DEATH AS AN ENEMY ~ ACCORDING TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CONCEPTIONS lng PyLe rb y 15601 BY J. ZANDEE, THEOL. D. ¥15607ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With the completion of to all those who have in Foremost among these this book I wish to state my sincere thanks any way contributed to it. was my former teacher, the late Prof. Dr A. de Buck, under whose guidance the present book was prepared as a doctoral thesis for the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy of Leiden University. He spent many hours reading through and dis- cussing the manuscript and I have profited not a little from his good advise. The years during which I had the privilege of being his pupil will always be amo} Prof. de Buck after the k: ig my best remembrances. itter’s decease. Prof. Dr H. P. Blok ie kindly stood ready to take the place of Prof. Dr J. Vandier, C ator in Chief of the Egyptian Department of the Louvre Museum, granted me access to unpublished papyri and permitted me to have a | publish in the course of Dr P. Barguet, a scienti ok at the Papyrus Jumilhac which he will 960. . {ic official of the Louvre Museum, placed his bureau at my disposal and, garcia every respect indispensable assistance. During a stay at Paris valuable and the contact important. e help of Prof. Dr G. Posener was very with Professors Clére and Malinine was The Executive Committee of the International Association for the History of Religions fost the series “Supplements matter were the former ed the publication of the present book in to NVMEN.” Especially helpful in this thairman, the late Prof, Dr R. Pettazzoni, and the secretary, Prof. Dr C. J. Bleeker. Mrs. W. F. Klasens-var] dez Loo made the translation into English in a most accurate manner. She was assisted by het husband Dr A. Klasens, Director of the’ Museum of Antiquities at Leiden. Last, but not least, I desire to record the support of the Netherlands Organization for the which enabled me to wo! in 1953 and subsidised Without the most appr vancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) ‘k for two months in the Louvre Museum le translation and the publication. ciated aid of the above mentioned persons and organizations it would have been impossible to finish the book. Therefore, the author wi them, shes to express his deep gratitude to all ofCONTENTS Acknowledgements. 00. ee ee vn List of abbreviations and literature ©... ee ee x CHAPTER I. GENERAL OUTLINE Par. 1. ‘The monistic and the dualistic conception of death .. 1 Par. 2. The texts... 0. ee ee ee ee ee 3 Par. 3. The way in which the dualistic conception of death occurin the texts... ee ee ee ee 5 Par. 4. Traces of Sheol representations in Egypt... .. - 7 Par. 5. Views based on direct observation of death as a physical phenomenon. 22. ee es 10 a. The decay of the body 10. —b. Being motionless 11, — c. Non- fanctioning of the senses and limbs 12. — d. Passing away and being catried off 13. Par. 6. Death as absolute destruction ©... 7 1 ee 14 a. Death as such is perishing 14. — b. Being burnt (B.3) 14. — ¢. Cutting and slaughtering 16. — d. Other actions directed against the dead 17. — c. Total destructipn as (a consequence of) punishment in the realm of the dead 18. Par. 7. Dangers, which impend over essential parts of the personality (B8) 2.2... 