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PROVINCE OF KWAZULU-NATAL
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES

STEP AHEAD PROGRAM

Teachers Guide

January 2021
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com

CONTENTS

No Topic Page
1. Nucleic Acids 1

2. Meiosis 12

3. Reproductive Strategies 24

4. Human Reproduction 27

5. Genetics 49

6. Nervous Co-ordination 72

7. Endocrine System 87

8. Homeostasis 93

9. Plant Hormones 97

10. Evolution 105

 Nucleic Acids
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Question 1
QP: FEB/MARCH 2018; P2; Q1.4

1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

Question 2
QP: NOV 2011,P1,Version 1,Q4.1

2.1

2.2

2.3

1
Question 3
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QP: FEB/MARCH 2015, P2,Q1.4

3.1

3.2

3.3

Question 4
QP: FEB/MARCH 2016,P2,Q3.1

4.1

4.2

2
Question 5
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QP: MAY/JUNE 2016,P2, Q4

3
Question 6
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QP: NOV 2011, Version 1(FT),Q4.2

6.1

6.2

Question 7
QP: FEB/MARCH 2010,P1,Q2.3

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

4
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Question 8 from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: JUNE/JULY 2015, P2, Q2.4

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

5
Life Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2018
NSC – Marking Guidelines
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Question
SECTION
9
C from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: NOV 2018,P2, Q4
QUESTION 4
Structure (S)
- RNA is single strandedü
- and is made up of nucleotidesüwhich comprise:
- riboseü sugar
- phosphateügroup
- nitrogenous basesü which are
- adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosineü/ (A, U, G and C)
- The phosphate group is attached to the ribose sugarü
- and the nitrogenous base is attached to the ribose sugarü
- Bases on RNA are arranged in tripletsü
- as codons on mRNAü
- and anticodons on tRNAü
- tRNA has a clover-leafü/hairpin structure
- tRNA has a place of attachment for an amino acidü Any (9)
Involvement in protein synthesis (P)
- mRNAü forms
- during transcriptionü/by copying the coded message from DNA
- and moves out of the nucleusü
- and attaches to the ribosomeü
- During translationü
- the anticodon matches the codonü
- tRNAü
- brings the required amino acidü to the ribosome
- Amino acids become attached by peptide bondsü
- to form the required proteinü Any (8)

Content: (17)
Synthesis: (3)
(20)

ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY

Criterion Relevance (R) Logical sequence (L) Comprehensive (C)
Generally All information provided is Ideas are arranged in a All aspects required by the
relevant to the question logical/cause-effect sequence essay have been sufficiently
addressed
In this Only information relevant All the information regarding At least:
essay in to the: the - 6/9 correct points for the
Q4 - structure of RNA and - structure of RNA and structure of RNA (S)
- involvement of the - the involvement of the - 5/8 for the involvement in
different types of RNA different types of RNA in protein synthesis (P)
in protein synthesis protein synthesis
is given is given in a logical manner
There is no irrelevant
information
Mark 1 1 1

TOTAL SECTION C: 20
GRAND TOTAL: 150

Copyright reserved

6
Question:10
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QP: NOV 2010,P1, Q1.5

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

Question 11
QP: NOV. 2008,P1,Q2.1

11.1

11.2

11.3

(8)

7
Question 12
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QP: FEB/MARCH 2016,P2,Q2.3

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

8
Question 13
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QP: NOV 2017,P2,Q 2.1

13.1
13.2

13.3

13.4

13.5

Question 14
QP: JUNE/JULY 2015,P2,Q2.3

14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

9
Question 15
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QP: NOV 2016,P2,Q2.5

15.1

15.2

15.3

15.4

15.5

Question 16
QP: MAY/JUNE 2017,P2,Q2.3

16.1

16.2

16.3

10
Question 17
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QP: NOV 2015,P2,Q4

11
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MEIOSIS
Question 1
QP: P1 FEB – MAR 2018 Q 3.3.

12
 Downloaded from
Question 2
QP: P2 May-Jun 2017 Q 3.1
Stanmorephysics.com
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

13
 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
Question 3
QP: P2 NOV 2016 Q : 2.2
3.1

3.2

3.3.

Question 4
QP: P1 Nov 2016 Q 1.4
4.1

4.2

4.3

14
 Downloaded from
Question 5
QP:P2 May-June 2018 Q 1.6
Stanmorephysics.com

5.1

5.2

5.3

Question 6
QP: P1 NOV 2017 Q 2.3
6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

15
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Question 7
QP: P2 FEB – MAR 2017 Q 1.5

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

Question 8
QP: P2 FEB-MAR 2018 Q 2.1

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

16
8.6
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Question 9
QP: P1 NOV 2012 Vers 1 Q 2.1
9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

17
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Question 10
QP: P2 NOV 2015 Q 2.3

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

18
 Downloaded from
Question 11
QP: P2 NOV 2018 Q 2.1
Stanmorephysics.com

11.1

11.2

11.3

19
 Downloaded from
Question 12
QP: P2 FEB-MAR 2015 3.1
Stanmorephysics.com
12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

20
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Question 13
QP: P2 NOV 2017 Q 4

21
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DIVERSITY IN REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN VERTEBRATES

Question 1
1.1 External fertilisation

1.2 Precocial

1.3 Amniotic

1.4 Altricial

1.5 Ovovivipary

5X1=5

Question 2
QP: May/June 2018 P.1 Q.4

2.1 A Only

2.2 B Only

2.3 B Only

2.4 A only

2.5 B Only

2.6 Both A and B

2.7 A Only
7X2= 14
-

24
 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
Question 3

3.1 (a) Fertilisation of egg by a specific male is enhanced.or more efficient. (1)

(b) Fertilised egg is protected from dehydration .OR

Protected from predation as it develops inside the father’s pouch (1)

3.2 External (1)

3.3 Fertilisation occurs inside the pouch that is outside the sea horse’s body . (1)
(4)

Question 4
QP: May/June 2017 P.1 Q. 2.1

4.1

4.2

4.3

25
 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
Question 5
QP: Feb/March 2018 Q. 1.5

5.1

5.2

Question 6

6.1 E- Shell (1)

6.2 Protect the egg from dehydration and physcal damage (1)

6.3 (a) Amnion (1)

(b) Chorion (1)
(c) Allantois (1)
(5)

Question 7
QP: May/June 2018 P.1 Q.4

7.1 Gaseous exchange in amniotic eggs

- Gases move by diffusion
- into and out of the egg
- through the porous shell /allantois/chorion

Nourishment of the embryo in amniotic eggs

- The egg contains yolk /albumin
- which provide nutrients to the embryo
Max (4)

26
 NSC – Memorandum

SECTION B HUMAN REPRODUCTION

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Question
QUESTION 2 1
QP: Nov 2009; P1; Q2.1
2.1 1.1
2.1.1 A - prostate gland
B - vas deferens / sperm duct
E - urethra
G - nucleus
Life Sciences/P2 (Version 1) (Full-time) 4 DBE/November 2012(4)
NSC – Memorandum
2.1.2
1.2 C - Stores sperms temporarily /sperms mature here
SECTION A (Mark first ONE only)
QUESTION 1
F - Contain enzymes to break down the cell membrane of the egg
cell
1.1 1.1.1 B
1.1.2 (Mark D first ONE only) (2)
1.1.3 D
1.3
2.1.31.1.4 D testis
B /seminiferous tubules (2)
1.1.5 C o
2.1.4
1.4 1.1.6 To keepA the testes at a temperature that is (about 3 C) lower than
1.1.7 bodyBtemperature
/C
1.1.8 A lower
B temperature is necessary for the production of healthy
1.1.9 sperm C /so that healthy sperms can survive (2)
1.1.10 No correct answer (9 x 2) (18)
2.1.5
1.5 (a) Interstitial cells /Cells of Leydig (1)
1.2 1.2.1 (b) Fruit
Testosterone (1)
1.2.2 Altricial development
1.6 1.2.3 (a) Pioneer
2.1.6 Severing of the vas deferens
1.2.4 Ecological footprint
Will not allow sperms to pass to urethra and into the female
1.2.5 Dendrites
and hence no fertilisation results any (2)
1.2.6 Negative feedback
1.2.7 (b) Diabetes
Yes mellitus (7)
(1)
1.3 1.3.1 (c) BHIonly
virus is carried in body fluids / seminal fluids/saliva/blood
1.3.2 BCan
onlyinfect a person through open wounds /blood transfusion/
1.3.3 None
sexual intercourse
1.3.4 Both A and vasectomy
Therefore B does not stop the transmission of HIV (2)
1.3.5 B only (17)
1.3.6 A only
Question
1.3.7 2 None (7 x 2) (14)
2.2 2.2.1
QP: Nov 2012Accept day 14 or day 15
P2 1.4 (1)
1.4 2.1 1.4.1 (a) F testis /seminiferous tubules (2)
2.2.2 Days(b) 0C- 7 urethra (1)
(2)
(c) D epididymis (2)
2.2.3 - Causes the follicle to burst open /stimulates ovulation
2.2 1.4.2 - Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum
testosterone (1)
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
2.3 1.4.3 (a) F (1)
2.2.4 - LH levels remain low up to day 12/13
- Then
(b) B it increases sharply up to day 14 (1)
- After which it decreases and remains low (3)
(9)

