to answer the question below. The synoptic
weather map is only an extract form a South African weather map which illustrates the weather
for Marion Island. [14]

D C

2.3.1. What was the time in South Africa when this weather information was observed?
(1 x 1 = 1)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.3.2. Identify the lines labelled A, B, C and D. (1 x 4 = 4)

2.3.3. What season does this map illustrate? (1 x 1 = 1)

2.3.4. Motivate your answer in 2.3.3 with evidence form the map. (1 x 2 = 2)

2.3.5. Describe the weather at Marion Island by completing the information in the table
below. Only write the appropriate number and answer on your answer sheet, e.g. 2.3.7
Thunderstorms (1 x 6 = 6)

Temperature 2.3.5. a Dew point temperature 2.3.5. b

Wind speed 2.3.5. c Wind direction 2.3.5. d
Weather 2.3.5 e Air pressure 2.3.5. f

Activity 55

1.8 Draw station model to illustrate the weather for Pretoria on a synoptic weather map by
using the information below.

Temperature 26˚C
Cloud cover: 50% (4/8)
Wind direction: Southwest
Wind speed: 15 knots

Dew point temperature: 12˚C 5x1 (5)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

Activity 56

Refer to the figure below showing typical synoptic conditions over South Africa in
October and then answer the questions.

2.1 Namethe pressure cells labelled H1 and L2 (2x1) (2)

2.2 Refer to pressure cell labelled L3.

2.2.1 Name the two fronts associated with this pressure cell. (2x1) (2)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

2.2.2 Name thetype of rainfall associated with this pressure cell. (1x2) (2)

2.2.3 Below is cross-section of the type of rainfall associated with this low
pressure.

(a) Give the temperature characteristics of the air mass at A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

(b) Explain how the trigger mechanism for this type of rainfall is formed by
the two air masses labelled a and B. (2x2) (4)

(c) Name and describethe type of cloud found at C that is associated with this
type of rainfall. (2x1) (2)

2.3 Refer to the weather station at Upington (highlighted with a circle) and redrawn
below.

2.3.1 Give the temperature being experienced in Upington. (1x1) (1)

2.3.2 State the dew point temperature for Upington. (1x1) (1)

2.3.3 Explain why the weather station model proves that the relative humidity (2x1) (2)

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GR10 LEARNER ACTIVITIES TERM 1

for Upington was 6%.

2.3.4 Predict the likelihood of precipitation for Upington using the weather
station model. (2x2) (4)

2.4 Locate the line labelled 5.

2.4.1 Name the pressure line labelled 5. (1x2) (2)

2.4.2 Givethe pressure reading of line5. (1x2) (2)

2.4.3 Namethe weather instrument used to measure air pressure. (1x2) (2)

2.5 Prove using TWO pieces of synoptic chart evidence that the above weather map
shows typical summer conditions over South Africa. (2x1) (2)
(30)

Activity 57
2.1 Refer to FIGURE 2.1 showing a weather station model.

2.1.1 Give the air temperature for this weather station.

2.1.2 Give the time that this weather station records the weather each day.

2.1.3 Name the wind direction at this weather station.

2.1.4 Suggest why the relative humidity at this weather station is very low.

2.1.5 Give the cloud cover for this weather station.

2.1.6 Give a reason why people living in the area of this weather station should avoid outside
activities.

2.1.7 Give the wind speed at this weather station.

2.1.8 Suggest why farmers in the area were cautioned against runaway fires. (8x1=8)

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