2 eee eee 19 Par. 8. Torment and torture. 2... ee ee 20 Par. 9. Dangerous places . 2... 2 2 ee eee 24 Par. 10. The journey of the dead... ee 25 Par. 11. Judgment and sentence... . 2.2.2 +e 31 Par. 12. Terms forsin. ©. - ee ee ee et ee 4 a. Words, which mean bad in a non-moral sense 41. — b. Words for disaster and misery 42, — ¢. Words for being bent 42, — d. Words for taboo 43. — e. Tmi = red (C.6.w) 43. — £ Wn = guilt (C.6.g) 43. — g. damage (C.6.s) 43. as r0- ellion against deity 43. — i, Sin as transgression 43. — j. Sp = case 44. — k. *Usft 44. CHAPTER IL. TERMS A. Death in contrast with life 2... 2... - eee eee 45 1. Total destruction . 2 2 ee ee 45x CONTENTS Chapter IT, Terms, A 1. 2h, to be destroyed 45. —b. wm, to pass 45:—c. mt, to die 45.— d. nnn; tm, not to be 48, — e. # bpr, not to become 49. — f. him, to perish 49, — g. #, to perish 50. —h, sf, to perish 50. — i. 43, fate 51. Passing aways ee 1.1, to come 52, —b, Ie, to pass away 52, —c, #3, to be far 52, — . pri, to go forth 53. — e. ml, to land 53. — f, 93%, to leave 53. — g. bpl, to go away 54, — h, sm 13, to land 54. — i, fan, to go away 54, "Terms for decomposition. . 6 6. ee a. Imk, transitoriness 56. — b. inp, to consume 56. —c. tel, to be light, to fall into decay 56, — d. ‘Jn, to dry up 57. — €. fnd, to become maggoty 57. — f. fd.t, sweat of the corpse 57. — B. rv, to perish 57, — h. rdw, fluid of the corpse 57. — i, bb, to decay 58, —j, b3, to consume 58, — k, bid, to go bad 59. — 1. bn, to decay (of the corpse) 59. — m. 3b, to flow away 59. — n. sf, products of decomposition 59. — 0. 4nén, to smell bad 59. — p. Jif, smell 60, Deterioration of the body and loss of the functions of life a. Brr, blindness(?) 60. — b. #d, to be deaf 60. — c. «f, part of the body 60. — d. ‘xp, ear 61. —e, brd, to be stiff (2) 61. — f. nk, to copulate 61. — g. ndny.t, sexual desire 61, —h, r3, mouth 62. — i. rod, tendon 62, — j. rd, foot 62. — k. br, face 63. — 1. frm, sound 63, —m. J.t, belly 63. — n, 43.f, compse 63, — 0. dnb, to forget 63, — p. i, to impregnate 64. — q. Jp, blind 64. — ©. fd, to close 64, —s. A, bones 64, — t. dif, to be bent 64. —u. tp, head 65. — v. #hnf, to injure (the eyeball) 65, — w. df, body 65. ‘Encroachment on the complete continuance of life. . a, 3b, relatives 66. — b. , to suffer thitst 67. — c. fem, want ‘of breath 67. — d. ‘ng, to dry up 67. — e. ‘bar, to desiccate 67. — £. w, to be alone 67. — g. n', to be in want 68. —h, mir, to dry up 68. — i. fab, to cut off (breath) 68. — j, mm, water 68, — k. mn, to suffer 68. — 1. muh, to be scorched 68. — m. Ji ib, to be sad 68. — a. bhr, to suffer hunger 68. — 0. sm, to suffer 70. — p. shy to hurry 70, —q. #.f, shortening of the time of life 70. — , th, warm breath 71. — s. 230, to be narrow 71. — t. 4, bread 72, — u, Bm, breath, air 72. The world reversed © es 2. iwty.v, digestion products 73, — b. waht, urine T4. — c. bf, excrements 74, — d, éAd, to go upside down 75. To be bound and imprisonment. 6... ss = a. iny rd, foot-iton 78. — b. ink, to fetter 79. — c. tnp-(2), to fetter 79, — a. mr, tie 79. —e. md.t, cattle halter 80, — £ nf, tie, 80. 52 56 60 66 73 7B CONTENTS Chapter I. Terms, A 8 9. 