TOTAL SECTION A: 48
Copyright reserved Please turn over
Use the following guide to convert the mark out
27 of 48 to a mark out of 50:

Mark Range Action Required

ECTION B
2
UESTION 1.2.1 2 Eustachian tube!
Question
1.2.2 3
Carbon footprint!
1.2.3 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: Feb 2015 P1 2.1
Thermal!pollution
1 2.1.1
3.1 (a) Epididymis! (1)
1.2.4 Aqueous humour!
(b) Testis! (1)
1.2.5 Oestrogen!
(c) Vas deferens!/sperm duct (1)
1.2.6 Luteinising hormone!/LH
1.2.7
2.1.2
3.2 Cristae!
Stores sperm cells! (1)
1.2.8 TSH!/Thyroid-stimulating
(Mark first ONE only) hormone
1.2.9 Internal! fertilisation
1.2.10
2.1.3
3.3 Accommodation!
Sperm cells will not pass to urethra! (10 x 1) (10)
to fertilise the egg!
3e Sciences/P1
1.3.1 B
andonly!!
hence he will not be able 5 to have children! DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018 (3)
1.3.2 B only!! NSC – Marking Guidelines
1.3.3
2.1.4
3.4 A
Theonly!!
HI virus may still be passed on!during sexual intercourse
ECTION B
1.3.4 B only!!
through the secretions of the accessory glands! (2)
1.3.5 None !! (9)
UESTION1.3.6 2 A only!! (6 x 2) (12)
Question 4
21 -2.1.1
Sound
QP: Febwaves
2015 are1.4
P1 directed by
(a) FSHP/Follicle the pinna!
stimulating hormone (1)
4 - through
1.4.1
4.1 the auditory canal!
Spermatogenesis! (1)
- to the tympanic membrane!/
(b) OvulationP eardrum (1)
- causing
1.4.2
4.2 itTestis!
to vibrate! (1)
-2.1.2
The vibrations of the tympanic
- It causes membrane are transferred to the ossicles! in
the endometriumP
the
1.4.3
4.3 middle (a)ear
- To 23! become thickerP/more glandular/more vascular (1)
(2)
- which eventually
(b) 23! causes the oval window to vibrate! (1)
-2.1.3
This sets (a)up pressure waves in the perilymph!
- Pressure
1.4.4
4.4 -waves
- Theare
Crossing thenoftransferred
over!
levels progesterone to the endolymph! in the cochlea
dropP
- This stimulates
- Random the Organ
- therefore FSHofsecretion
assortment Corti!
of chromosomes!
is no longer inhibitedP/FSH(any order)
secretion
- in the cochlea!
(Mark is first
resumedTWO only) (2)
- to convert this stimulus into a nerve impulse!
- and a new follicle starts to developP (3)
- *which
4.5
1.4.5 is2! then transported along the auditory nerve! (1)
- *to the cerebrum!
(b)
- *where
4.6
1.4.6 the -sound
Sperm is interpreted!
Thecells!/spermatozoa/male
levels of progesterone dropP gametes (1)
Any
- therefore the endometrium is no longer maintained P 4+3* (compulsory (7)
(8)
marks) - and menstruation takes placeP (3)
Question 5 TOTAL SECTION A: 50
(10)
QP: Feb 2018 P1 2.2
pyright reserved
2 2.2.1 OogenesisP Please turn over (1)
5.1

5.2
2.2.2 - At the end of the process in DIAGRAM I/oogenesis, oneP
gamete/ovum forms/three cells degenerate
- At the end of the process in Diagram II/spermatogenesis fourP
gametes/sperm form/none of the cells degenerate (2)

2.2.3
5.3 TestesP/seminiferous tubules (1)

2.2.4 (a) 23P (1)

(b) 23P (1)

2.2.5 - Crossing overP

pyright reserved Please turn over
- Random arrangementP of chromosomes (2)
(MARK FIRST TWO ANSWERS 28 ONLY)

2.2.6 - This will result in multiple birthsP/There will be increased

 2.2.3 TestesP/seminiferous tubules (1)
UESTION 2
5.4
2.2.4 (a) 23P (1)
1 2.1.1 Rapid!, automatic response! to a stimulus (2)
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
(b) 23P (1)
2.1.2 A – Sensory neuron!/Afferent neuron
2.2.5 B
- – Crossing
Interneuron!/connector
overP neuron/association neuron/relay
5.5
neuron
- Random arrangementP of chromosomes (2)
C – Motor
(MARK neuron!/Efferent
FIRST TWO ANSWERS neuron
ONLY) (3)

2.1.3
5.6
2.2.6 (a) C! will result in multiple birthsP/There will be increased
- This (1)
chances of fertilisation
(b) A! (1)
- which will lead to an increase in human populationP (2)
(10)
2.1.4 Protects the human body against further damage! (1)
Question 6 (8)
3 2.3.1
QP: June(a)
2015 A
P1-2.2
Refraction of lightP
2 6.1
2.2.1 - Focus light rays on the retinaP
Spermatogenesis! (Any 1) (1)
(1)
(MARK FIRST ANSWER ONLY)
2.2.2
6.2 - Higher temperature will denature the enzymes!
-(b)
and C - Converts
damage light stimuli to impulsesP
cell membranes! (2)
- Forms imagesP (Any 1) (1)
2.2.3
6.3 - An increase inANSWER
(MARK FIRST exercise!ONLY)
opyright reserved increases sperm count! Please turn over (2)

2.2.4
6.4 - Increase the number of participants!/sample size
- Repeat the investigation! (Any 1) (1)
(MARK FIRST ONE ONLY)

6.5
2.2.5 Sperm cell!
Acrosome
Head
Nucleus

Mid-piece/Neck Mitochondrion

Tail

Mark allocation:
Heading!
Any 2 correct labels !!
Correct drawing! (Must have head, mid-piece and a tail in
appropriate proportions) (4)
(10)
opyright reserved Please turn over

29
ECTION1.1.6
B C
1.1.7 C
1.1.8
Question
UESTION 2 A7
1.1.9 Downloaded from
QP: JuneB2016 P1 2.1
7.1
Stanmorephysics.com
1 2.1.1
1.1.10 (a)
D NucleusP (10 x 2) (1)
(20)

2 1.2.1 Pioneer
(b) TailP community/pioneers (1)
1.2.2 Altricial development
2.1.2
1.2.3
7.2 -Metamorphosis
C/ middle piece contains mitochondriaP
1.2.4 that provides energy for movementP
Ecosystem
1.2.5 Resource partitioning
7.3
1.2.6 -Mutualism
Has a tailP
1.2.7 for swimmingP
Carrying capacity Any (1 x 2) (2)
1.2.8 (Mark first ONE only)
Geotropism (8)

3 2.1.3
1.3.1 -B only
No acrosomeP will be present in the sperm cell
1.3.2 - therefore no enzymes presentP
A only
1.3.3 -NoneSperm cell will be unable to penetrate the ovumP
1.3.4 -B only
therefore no fertilisation will occurP Any (3)
1.3.5 Both A & B (7)
1.3.6 Both A & B
2 -1.3.7
Pinna traps
Question the sound wavesP
B8 only (7 x 2) (14)
- QP:
andFeb
directs it into
2013 P2 1.4 the ear canalP/meatus
4 - This
8.1
1.4.1 causes
C –the tympanic membrane to vibrateP
Endometrium (2)
- The vibration is transmitted to the auditory ossiclesP
-1.4.2
The ossicles
8.2 D – amplify
Vagina the vibrationP (2)
- and transmit it to the oval windowP
-1.4.3
The oval
8.3 A window vibratesP
– Fallopian tube (2)
- creating pressure wavesP
e Sciences/P1
-1.4.4
in the endolymphP
8.4 B – Ovary 7 DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 (2)
NSC – Memorandum
- which stimulates the Organ of CortiP Any (6)
(8)

3 2.3.1 IrisP/radial and circular muscles TOTAL SECTION A: (1)