10. iL 12. 13. 14, 45. 'g. Bir, bond 80, —h. dim, to close 80. — i, 437, bond 80, — j. ib, to loosen 81. — k, Sim, strap(?) 81. — 1. £34, bond 81. Death as sleep 20-0 ee ee a. wrd, to be tired 82, — b. b3n, t0 sleep 82, — c, b3g/, to be tired 82, — d. 13%, to be extended 83. — e. wm, 10 sleep 83. — £. mnt, to be tired 83. — g. sb3gh, to make tired 84. — h, é&d, to make asleep 84. — i. égm, to soften 84. — j. Air, to sleep 84. — Kk. Ad, to sleep 85. ‘To be snatched away 6. ee ee es 2. inl, to take away 85. — b. fil, to take away 86. —c. v2, to rob 87, — d. nim, to take away 87. —. inp, to tob 87. — Ff, fd, to take away 87. — g. #34, to take away 87. ‘The realm of the dead as a place of darkness we a. ibhav, darkness 88, — b, w13.v, night, evening, darkness 88.— c. snki), darkness 88. — d. knbuv, dacknoss 88. — e, kéw, dark- ness 89. — f, grb, night 91, The netherworld . . - - ss . a. 3kr, name of the god of the earth 91. — b. *Zmm.t, the West 92. —c.*Jgr.t, the domain of silence 93, — d. Nam, primeval ocean 94, —e. mJ, subterranean realm of the dead 94. — fmy.t, netherworld 94. — g. 47.4, realm of the dead 95, —h. Gb, god of the earth 95. — i, 23, earth 96, — j, d3.t, netheeworld 96. Snakes as animals of the eatth. ©... - eee ee a. & bry btJ, big one, which is on its belly 98. — b, Npb 43.0, name of a snake 98. — c. r3, worm 100. — d. rr, a snake 100, —e, bki, a snake 100. — £, bfm, snake 101, — g, bnuy.t, 2 snake 102, — hh. Jnb3, a snake 102, — i, +3 #3, son of the earth 102, — j. #3, a snake 102, — k. ddf.t, snake, worm 102, Tomb and funeral. © 2. 5 ss + wee a. imt, tomb 102, — b. fs, grave 103. — c, 6.t, house 103, — a. Bu, grave 104, — c. brit, grave 104. — f. bmw, dust 104, — g. &ré, funeral 108. — h, &d, to build 107. Mummy bandages. ©. - 6 ee ee a. Sfn.t, bandages 108, — b. ‘nn, bandage 108, — c. wf, mummy bandages 108. — d. fs, tie 108. Death ashorror «6. - ee ee see a. nrl, to fear 109. — b, 1h3 br, wild of face 109, —c. frm, texror 109. — 4, énd, to fear 110. —'e, £43, to tremble 110. — f. Heft, fright 110. — g. 2 drw, high of voice 110. — h, dayw.t, sho 110. x 81 85 88 o1 97 102 108 109xIT CONTENTS Chapter II, Terms, A 16. Death as affliction. . . . « re a. Bkb, to cry 111. — b, nbm, to cry y 111. — csr, wo ory ttt. — d. wt, to lament 111. — e. babm.t, shouting 112. —f. 63, to mourn 112, B. Dangers of the hereafter... eee Introduction . . See 1. Gates, which the dead has to pass. sss ss a. 8, door 114, — b. rt, gate 115. — c. 13 n d3.4, gate of the 234 116, — d. rw.t, gate 117. —c. dnbr, to keep off 117. —f. bif, to keep at bay 118, — g. 13, gate 120, — h. Jbb.t, gate 121, — i. dail, reporter 124, — j. ZnS, to keep off 124. — kk. thn, to ap- proach 125, Deprivation of liberty... 0. eee tu dnt, to putin zona 128, — b. I, sope 126, — c. 2.04, ftters 126, — d. ‘ntt, to fetter 126, — ¢. mvb, rope 126. — f. nif, to tie 126. — g. $3.0, ropes 127. —h, Jnr, to lock up 127. — i. 530, to guard 128, — j, vi.t, snares 130, — k. énb, to bind 130, — 1, dnb, to bind 131. —'m. 4df, fetter 131. —'n. fd3.wt, sealing 131, — 0, Air, bolt 131. — p. £34, to bind 132. — q. #, fetters 132. — x. dirt, steap 132. —s, ddh, to arrest, to lock in 132. Burning. eee 4.3m, Smo, Bo, to busn, burning 133. —b. 34, to burn 134, — c. ‘hm, to extinguish 134. — d. 9303.4, fire 134, — c, whd, to burn 134 —f. wbm, to burn 134, —g, Bbbav, lame 134, —h. bi flame 135. — i. ptm, fire 135, — j, mw m fds, fite-water 135. — k, myp, to be burnt 135. — L, nbf, flame 135, — m, nfu.t, red-hot bfeath (of a snake) 136. — n. np, flame 136. —o. nd, flame 136, — p. nib, to lick 137. — q. nérst, flame 137, — x. r&b, to burn 137, — s, dvh, fire 137, — ¢. Bb, glowing breath 137. — w. but, fire 13 v. ff, to burn 139, —w. ##f, to burn 139. — x. 4d, fire, flame 139. —y. dm, heat 141. — 2. fr, to bun 141, — 2a, 13, fire 142, bb. #43, flame 142, — ce. dif, to burn 142, Tocook. 6 ee ee ee a, ¢}, coal-basin 142, —b. wf3.t, cauldron 143. —e. pf, cook 144, — d. pil, to cook 145. —e. m‘b, to roast 145. — f. bry, furnace 145, — g. bwfs, cooking-pot for flesh 145. —h, Ayy.2, cauldron 145. — i, jum, kettle 146. — j. dnfy, cauldron 146. Bloody punishments and mutilation of the body. . . a. 434, to mutilate 147. — b. fw, to chop off 147. — c. inin, to cut off 147, — d. isp, to hew 147. — e, ‘2b.t, offering 147, — f. g, to chop, ‘i, slaughter 148, — g. whn, gaping wounds 148. — h. wh, to slaughter 148, — i. bby, to cut to pieces 148. — j. bie, 110 112 112 114 125 133 142 147 CONTENTS Chapter I. Terms, B 10. 11. to cut out 149, — k. fd, to cut to pieces 149. —1, rps, to slaughter 149. — m. Ab, to penetrate (of knives) 149. — a, fnfi, to cut to pieces 149. — 0. Jb, to slaughter 149. — p. béB, to chop off (the head 149. — q. bdé, to chop off 150. —r. bry.t, slaughter 150. — 8. 13, to chop off (the head) 150, — t. sf, to cut off, knife 150, — 1. sff, to slaughter 151. — v. sn, to cut off 151. —w, snf, blood 151. —x. ik, to chop off 152. — y. spd, sharp 152. — z, Jm3, slanghter 152, — aa, §#3.», wounds 153, — bb. sto chop off, #4, carnage 153, — ce. Jd, to chop off 154, — dd. fd, to take away (parts of the body out of the body) 154, — ec. Af, bnife(?) 156. — f. 184, to pierce 156. — gg. #f, to slaughter 156, — hh. dm, to cut 156, — ii, da, to cut 157. — jj. dr, to romove 157, — kk. df, knife 157, — IL di, blood 158. — mm, dudn, to chop off (the head) 158. To be devoured. 6 6. a, &m, dm, to devour 158. — b. ‘nb m, 10 live on 159. — c, »um, to cat 160, — d. swr, to drink 160, — e. £h2, to devour 160, — £. dp, to consume 160, — g. dum, eating wort 160, Dangerous places... ee a. 13), left, eastern 161. — b. 24, chember of torture 161. — c. dat, valley 161, — d. ‘7, pool 162. — ¢. 3.4, road 162, — £, m‘d, slaughtering-block 166. — g. nm, slaughtering-block 166, — b. nb3, name of a channel 167. — i, b3d, fish-trap, pit 168, — j. bimy.t, place of destruction 169. — k. bb.#, place of judgment 170, —1. 532.2, name of » well 171. —m. 4. bin.t, evil place 171, — fn. f pond 171, — 0. 4984 172. — p. &3b,-bend 172. — q. drt, cave 173, — 1. spb.t, cave 173. Dangers which threaten essential parts of the personelity a. 3b, spirit 174, — b. #, heart 174, — c, b3, soul 176, — d. rm, name 179, — e, b2zy, heart 180. — f. 43, magical power 181. — g. 03.4, coxpse 182. — h. Jiv.t, shadow 182, — i, &3, soul 184. Words for seizing... es ‘a. 3m, to seize 184, — b, ##f, to seize, to snatch away 185. —c. mh, to seize 185. — d. ndr, to seize 185. —c, bf*, to scize 186. Words for ruin and destruction... ee a, mt m whm, to die for the second time 186, — b, him (causative shim), to destroy 188. — c, bmi, to throw down walls 189. — d, thr, to fell 190. — e, sik, to destroy 190. — f. én, to kill 190, Raging against the dead... 2. 