50
UESTIONQuestion
3 9
QP: Feb 2011 P1 3.1
1 2.3.2
3.1.1
9.1 (20
A – –Fallopian
30)Ps tube (1)
B – Ovary
2.3.3 -C –Radial
Vaginamuscles contractP
- Circular muscles relaxP (3)
9.2
3.1.2 -- Pupil increases in diameterP
Encloses and protects the developing embryo/foetus (3)
- Forms part of the placenta
2.3.4 - Which provides for the nutrition / gaseous exchange/
excretion of the embryo iris
pyright reserved - Allows for implantation /attachment of the embryo Please turn over
- Contracts during labour for child birth pupil (3)
(Mark first THREE only)
9.3
3.1.3 (a) The sperms will be prevented from reaching the ovum /
cornea
prevents the ovum from travelling along the Fallopian
tube (1)
(b) The
Correct egg produced
drawing in the
of the front viewother
of anovary
eyeP can still be fertilised
in the other
Pupil = 6 mmP Fallopian tube (2)
Any 2 correct labelsPP (9)
(4)
2 3.2.1 Gossypol acts as a contraceptive in males (9)
pyright reserved OR Please turn over
30
Gossypol does not act as a contraceptive in males
OR
 1.3.6 None
1.3.7 Both A and B
1.3.8
QuestionB
10only (8 x 2) (16)
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: Feb 2014 P2 1.4
10.1
4 1.4.1 B Urethra (2)
1.4.2
10.2 E Fallopian tube /oviduct (2)
fe Sciences/P1 CAPS 5 DBE/November 2014
1.4.3
10.3 C Testis NSC – Memorandum
(2)
1.4.4
10.4 F Ovary (2)
ECTION B (8)
[50]
QUESTION 2
Question 11
QP: Nov 2014 P1 2.1 TOTAL SECTION A: 50
.1 2.1.1
11.1 A - Urethra
B - Vas deferens /sperm duct
F - Fallopian tube /oviduct (3)
2.1.2
11.2 (a) - Protects the sperm cell against the acidic environment of the
vagina
- Increases the motility of the sperm
- Provides nutrients
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)

(b) - Place for foetus to develop

- Maintain pregnancy
- Assist in childbirth
pyright reserved - Implantation of blastula Please turn over
- Protects the foetus /prevents infections(mucus plug forms by
cervix)
- Passage for sperm cells between vagina and fallopian tubes
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)

11.3
2.1.3 (a) D (1)
(b) G (1)

11.4
2.1.4 (a) Spermatogenesis (1)
(b) Oogenesis (1)

2.1.5
11.5 - Serves as a birth canal
- Allows for passage of blood/ endometrial lining/amniotic
fluid/placenta
- Facilitates sexual intercourse /receives semen
- Secretes acid which prevents infections
(Mark first TWO only) Any (2)

2.1.6
11.6 - To keep the testes at a temperature that is lower than body
temperature /optimum temperature for sperm production
- which is necessary for the production of healthy sperm /so that
healthy sperms can survive (2)
(13)
.2 2.2.1 FSH
OR
Oestrogen
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)
31
2.2.2 -The follicle develops during this
period stimulated by increased levels of FSH
ECTION B cell
(Mark first ONE only) (2)
UESTIONQuestion
2 12
2.1.3 Downloaded
QP: Feb 2018 P1 2.1
from Stanmorephysics.com
D testis /seminiferous tubules (2)
1 2.1.1
12.1 (a) FSHP/Follicle stimulating hormone (1)
2.1.4 To keep the testes at a temperature that is (about 3 oC) lower than
(b)
body OvulationP
temperature (1)
A lower temperature is necessary for the production of healthy
2.1.2
12.2 -
spermIt causes thehealthy
/so that endometriumP
sperms can survive (2)
- To become thickerP/more glandular/more vascular (2)
2.1.5 (a) Interstitial cells /Cells of Leydig (1)
12.3
2.1.3 (a) Testosterone
(b) (1)
- The levels of progesterone dropP
2.1.6 (a)- therefore
SeveringFSHof thesecretion is no longer inhibitedP/FSH secretion
vas deferens
is resumed
Will not allow sperms to pass to urethra and into the female
- and
andahence
new follicle starts to results
no fertilisation developP any (3)
(2)

(b) Yes (1)

- The levels of progesterone dropP
(c) - therefore
HI virus isthe endometrium
carried is no longer
in body fluids maintained
/ seminal P
fluids/saliva/blood
- and
Canmenstruation
infect a persontakes placeP
through open wounds /blood transfusion/ (3)
sexual intercourse (10)
Therefore vasectomy does not stop the transmission of HIV (2)
2 2.2.1 OogenesisP
Question 13 (1)
(17)
QP: Nov 2009 P1 2.2
2 2.2.2
2.2.1
13.1 - At the
Accept dayend14oforthe
dayprocess
15 in DIAGRAM I/oogenesis, oneP (1)
gamete/ovum forms/three cells degenerate
2.2.2
13.2 -Days
At the0end- 7 of the process in Diagram II/spermatogenesis fourP (1)
gametes/sperm form/none of the cells degenerate (2)
2.2.3
13.3 - Causes the follicle to burst open /stimulates ovulation
2.2.3 TestesP/seminiferous
- Stimulates the formation tubules
of the corpus luteum (1)
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
2.2.4 (a) 23P (1)
2.2.4
e Sciences/P1
13.4 - LH levels remain low up5 to day 12/13 DoE/November 2009
(b)
- Then 23P NSC – Memorandum
it increases sharply up to day 14 (1)
- After which it decreases and remains low (3)
2.2.5 - Crossing overP
2.2.5
13.5 -As Random
the oestrogen level increases
arrangementP of chromosomes (2)
the thickness of the endometrium
(MARK FIRST TWO ANSWERS ONLY) also increases (2)
pyright reserved Please turn over

2.2.6
2.2.6
13.6 -Maintain theresult
This will increase in the thickness
in multiple of thewill
birthsP/There endometrium
be increased
for chances
greater chance of implantation
of fertilisation (2)
- which will lead to an increase in human populationP (2)
2.2.7
13.7 No (1)
(10)

3 2.2.8
13.8
2.3.1 The progesterone
(a) A - Refractionlevel has dropped /not maintained/corpus
of lightP
luteum has started
- Focus to rays
light degenerate
on the retinaP (Any 1) (2)
(1)
(MARK FIRST ANSWER ONLY) (13)
[30]
(b) C - Converts light stimuli to impulsesP
- Forms imagesP (Any 1) (1)
(MARK FIRST ANSWER ONLY)
pyright reserved Please turn over
32
13.7.
e Sciences/P2 (Version 1) (Full-time) 6 DBE/November 2011
NSC – Memorandum
Question 14
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: Nov 2011 P2 2.3
3 14.1
2.3.1 Day 14 /15 (1)

14.2
2.3.2 Day 0–6 /day 0–7 (1)

14.3
2.3.3 Stimulates follicle /ovum development in the ovary/secretion of
oestrogen (1)

14.4
2.3.4 An increase in progesterone level inhibits the release of FSH
OR
FSH stimulates the development of the ovum and progesterone
prepares for implantation when this ovum is fertilised (2)

14.5
2.3.5 - Corpus luteum
- starts to secrete progesterone
- which thickens the lining of the uterus wall/endometrium
14.6. Any (2)
14.6
2.3.6 No (1)

14.7
2.3.7 - Corpus luteum has degenerated
Life Sciences/P1
- Progesterone level has decreased 4 DoE/Feb. – March 2010
NSC – Memorandum
- FSH level starts to rise
- LH level decreases
SECTION(Mark
B first TWO only) Any (2)
(10)
QUESTION 2
4 2.4.1
QuestionMoist
15 and dark conditions (2)
QP: Mar 2010 P1 2.1
2.1
2.4.2
15.1 - The other two dishes should have had dry paper put in
2.1.1 37 ºC (accept 36,9 to 37,1) (2)
so that all the four dishes had the same paper / to avoid
introducing
2.1.2 (37,1 – 36,2) a =new 0,9 variable
ºC (2)
15.2
- Test one variable at a time/light and moisture conditions
2.1.3 The separately
temperature torose
determine which environmental factor
15.3
The oestrogen level the
was preferred by woodlice
decreased
- Repeat
The the investigation
progesterone levels startstotoincrease
increasereliability (3)
-(Mark
Ensure sufficient
first THREEtime only) for the movement of the woodlice
- Use the same species /sex/age of woodlice as they might
behave
2.1.4 Starts
15.4 differently
secreting /this avoids
progesterone the introduction
to maintain of a new variable
the thickness
(Mark first ONE only)
of the endometrium/uterus lining /prepare the uterus lining (Any
for 1the
x 2) (2)
embryo (4)
(2)
[30]
(9)
2.2
2.2.1 A – Nuclear membrane
B – mRNA/RNA
D – DNA (3)