2 es Ls a. 3.4, rage 191. — b. 3dam, fury 191. — c. mil, rage 191. — Innw, disturbance 191, — €. did, fary 191. 12-16. Beings tobe feared. 2. ee xu 158 160 173 184 186 191, 192CONTENTS Chapter IZ. Terms, B 12. Animals... 2. . . a. 2pd, bird 192, — b. 34, crocodile 192, — e. #¥., uraeus 192, — d. thy, kid(?) 193. — . A2 193, — £. 3, ass 194, — g. Spasy.t, grasshopper 194. — h, ‘dm, a demoniacal animal 194, — i, wn, wolf 194, — j, b/&, faloon 194, — k, mhwty, cat 194. — 1. méb, crocodile 194, — m. rv, lion 195, — n. rm, fish 195. — 0. rrl, pig 195. — p. rbly (dual), a kind of insect 195, — q. #2, boar 195, — +, Sty, name of a snake in the netherworld 195. —'. kit, ichneumon-fy 195, — t. ghg3, kind of bied 195. —u, sen, dog 196, — v. db, hippopotamus 197, Men... .. eee eee eee . a. 36, spirit 197. — b, mt, dead one 198. — c. nty.w fwly.v, who are there and who are not there 199. — d. rmf, men 199. — c. s, man 200, Demons I; names, which indicate a function... . . a, yw, torturers 200, — b. innb.w, slaughterers 200. — c. iry..., Keeper of ... 200, — d. frrav tr.t.tn, who do theit (evil) deeds 201, — e. ixfty.», evil-docrs 201. —'f. hw, heapers-up of corn 201. — g. ‘b3.w, Sightets 201. — h. ‘dyy.m, slaughterers 201. — 4, mpwty, messenger 202, — j.wrf, guard 203, — ke, m3#1y.0 (other spelling m3s.v) 204, — 1, nb.w 43.1, lords of the netherworld 204, —m. wh, watchman 204, —n, bufay, slaughterers 204. —o. )347.0, slaughterers 205, — p. A?k.w tb, rebels 205, — q, sm3.0t, gang 205, — x. sut, rebels 205. — s. sb, rebel 206. — t. foty.n, enemies 206. — wu. drdr.w, steangers 206, Demons II; a choice from names, which specify the essence. ee a. ‘b3 br, combative of face 206. — b. wr, great one 206, —c. n’h, strong one 207. — d. nvm, with tumbled hair 207. — e. m.k mp 207. — f. nbd, evil one 208. — g. 543 br, savage one of face 208, bh, #43 br, hidden one of face 208, — i. 43 bro, high of voice 208, — j. km br, black one of face 208. a, Lim 209. — b. B3 pf 209. — c, B3b3 209. — d, Witr, Ositis 210, —e. ner, god 212, — f Hr dnty How 212. — g. Hr d3uh 213. — h. Einsw 213, — i, Hirty 213, — j, Sriet 214. — ke. Shs 214, —I. Sti, Seth 214. —m, Sw 215.—n. Ssmw 215. —o. Dowty, ‘Thoth 216, ‘The use of the term Afvy, enemy... 2. a, Demons as enemies, who waylay the dead 217. — b. Enemies as opponents in a law-suit 219, — c. The enemies of the dead as opponents of Osiris 221. — d. Sinners as enemies of Re or of Osiris 223. — e, Hifiy as devil 224, CONTENTS Chapter II. Terms, B 18. Instruments of torture. 2... a, 3b, branding-iton 225. — b. wér.t, torturing-post 225. — c, ‘mni.t, mooring-post 225. — d. Jt, device of decapitation 226. — c d3s.uy, torturing-posts 226, Tetms for hunting... . . see a, Bd, net 227, — b, ibt, bitd-teap 230, — c. #44, to catch, i4ht, trap-net 230, — d. m°3.t, boomerang 231. — e. %, net 231. — £, wbS to catch (fish), catcher 231. — g. yf, fisherman 232, — h, ndb, to catch with the lasso 232. — i. r/b, to catch 232. — j. bm, to catch (fish) 232, — k. spb, to catch with the