2.2.2 - Carrying hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring

- Controls the synthesis (manufacturing) of proteins /controls the
structure and functioning of cells 33
(Mark first ONE only) (1)
e Sciences/P2
3.1.5 (Version
- 1)KnowingP
(Full-time) 6
whether caffeine is taken or not DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012
NSC – Memorandum
- may subconsciously influence the performanceP of the
Question 16
participants.
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: Feb 2012 P2 2.3
OR
3 16.1
2.3.1 (a) Corpus luteum
- The participants may think they have more staminaP if they
(b) know
Placentathat they are taking caffeine and (2)
- this may influence their performanceP (2)
2.3.2
16.2 (a) Hypophysis /Pituitary gland
3.1.6 -(b) IfStimulates
too littlemammary glandsbetween
time passes to produce themilk
exercise tests, the (2)
participants may be tiredP
2.3.3
16.3 There
- which is no
willneed to maintain
influence endometrium
their stamina any longer
for the second cycle –test
allows
and (2)
the therefore
placenta removal as afterbirth
the validityP of the investigation
OR
2.3.4
16.4 Uterine wall will disintegrate
- The participants must be equally – miscarriage occurs
restedP for /implantation
both tests
would not occur
- to ensure the validityP of the investigation (2)
OR
16.5
2.3.5 -Brings
The about
cyclistcontractions of the inuterus
may perform better during test
the second labour/stimulates
because they
milkare
production
better warmed upP if the time between the tests is too (1)
short. (9)
- This may influence the validity of the investigationP ( Any 1 x 2) [30]
(2)
Question 17 (13)
QP: June 2017 P1 3.2
2 3.2.1
17.1 (a) OestrogenP (1)

(b) ProgesteroneP (1)

3.2.2
17.2 - It increasesP
- the thicknessP of the endometrium/the blood vessels in the
endometrium/the amount of glandular tissue in the
endometrium (2)
17.3
3.2.3 (a) Release of an ovumP from the ovaryP/Graafian follicle (2)

(b) Day 14P (1)

e Sciences/P1 9 DBE/2017
(c) LHP/Luteinizing hormone
SCE – Marking Guidelines
(1)

17.4
3.2.4 - High levels of hormone B/progesterone will inhibitP
pyright reserved Please turn over
- the secretion of FSHP
OR
- No new ova/mature folliclesP
- are required during pregnancyP (2)
3.2.5
17.5 - The progesteroneP
- levels decreasedP
- because the corpus luteum degeneratedP (3)
(13)
3 3.3.1 GeotropismP/gravitropism (1)

3.3.2 - AuxinsP
- accumulate at the lowerP part of the stem
- because of gravityP
- The higher concentration of 34
auxins at the lower part of the stem
stimulates cell elongationP/growth on the lower side of the stem
 temperature /optimum temperature for sperm production
- which is necessary for the production of healthy sperm /so that
healthy sperms can survive (2)
Question 18
(13)
Downloaded
QP: Nov 2014 P1 2.2
from Stanmorephysics.com
2 18.1
2.2.1 FSH
OR
Oestrogen
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)

2.2.2
18.2 -The follicle develops during this
period stimulated by increased levels of FSH
-The lining of the endometrium thickens during this
e Sciences/P1 CAPS period stimulated by increased
6 levels of oestrogen DBE/November 2014
NSC
(Mark first ONE only) – Memorandum Any(1 x 2) (2)

opyright 2.2.3
18.3
reserved - Corpus luteum has not disintegrated Please turn over
- it continues to secrete progesterone
- so the endometrial lining remains thickened (3)

2.2.4
18.4 - The zygote
- undergoes mitosis
- until a ball of cells is formed
- called a morula
- The morula continues to divide and forms a mass of cells with a
hollow cavity
- called a blastocyst
- the outer membrane of the blastocyst forms chorionic villi /
attachment villi
- which attaches it to the endometrium Any (5)

18.5
2.2.5 (a) For family planning / to know when they can get pregnant (1)

Sciences/P1
(b) LH /FSH/oestrogen 6 DBE/2018
- There is SCE
a rise in levels of LH/FSH/oestrogen
– Marking Guidelines
- around the time of ovulation (3)
ECTION B (15)
3UESTION
2.3.1
2
Question(a)
19A and B (1)
QP: J 2018 P1 2.1
1 2.1.1
19.1 (b)
- ACorpus
and C luteumP (1)
- PlacentaP (2)
2.3.2 -(Mark
To ensure
first that
TWOthe results are attributed to gravity
only)
- and not light / to eliminate the effect of light (2)
19.2
2.1.2 Progesterone levels are increasingP (1)
2.3.3 B – No growth will be observed
2.1.3
19.3 C- – Roots
High levels of progesteroneP
will grow horizontally /not change direction (2)
- inhibits/causes a decrease in the secretion of FSHP (2)
2.3.4 - Auxins will move to the lower side of the root /attracted by
2.1.4
19.4 gravity
To prevent the growth of a new follicleP/ovulation during the
-pregnancy
and a high concentration will inhibit growth on the lower side of (1)
the roots
2.1.5 -39,5
while–growth
21,6P = will occur faster on the upper side of the root
17,9
- causing the root to bend downwards Any (3)
!",$ (3)
×100P = 82,87P/82,9/83%
2.3.5 -%!,&
Used same type of plant /pea only
35
- Seedlings were the same age /germination period was 7 days
2.1.6 (a) - The endometrium/uterine lining/placenta will not be
- All groups were exposed to the same environment /light
maintainedP
 pregnancy (1)
19.5
2.1.5 39,5 – 21,6P = 17,9
Downloaded
!",$
from Stanmorephysics.com
×100P = 82,87P/82,9/83% (3)
%!,&

2.1.6
19.6 (a) - The endometrium/uterine lining/placenta will not be
maintainedP
- Menstruation will beginP/the placenta will detach/ she will
have a miscarriage (2)

(b) Give the woman progesterone supplementsP (1)

(12)

.2 2.2.1 MethaneP/CH4
Question 20
(1)
Life Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2013
QP: Nov 2013 P2 4.3 Essay
2.2.2 NSC – Memorandum
Used as a fuelP/cooking/heating/light/electricity
(Mark first ONE only) Any (1)
4.3 - The menstrual cycle is a series of events that occur in the female body to
2.2.3 prepare
- itReduce
for possible pregnancyP
pestsP/rats/flies
- Which- involves
Reduceovarian cycleP
bad smellsP/pollution
- and the - uterine cycleP
To promote decompositionP
- It takes an average
(Mark first ONE of only)
28 daysP Any (1)
- The pituitary glandP/hypophysis
- secretes
2.2.4 FSHP has reached ground level
It is fullP/It
which(Mark
stimulates the development
first ONE only) of a primary follicleP in the ovary (1)
- The developing follicleP/Graafian follicle
2.2.5
- secretes(a) oestrogenP
- Golf courseP
- Recreational
which stimulates parkP
the thickening of the lining of the uterusP/endometrium
- Car parkP
- Around day 13 pituitary glandP/hypophysis
- secretes LHP - ForestryP
- which cause (Mark first TWO
ovulation only)
to occurP Any (2)
- The remains of the Graafian follicle develops into the corpus luteumP
which(b) - ReuseP
secretes waste materials
the progesteroneP
- RecycleP
which continues wastethe
to stimulate materials
thickening of the uterusP
- High levels- of Reduce the amount of waste producedP
progesteroneP
- inhibits the-production
Manufacture more products that can be recycledP
of FSHP
so that the (Mark
ovaries first
areTWO only)stimulated to produce another follicleP
no longer Any (2)
- If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degeneratesP (8)
pyright reservedand stops producing progesteroneP Please turn over
- The pituitary gland/hypophysis is no longer inhibited in its production of
FSHP and a new follicle develops
- The thick endometrium is no longer maintainedP/ it degenerates
and is shed together with blood/menstruation takes place Any (17)
Content: (17)
Synthesis: (3)
(20)
ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY

Criterion Relevance Logical sequence Comprehensive

Elaboration All information provided Ideas are arranged in a All aspects required by
is relevant to the topic logical/cause-effect the essay have been
sequence addressed
Mark 1 36 1 1
Paper 2 Only information relevant The events of the The role of all 4
 1.1.10 BPP (10 x 2) (20)
Synthesis: (3)
(b) Average age of first menstruationP (1)
(20)
2 1.2.1 InterphaseP
ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY
1.2.2
2.5.2 Autonomic
- Decide nervous systemP
on sample sizeP
1.2.3 Downloaded
CriterionAbscisic
Decide from
acidP
- Relevance Stanmorephysics.com
on proportion from racialsequence
Logical groupsP Comprehensive
1.2.4 Carbon
Elaboration- All footprintP
Decide on proportions
information provided fromIdeassocio-economic
are arranged in astatus
All of sampleP
aspects required by
1.2.5 CytokinesisP
- Decide on the recording toolP
is relevant to the topic logical/cause-effect the essay have been
1.2.6 AllantoisP sequence
- Ask permission from participantsP addressed Any (3)
Mark
1.2.7 EndometriumPP 1
(Mark first THREE only) 1 1
Paper
1.2.8 2 OnlytubeP/oviduct
Fallopian information relevant The events of the The role of all 4 (8)
to the menstrual cycle or menstrual cycle are hormones in the
2.5.3 - the
Therole
hypothesis will be rejectedP/not
of hormones of
accepted menstrual cycle are
presented in the correct
3 1.3.1 NonePP
- the
andmenstrual
thereforecycle
needs (2)
is to be reformulatedP
sequence and the mentioned (2)
given. (There is no hormones linked to the
1.3.2
2.5.4 B onlyPP
- irrelevant
Breast developmentP
information) appropriate events
(2)
- Widening
RP of hipsP LP CP
1.3.3 A onlyPP
- Development of pubic hairP (2)
Any(2)
Question 21 (Mark first TWO only) TOTAL SECTION C: (6)
40
(9)
QP: June 2016 P1 2.6 GRAND TOTAL: 150
4 1.4.1 (a) CentromereP (1)
2.6 - High levels of progesteroneP
(b) CentrioleP (1)
- Inhibits secretion of FSHP
(c) ChromatidP (1)
- There is no development of an ovumP/primary follicle
- Therefore
1.4.2 4 à 2à no 1à
ovum released/ovulationP
3PP (2)
- Thus there will be no fertilisationP Any (4)
Copyright reserved Please turn over
1.4.3 4P [40]
(1)
Question 22 (6)
QP: Nov 2016 P1 1.5
5 22.1
1.5.1 (a) Jelly layerP (1)

(b) Cell membraneP/plasmalemma/plasma membrane (1)

(c) CytoplasmP (1)

(d) NucleusP (1)

1.5.2
22.2 (a) GP - Middle pieceP/neck (2)
(b) EP - AcrosomeP (2)
(c) DP - NucleusP (2)
Sciences/P1 7 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016 (10)
NSC – Memorandum
Copyright reserved Please turn over
Question 23 TOTAL SECTION A: 50
QP: Feb 2016 P1 2.4
pyright reserved Please turn over
.1 2.4.1
23.1 - As a result of the blocked Fallopian tube
- the sperm cannot reach the ovum
- therefore fertilisation cannot take place (Any 2) (2)
23.2
2.4.2 (a) FSH /follicle stimulating hormone (1)
(Mark first ONE only)

(b) Oestrogen (1)

(Mark first ONE only)

2.4.3 - A zygote is formed

- which divides by mitosis
- forming a ball of cells 37
- called the morula
 (Mark first ONE only)
1 2.1.1 Seminal vesiclesP (1)
2.4.3
23.3 - A zygote is formed
2.1.2 Downloaded from by
- which divides
AP Stanmorephysics.com
mitosis
- forming a ball of cells
BP
- called the morula
DP Any (2)
- which
(Mark firstfurther divides to form a hollow ball of cells
TWO only) (Any 4) (4)

2.4.4
23.4
2.1.3 -- Temperature
Progesteroneislevels
alwayswould fall
highP
-- inThe
theendometrium
region of the would
testisPno longer be maintained
- A miscarriage would occurof abnormal spermP/proteins in the
- This will lead to production (3)
cells that form the sperm will denature (11)
- Therefore reducing sperm countP/fertility Any (3)
5 2.5.1
QuestionMetaphase
24 I (1)
(6)
QP: Nov 2016 P1 2.2
2 2.5.2
24.1
2.2.1 - Crossing
PituitaryP over has taken place
gland/hypophysis (1)
- and genetic material was exchanged (2)
24.2
2.2.2 LH risesP immediately before ovulationP (2)
2.5.3 Anaphase II (1)
24.3
2.2.3 To monitor their fertile periodsP to prevent pregnancyP/to increase
2.5.4 - The spindle
chances of fallingfibres contract
pregnant (2)
24.4
- The centromeres split
2.2.4 -- Oestrogen
and pull the daughter
levels risePchromosomes /chromatids
-- because
to the opposite poles of follicle
the developing the cells
secretes oestrogenP (2)
24.5 - Cytokinesis begins (Any 3) (3)
2.2.5 Between 16 and 18PP (2)
24.6
2.5.5 Testes /seminiferous tubules (1)
2.2.6 -(Mark first ONE only)
Progesterone
Life Sciences/P1 only rises after11ovulationP DBE/November 2015(8)
- When the corpus luteum isMemorandum
NSC – formedP [40]
- This shows that the fertility period has already passedP (3)
SECTION C (12)

3 2.3.1
QuestionCaffeine
QUESTION25 4 causes the body temperature and pulse rateP to
increaseP
QP: Nov 2015 P1 Q4 (2)
Structural suitability of the sperm cell for internal fertilisation
2.3.2 30 minutesP (1)
- The front of the head of the sperm cell contains an acrosome /vesicle
which carries enzymes to dissolve a path into the ovum
2.3.3 - Less blood reaches the surface of the skinP
-
- and less heat is lost by radiationP
Nucleus of the sperm
- genetic
carries An increase
materialinofmetabolism resultsnumber
the male / haploid in an increase in respirationP
of chromosomes
- which generates more heatP (4)
- The middle piece contains mitochondria
2.3.4 which- release
Sameenergy
amountsoofthat
energy drinkP
sperms could swim
pyright reserved - Same length of time when measurements were takenP Please turn over
- The presence
- Same of amount
a long tailof caffeine in the energy drinkP
enables
- sperm
Samecells
typetoofswim
energy towards the ovum
drinkP
(Mark first TWO only) Any (2)
- The contents of the sperm cell such as the cytoplasm is reduced /condensed
making the sperm light for efficient movement (Any 3 x 2)
(9)(6)
pyright reserved Please turn over
Fertilisation

- In the Fallopian tubes

- one sperm cell makes contact with the ovum's
38 membrane
- The nucleus of the sperm enters the ovum
- Then the ovum membrane becomes impenetrable to other sperms
 making the sperm light for efficient movement (Any 3 x 2) (6)

Fertilisation

- Downloaded
In the Fallopian tubesfrom Stanmorephysics.com
- one sperm cell makes contact with the ovum's membrane
- The nucleus of the sperm enters the ovum
- Then the ovum membrane becomes impenetrable to other sperms
- The nucleus of the sperm fuses
OR sperm fuses with an ovum
- with the nucleus of the ovum
- to form a diploid zygote
- This is called fertilisation (Any 5) (5)

Events after fertilisation until implantation

- The zygote divides by mitosis many times

- to form an embryo
- It first consists of a ball of cells
- called the morula
- which then develops into a hollow ball of cells
- called the blastula /blastocyst
- It embeds itself into the uterus lining /endometrium
- using chorionic villi (Any 6) (6)
Content: (17)
Life Sciences/P1 12 DBE/November
Synthesis: 2015
(3)
NSC – Memorandum
(20)

ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY

Relevance Logical sequence Comprehensive

All information provided is Ideas arranged in a logical/ Answered all aspects
relevant to the question cause-effect sequence required by the essay in
Copyright reserved Please turn over
sufficient detail
Only information regarding: All structures are related to At least the following points
- The structural suitability the respective functions of should be included:
of the sperm cell the sperm cell. - The structural suitability of
- Events during fertilisation The sequence of events in the sperm cell (4/6)
- Events after fertilisation fertilisation and post - Events during fertilisation
until implantation fertilisation until implantation (3/5)
No irrelevant information.
Life Sciences/P1
is in the correct
10
order. - Events after fertilisation
DBE/November/2017
NSC – Marking Guidelines until implantation (4/6)
1 mark 1 mark 1 mark
SECTION C
TOTAL SECTION C: 20
Question 26 GRAND TOTAL: 150
QUESTION
QP: Nov 2017 4 P1 Q4
SpermatogenesisP (S)
- Takes place under the influence of testosteroneP
- in the seminiferous tubulesP/testis
- Diploid cellsP/germinal epithelium
- undergo meiosisP
- to form haploid sperm cellsP (Any 4) (4)

Formation and transport of semen (T)

- Sperm matureP/are temporarily stored
- in the epididymisP
- During ejaculationP
- sperm move into the vas deferensP
- As it passes the seminal vesiclesP, 39
- prostate glandP and
- Cowper’s glandsP
 - to form haploid sperm cellsP (Any 4) (4)

Formation and transport of semen (T)

Downloaded
- Sperm matureP/are
- in the epididymisP
from Stanmorephysics.com
temporarily stored

- During ejaculationP
- sperm move into the vas deferensP
- As it passes the seminal vesiclesP,
- prostate glandP and
- Cowper’s glandsP
- fluids are added that provide nutrition,P
- promote the movementP of the sperm
- and neutralise the acids P produced in the vagina
- The semen passes through the urethraP
- of the penisP
- into the vaginaP
- during copulationP
- and swims up the Fallopian tubePwhere it meets the ovum (Any 7) (7)

Structural suitability of the sperm cell for fertilisation (A)

- The acrosomeP
- contains enzymes to dissolve a path into the ovumP

- Nucleus of the spermP

- carries genetic material of the maleP/haploid number of chromosomes

- Many mitochondriaPin the middle piece

- release energyP so that sperms could swim

- The presence of a tailP

- enables sperm cells to swimP towards the ovum

- The contents of the sperm cell such as the cytoplasm is reducedP/condensed

- making the sperm light for efficient movementP

- Sperm is streamlinedP
- to allow for easier movementP (6)
(MARK FIRST THREE ONLY) (Any 3 x 2)
(17)
Life Sciences/P1 11
Content (3)
DBE/November/2017
NSC – Marking Guidelines Synthesis (20)

ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY

Copyright reservedRelevance (R) Logical sequence (L)
All information provided is relevant to Ideas arranged in a
the question logical/cause-effect sequence
All information relevant to The information on
- Spermatogenesis - Spermatogenesis
- Formation and transport of - Formation and transport of
semen semen and
- Structural suitability of sperm. - Structural suitability of
sperm
There is no irrelevant information is in a logical sequence
Please turn over
Comprehensive (C)
Answered all aspects required
by the essay in sufficient detail
The following must be
included:
- Spermatogenesis (2/4)
- Formation and transport
semen (5/7)
- Structural suitability of
sperm (4/6)

1 mark 1 mark 1 mark

TOTAL SECTION C: 20
GRAND TOTAL: 150
40
3 1.2.1
1.3.1 BiodiversityP
NonePP
1.2.2
1.3.2 Carbon
A onlyPP footprintP
1.2.3
QuestionThermalPpollution
1.3.3 Both
27 A and BPP (3 x 2) (6)
1.2.4
QP: Nov EutrophicationP
Downloaded
2018 P1 1.4
from Stanmorephysics.com
4 1.2.5
27.1
1.4.1 TestosteroneP
FertilisationP (1)
1.2.6 Vas deferensP/sperm duct
1.2.7
1.4.2
27.2 AldosteroneP
MitosisP (1)
1.2.8 ProlactinP
1.2.9
1.4.3
27.3 CytokinesisP
- ChorionP (9 x 1) (9)
- AmnionP
1.3.1 A onlyPP (2)
(Mark first TWO only) (2)
1.3.2 B onlyPP (2)
1.3.3 Both A and BPP (2)
1.4.4
27.4 (a) ZygoteP (1)
(3 x 2) (6)
(b) MorulaP (1)
1.4.1 (a)
(c) DP SynapseP
BlastocystP/blastula (2)
(1)

27.5
1.4.5 (b) CP InterneuronP/Connector
Fallopian tubeP/oviduct neuron (2)
(1)
(c) (2)
1.4.6
27.6 47PAP DendriteP (1)
1.4.2 (a) EP (9)
(1)

Question(b)
28 FP (1)
QP: June 2017 P1 1.5 (8)
1.5.1
28.1
yright reserved (a) ZygoteP (1)
(b) MorulaP (1)
(c) PlacentaP (1)
1.5.2
28.2 (a) FertilisationP (1)
(b) ImplantationP (1)
28.3
1.5.3 (a) 46P/23 pairs (1)
e Sciences/P1 (b) 23P 8 (1)
DBE/November 2010
NSC – Final Memorandum (7)
UESTIONQuestion
3 29 TOTAL SECTION A: 50
QP: Nov 2010 P1 3.1
pyright reserved
29.1 Please turn over
1 3.1.1 C - Endometrium /placenta /uterus/uterine wall/myometrium
D - Ovary (2)

3.1.2
29.2 1 - Ovulation
2 - Fertilisation
3 - Mitosis / cell division/growth/cleavage (3)

3.1.3
29.3 (a) 23 (1)
(b) 46 /23 pairs (1)

3.1.4
Tail / flagellum Head

Acrosome

41 Nucleus
Neck
Mitochondrion
 (b) 46 /23 pairs (1)
ECTION3.1.4
A29.4
Tail / flagellum Head
UESTION 1 Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
Acrosome
1 1.1.1 B
1.1.2 C Nucleus
1.1.3 B Neck
Mitochondrion Middle piece
1.1.4 B
1.1.5 B
1.1.6 D A sperm cell/spermatozoon
1.1.7 D
1.1.8 B
1.1.9 C Caption: 1 mark (9 x 2) (18)
Label: any 4 correct labels: 4 marks (5)
2 1.2.1 Metamorphosis
3.1.5
1.2.2
29.5 Shock absorber /prevents physical or mechanical damage
Semen
1.2.3 Protects capacity
Carrying the foetus from drying out
1.2.4 Insulates the foetus against temperature fluctuations
Mutualism
1.2.5 Allows foetal movement
Resource/niche for growth and development
partitioning
1.2.6 (Mark first TWO only)
Biodiversity any (2)
1.2.7 Competitive exclusion principle
3.1.6
1.2.8
29.6 (a) Oxygen
Culling
1.2.9 (Dissolved) food (examples e.g. glucose, amino acids, water)
Migration
1.2.10 SpeciesAntibodies (10 x 1) (10)
(Mark first ONE only) any (1)
3 1.3.1 None
1.3.2 B(b)only
Metabolic waste
1.3.3 A onlyCarbon dioxide
1.3.4 NoneNitrogenous waste/(examples e.g. urea, ammonia, uric acid)
1.3.5 B onlyWater any (1)
1.3.6 A only(Mark first ONE only) (16)
1.3.7 A only
1.3.8 Non-identical /fraternal/dizygotic twins (1)
QuestionB30only (8 x 2) (16)
2 are produced
QP: Feb 2012 P2 1.4
when(two egg cells) are (fertilised by two
4 1.4.1
30.1 sperms)
Ovary (2)
1.4.2
30.2 Ovum
Identical/egg
/monozygotic twins/(Siamese/conjoined) (1)
1.4.3
30.3 Zygote
are formed when (one sperm) fuses with (one egg cell)
1.4.4
30.4 Sperm
to formcell /tail of
a zygote sperm
which cellsplits up into two (incomplete split)
then (2)
1.4.5
30.5 Umbilical cord (6)
1.4.6
30.6 Amniotic (6)
pyright reserved Please turn over
TOTAL SECTION A: 50

pyright reserved 42 Please turn over

 1.1.3 CPP
1.1.4 CPP
e Sciences/P2 (Version 1) (Full-time) 6 DBE/November 2012
1.1.5 DPP
Question 31 NSC – Memorandum
1.1.6
QP: Nov DPP
1.1.7
31.1
Downloaded
2012, P2 2.3
CPP from Stanmorephysics.com
3 2.3.1 (a) Umbilical cord (1)
1.1.8 CPP
1.1.9 BPP
(b) Cervix /endometrium/uterus wall (1)
1.1.10 BPP (10 x 2) (20)
2.3.2
31.2 It provides the fluid medium for free movement of foetus
2 1.2.1 CensusP
It acts as a shock absorber
1.2.2 Carrying capacityP
It protects the foetus against dehydration
1.2.3 CommunityP
It protects the foetus against temperature changes
1.2.4 MetamorphosisP
Promotes lung development (1)
1.2.5 OvuleP
Holds waste any
1.2.6 StyleP (6)
(Mark first ONE only)
3 1.3.1 Both A and BPP
2.3.3
31.3 Uterine walls are made up of (strong) muscles – which contract
1.3.2 NonePP
and relax to push the foetus / afterbirth forward
1.3.3 B onlyPP
1.3.4 B onlyPP
Cervix has (elastic) muscles – allowing dilation of the opening to
1.3.5 B onlyPP
let the foetus out any (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.6
Sciences/P1 B onlyPP 7 DBE/November/2017
1.3.7 A onlyPP NSC – Marking Guidelines (7 x 2) (14)
2.3.4
31.4 Respiratory /Gaseous exchange system
3 2.3.1 Telophase IIP
Digestive system (1)
4 1.4.1 (a) EquilibriumP/stationary (1)
Excretory system
2.3.2 (b)
-(MarkAcceleratingP/logarithmic/exponential/
There areTWO
4 cellsP geometric (1)
first only) any (2)
(c) LagP/establishment
- Each cell contains only a single set of un-replicatedP/single (1)
2.3.5
31.5 Highstranded
levels ofchromosomes
progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH (2)
(2)
1.4.2 Environmental
(MARK FIRST resistanceP/limiting
TWO ONLY) factors (1)
(9)

4 1.4.3
2.3.3
Heat Logistic
(a)
receptors P/sigmoid /S-curve
Two/2P (1)
(1)
Question 32 in the skin are stimulated by high temperature (5)
Impulses
QP: Novsent
(b) to
2013 P2hypothalamus
1.5
FourP/4/2 pairs (1)
Impulses sent to blood vessels
5 32.1
1.5.1 APoccurs /arterioles to the skin become wider (1)
Vasodilation
(a) /B
- Crossing overP
2.3.4
32.2
1.5.2 AP (1)
More blood flows to the capillaries
- Random arrangementPof chromosomes on the equator
1.5.3
32.3 EP (2)
(1)
More heat (MARK
reachesFIRST
the skin surface
TWO ONLY)
1.5.4
32.4 BP
More heat is lost to the surroundings (1)
1.5.5
More DP
32.5blood flows to the sweatthat
glands (1)
(b) - The gametes form will be genetically differentP (5)
Sweating increases
- leading to variation in the offspringP/increasing the gene pool
Question
More 33lost through evaporation of sweat
heat is any (5)
- This increases a species chances of survivalPTOTAL SECTION A: (3)
50
QP: Nov 2017 P1 2.4 [30]
(10)
4 2.4.1
33.1 (a) ChorionP/Amnion (1)

(b) Umbilical cordP (1)

2.4.2
33.2
pyright reserved - Protects the foetus from shockP/Acts as a shock absorber
Please turn over
- Protects the foetus from drying outP
- Protects the foetus from temperature changesP
- Allows free movement of the foetusP (Any 2) (2)
(MARK FIRST TWO ONLY)

2.4.3 - Gaseous exchange systemP

- Excretory systemP 43
- Digestive systemP (Any 1) (1)
(MARK FIRST ONE ONLY)
 (MARK FIRST TWO ONLY)

33.3
2.4.3 - Gaseous exchange systemP
Downloaded from
- Excretory Stanmorephysics.com
systemP
- Digestive systemP (Any 1) (1)
33.4 (MARK FIRST ONE ONLY)

2.4.4 - The foetus will receive less nutrientsP

and therefore have a lower birth massP/physical under-
development/mental under-development

- The foetus will receive less oxygenP

and therefore have a lower birth massP/physical under-
development/mental under-development

Life Sciences/P1 - Waste will accumulateP 10 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018

NSC – Marking Guidelines
and it will affect the functioning of the foetusP (Any 1 x 2) (2)
e Sciences/P1 (MARK FIRST ONE ONLY) 10 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018 (7)
NSC – Marking Guidelines [40]
3.4 3.4.1 - It act as a micro-filterP/prevents harmful substances from
Question 34
QP: Feb 2018 reaching
P1 3.4 the foetus
4 34.1
3.4.1 - It secretes
- It act progesteroneP/oestrogen
as a micro-filterP/prevents during
harmful pregnancy
substances from
- reaching
Immunitytheis transferred
foetus from the mother to the foetusP (Any 2) (2)
-(MARK FIRSTprogesteroneP/oestrogen
It secretes TWO ONLY) during pregnancy
- Immunity is transferred from the mother to the foetusP (Any 2) (2)
3.4.2 (MARK FIRST TWO ONLY)
pyright reserved
34.2 Please turn over
3.4.2 BLOOD VESSEL C BLOOD VESSEL D
High concentration of Low concentration of
nutrientsP/example
BLOOD VESSEL of nutrient
C nutrientsP/example
BLOOD VESSEL of nutrient
D
Low concentration of
High concentration of waste High concentration
Low concentration ofof waste
productsP/example of
nutrientsP/example of nutrient
waste productsP/example
nutrientsP/example ofofwaste
nutrient
product product
Low concentration of waste High concentration of waste
High concentration of oxygenP Low concentration of oxygenP
productsP/example of waste productsP/example of waste
Low concentration of carbon High concentration of carbon
product product
dioxideP dioxideP
High concentration of oxygenP Low concentration of oxygenP
(MARK FIRST TWOofONLY)
Low concentration carbon High concentration of carbon
dioxideP dioxideP
Table: (1) and (Any 2 x 2) (5)
(MARK FIRST TWO ONLY)
3.4.3
34.3 - Waste products/nitrogenous waste/CO2 will accumulateP in the
foetus' body Table: (1) and (Any 2 x 2) (5)
causing the death of the foetusP (2)
3.4.3 -(MARK
WasteFIRST
products/nitrogenous
ONE ONLY) waste/CO2 will accumulateP in the
foetus' body
3.4.4
34.4 - causing
Harmfulthe death of the foetusP
substancesP/bacteria (2)
(MARK FIRST ONE
- may pass from the ONLY)
mother's blood to the blood of the foetusP
OR
3.4.4 -- Harmful
The bloodsubstancesP/bacteria
typesP/other proteins of the mother and baby
-- may
may pass
not befrom the mother's blood to the blood of the foetusP
compatibleP (2)
OR (11)
- The blood typesP/other proteins of the mother and baby [40]
- may not be compatibleP (2)
44 TOTAL SECTION B: (11)
80
[40]
Life Sciences/P1 11 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015
NSC – Memorandum
SECTION C
Question 35
QP:
Downloaded
Feb 20154 P1 Q4
QUESTION from Stanmorephysics.com
- The zygote divides by mitosis!
- to form a ball of cells!
- called the morula!
- More mitotic divisions of the morula occurs to form a hollow ball of cells!
- called a blastocyst!

- The blastocyst attaches to the endometrial lining!

- The outer wall of the blastocyst, called the chorion!,
- develops projections called villi! which
- embeds/implants! into the uterine wall

- The cells of the embryo continues to divide!

- and differentiate!
- to form the different organs and limbs!
- and is now called a foetus!
- The foetus is enclosed in a sac called the amnion!
- filled with amniotic fluid!
- which protects the foetus against temperature fluctuations!
- protects the foetus against dehydration!
- and protects the foetus against mechanical injury!/acts as a shock absorber

- The chorionic villi and the endometrium form the placenta!

- where the blood of both the foetus and the mother!
- run close to each other!
- allowing for nutrients to diffuse! into the blood of the foetus
- The umbilical vein!
- carries the absorbed nutrients from the mother to the foetus!
Any (17)

Content: (17)
Synthesis: (3)

ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY

RELEVANCE LOGICAL SEQUENCE COMPREHENSIVE

All information provided is
relevant to the topic
Only information relating to the
development of the zygote to the
foetus and its nutrition and
protection is included (there is no
irrelevant information)
1 mark
Ideas arranged in a logical/
cause-effect sequence
Events that lead to the change
from a zygote to a foetus are
stated in the order in which they
occur
1 mark
Answered all aspects required by
the essay
ALL three aspects are included:
1. Development of zygote to
foetus
2. Nutrition of the foetus
3. Protection of the foetus
1 mark

TOTAL SECTION C: 20
GRAND TOTAL: 150

Copyright reserved

45
 Graph to show the relationship between ages of women and
Life Sciences/P1 6 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
the percentage of pregnancies per month
NSC – Memorandum
Life Sciences/P1 6 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
30 Question 36 NSC – Memorandum
25
Downloaded 2.3.1from Stanmorephysics.com
QP: Feb 2016 P1 2.3
24
Pregnancies per month

25 2.3
2.3 2.3.1
36.1
20 Graph to show18 the relationship between ages of women and
Graph to show the relationship
the percentage between ages
of pregnancies per of women and
month
the percentage of pregnancies per month
(%)

15 30
30 25 24
(%) per month

25
25
10 24
Pregnancies per month

25 6
20 18
5 20 18 2
(%)

15
Pregnancies

0 15
22 1028 34 40 6 46
10 6
5 Ages of women (years) 2
5 2
0
Mark allocation of the graph
0 22 28 34 40 46
Criteria 22 28 Mark34 Allocation
Ages of women (years) 40 46
Correct type of graph drawn for the Ages of women1(years)
pregnancies per month only
Mark allocation
Title of graph including the two of the graph
Mark allocation
Criteria of the graph Mark Allocation
variables (Age of Criteria
women and 1 Mark Allocation
Correct type of graph drawn for the
pregnancies per month) 1
Correct type of per
pregnancies graph drawn
month for the
only
Correct label and pregnancies
unit 1
Titlefor
of X-axis
perincluding
graph month onlythe two 1
and Y-axis Title
variables (Age of women two
of graph including the and 1
variables
Correct scale for X-axis and(Age
pregnancies of women
Y-axis
per month)and 1 1
pregnancies
Drawing of the graph Correct labelperand
month)
unit0:for X-axis
No points plotted correctly
Correct label and unit for X-axis 1
and Y-axis 1: 1 to 4 points plotted correctly1
and Y-axisscale for X-axis and Y-axis
Correct
2: All 5 points plotted correctly 1 1
Correct scale for X-axis and Y-axis
Drawing of the graph
0: No points plotted correctly
Drawing of the graph
0: 1: No1 points plotted
to 4 points correctly
plotted correctly
TE: 1: 2: 1 to
All45points
pointsplotted
plottedcorrectly
correctly
xes are transposed: marks will be lost only for labelling of 2: X-axis and Y-axis
All 5 points plotted correctly
NOTE: (6)
NOTE:
If axes are transposed: marks will be lost only for labelling of X-axis and Y-axis
2.3.2 The older
36.2 If axes are the women,
transposed: thelost higher
marks will be the chances
only for labelling of Y-axis
of X-axis and having (6)
miscarriages (6)
2.3.2
The older the women, the higher the chances of having
The 2.3.2
OR
older the women, the higher the chances of having
miscarriages
The younger the women, the lower the OR
miscarriages chances of having
miscarriages The younger the women, OR (2)
the lower the chances of having
The younger the women, the lower the chances of having
miscarriages (2)
2.3.3
36.3 50% x 12 = 6 miscarriages (2)
OR 2.3.3 50% x 12 = 6
2.3.3 = 6 50% x OR
50 x 12 12 = 6
100 50ORx 12 = 6 (2)
50100x 12 = 6 (2)
100 (10) (2)(10
(10)
yright reserved Copyright reserved Please turn over
Please turn over
Copyright reserved Please turn over

46
Life Sciences/P1 11 DBE/2018
SCE – Marking Guidelines
SECTION C
Question 37
QUESTION 4 Q4
QP:
Downloaded
J 2018 P1
from Stanmorephysics.com
Gaseous exchange in amniotic eggs (A)
- Gases move by diffusionP
- into and out of the eggP
- through the porous shellP/allantois/chorion

Nourishment of the embryo in amniotic eggs

- The egg contains yolkP/albumin
- which provide nutrientsP to the embryo Max (4)
Gaseous exchange and nourishment of the foetus in humans (F)
- In the placentaP
- the mothers blood comes into close contact with the foetal bloodP
- OxygenP
- and nutrientsP
- diffuse from the mothers blood into the foetal bloodP
- in the umbilical veinsP
- This nutrient rich blood is carried to the foetus through the umbilical cordP
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the foetal bloodP
- in the umbilical arteryP
- into the maternal bloodP Max (7)
Protection of the foetus in humans (P)
- The foetus develops inside the uterusP
- and is protected by the mothers bodyP
- Antibodies from the mothers bloodP
- pass into the foetus' blood and provide immunityP
- The placenta acts as a microfilterP
- preventing toxins from the mother entering the foetal bloodP
- The foetus is enclosed in the amnionP
- which contains amniotic fluidP
- The amniotic fluid provides protection against dehydrationP
- and acts as a shock absorberP
- It provides a suitable temperatureP for the developing embryo Max (6)
Content: (17)
Synthesis: (3)
(20)
ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY
Relevance Logical sequence Comprehensive
All information provided is relevant Ideas arranged in a logical/ Answered all aspects required by the
to the question cause-effect sequence essay in sufficient detail
All the information provided is All the information regarding the: At least the following points should be
relevant to: - Gaseous exchange and included:
- Gaseous exchange and nourishment in amniotic - Gaseous exchange and
nourishment in amniotic eggs eggs nourishment in amniotic eggs (2/4)
- Gaseous exchange, - Gaseous exchange, - Gaseous exchange and
nourishment and protection in nourishment and protection nourishment in the human foetus
the human foetus in the human foetus (5/7)
There is no irrelevant information is arranged in a logical manner. - Protection in the human foetus (4/6)
1 mark 1 mark 1 mark

TOTAL SECTION C: 20
GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved Please turn over

47
 GENETICS
Downloaded from Stanmorephysics.com
Question 1
1.1.1 DihybridP
1.1.2 Crossing OverP
1.1.3 GenomeP
1.1.4 RecessiveP
1.1.5 Dominant P
1.1.6 LocusP
1.1.7 CloningP
1.1.8 GeneP
1.1.9 Incomplete dominanceP
1.1.10 HeterozygousP
1.1.11 AllelesP
1.1.12 Genetic engineeringP/genetic modification/Biotechnology
1.1.13 CodominanceP
1.1.14 HomozygousP
1.1.15 Monohybrid P
(15)

Question 2
QP: Feb/Mar 2012 P1 Q 2.3

2.1

49
Question 3
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5.2

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5.5

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6.2

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14.2

14.3

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16.2

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62
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QP: Feb/Mar 2017 P2 Q 3.5
23.1

23.2

23.3

23.4

23.5

Question 24
QP: Nov 2015 P2 Q 3.4

24.1

24.2

24.3

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66
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24.7

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 NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION
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Question 1
QP: Nov 2015 P1 Q 2.4
1.1 (a) Medulla oblongataP
(b) Corpus callosumP
(c) CerebellumP
1.2 - Controls all voluntary activitiesP/example
- It contains centres that receives and interprets all the sensationsP/example
- It is the seat of higher mental functionsP/example
- Influences emotional behaviourP/ example (Any 3)

(MARK FIRST THREE)

Question 2
QP Feb-March 2018 P1 Q 3.2
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

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3.1

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7.2

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10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

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15.1

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 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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QP: Feb/Mar 2012 P2 Q 4.2 (version 1)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

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2.2

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HOMEOSTASIS
Question 1
QP: Nov 2017 P1 Q1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Question 2
QP: June 2018 P1 Q3.3

Question 3
QP: May/June 2018 P1

3.1
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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Question 4
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4.1

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Question 32
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QP: Nov 2013;P1;Q4.3
Foramen magnum
- The foramen magnum was in a backward position in the ape-like beingsüF
- but in a forward/ central/ ventral position in modern humansüF
Significance
- This represents a change from quadrupedalism in ape-like beingsüS
- To bipedalism/(walking upright) in modern humansüS, leading to the following in modern
humans:
o Increased awareness of the environmentüS in sensing danger/food
o Freeing of the hands to use implementsüS/ carry objects/ weapons/ offspring
o Exposure of a large surface area for thermoregulationüS/losing body heat to
surroundings in hot conditions/reducing overheating
o Display of sex organs /breasts as part of courtship behaviourüS
Cranium
- Modern humans have a larger craniumüF than the ape-like beingsüF
- Modern humans have a less sloping foreheadüF than the ape-like beingsüF
- Modern humans have a cranium that is more roundedüF than the ape-like beingsüF
Significance
- This allowed space for a larger brainüS in humans than in ape-like beingsüS, making
the following possible:
o Better co-ordination of movementüS
o Processing of a large amount of informationüS
o Processing information fasterüS
o Development of spoken and written languages to communicateüS
Jaws
- Humans have smaller jawsüF than the ape-like beingsüF
- Humans have jaws that are non-prognathousüF/ flat face
compared to the jaws of ape-like beings which are prognathousüF/sloping face
- Humans have C-shaped jawsüF /jaws that are gently curved
compared to the U shaped jawsüF in the ape-like beings
Significance
- This corresponds with a change in diet from hard, raw foodüS in the ape-
like beings
- To softer, cooked foodüS in humans
Dentition/Teeth
- In ape-like beings there are gapsüF/diastema between incisors and canines
- but no gapsüF between the teeth in humans
- Humans have smaller teethüF/incisors and canines than the ape-like beingsüF
- Humans have flatter molars and pre-molarsüF than the ape-like beingsüF
Significance
- This corresponds with the decreased need to bite and tearüS
- and an increased need to grind and chewüS in humans
- in view of the change in diet to soft, cooked foodüS

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Eyebrow ridges
- Humans have eyebrow ridges that are smallerüF than those of the ape-like beingsüF
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Significance
- There is a decreased need to strengthen the skullüS of humans
- due to the smaller size of the jawsüS

Cranial ridge
- In humans the cranial ridge is absent üF compared to its presence in the ape-like beingsüF
Significance
- Cranial ridge not necessary in humans to provide strong point of attachment since jaw muscles
are not very strong as in ape-like beings.üS

Brow ridge
- In humans the brow ridge is less developedüF than in the ape-like beingsüF

Significance
- This corresponds with the decreased need for skull reinforcement üS
- due to due to weaker jaw musclesüS in humans as opposed to ape-like beings

Description of features that changed any (10)

Significance of the changes (must be linked to the features described) any (17)
Content: (17)
Synthesis: (3)

Assessing the presentation of the essay

Criterion Relevance (R) Logical sequence (L) Comprehensive (C)

Generally All information Ideas are arranged in a All aspects required by
provided is relevant to logical/cause-effect the essay have been
the topic sequence sufficiently addressed
In this Only information Generally each At least 3 structural
essay relevant to the significance is changes described
structural changes or appropriately linked to together with the
significance is given the relevant structural significance of each
(there is no irrelevant change to the skull
information)
Mark 1 1 1

Rü Lü Cü

128