lasso 233, — 1. éby, fowler 233. — m. grg, setter of traps 234. —n. af, to catch 234, Categoties of people, who take an unfavourable position inthe hereafter... ee ee a, 3d, wretched one 234, — b. fwty., whose who are not 234, — c. Ingw Wir, who ate in Osiris 325. — d. tmnav briv.ty, hidden ones of face 235, — ¢. imnty.v, western ones 235, — £ ibm, who are destroyed 235. — g. Udmty.v, see mdb. 235. —h. Sre.v, Asiaties, see N/i.w 235. — i, wdb.w, riverains 235. — j. meby.w, drowned ones 236. — k, Md3.v, see Nbéw 237. — 1. mgy.w, denizens of the nm.f the counter-heaven 237. — m, Nbéw, negroes 237. — n. riy.t, men 240. — 0. bitty», see wgbw 240, =p. brw, “enemy” 240, — q. Tmb.v, see Nbiw 240. — x. dyn, denizens of the d3.t 240. —s, day.w, enemies 240. Sundries. 2... we ry a. 3r, to press hatd 241, — b, i? , to come towards somebody in a hostile way 241. — c, #», to be without a ship 241. — d. dri r, to act against 241, — e, Jb, to suffer 242, — £. Ide, delay 242. — g. 5, document 242. — h. $3, robbery, ontrage 243, — i, ‘nm, to twist 243, — j, whd, to suffer 243. — k, wd, to hit 243, — L. pub, to bail out 244. — m, pf, to attack 244, — n. m33, to sce 244. — ©. mr, painful 245, —'p. mdf, sharp, painful 245, — q. mbm, to take away 246, — t, nk‘, to cut out (the heart) 246. — s. ném, damage 247. — t. rmm tp, to take the head away(?) 247, — u. bf, to be brought down, to land in 247. — v. bp, to hurry 247. — w. bil, to come to meet inimically 248. — x, £3, to charm 248. — y. bd, to damage 248. — 2. pbbb, to trample down 248, — aa, bpr r, to happen to 248, — bb. fr, to fall 248. — ce, Bif, to ap- Proach 249. — dd, «dm, to be brought down 249. — ce, 3, to remember (somebody in an evil way) 249. — ff. fhm m, to have power over 249. — gg. J, to break 249, — hh, db,” calamity 249. — ii, spt, annoyance 250, — jj, énf, to fight 250, — lek. Anén, to strike 250. — Il. £3 (14), to steetch (the nail) 251. — mm, 43.4, toil 251. — nn. #b, :0 alfect 251. — oo. dit, to put oneself in the way inimically 252, — pp. dw.(/), disaster, evil 253,XVI CONTENTS: Chapter IL. Terms, B Excursus: To escape and to be saved from dangers. . Introduction 253. — a. wb3, to open 254, — b. pri, to escape 254. —c. Phr, to go round (something) 254. — d. nnd, to recede 255. —e, nhi, to escape 255. — f. nbm, to save 255. — g. nd, to save 255. — h, bm, to recede 255. — i, bri, to be far 256. — j. dif, to put off (demons) 257. — k. s3m, to beware 257. — 1. 3, to pass 257. — m, 4443.8, protecting spell 259, C, Judgment and execution... ee 1. Tolodgeacomplaint . ...........00.4 a, Hil, to bring (into court) 259, — b. «3p, rebuke 259. — ¢. bf, to let down 259. — d. mir, to give evidence 259. —e. rki, to rebel 259. — £, bi mir r, to give evidence against 260.— g. bmi r, to testify against 260.—h, dr, jemds. boses Tun berichten dem... 260. — i, Siw, to accuse 261. — j, $65, to sct up 261, — k. dal, to accuse 261. — 1. #rbm, plaintiff 261. — m. sbff, to oppose 262. — n. dnl, to make stinking 262. — o. ddvf, to slander 262. — p. ft br, to be at law with 263. — q. grg, lie 263. — x. jst bt3, to reproach with guilt 263. —s, dbs, to reprimand 263. 2, The judgment 2... eee ee ee a. mp, 10 divide 263. — b. wa (mde), to judge 264, —~ e. wit, hall 268. — d. mby, counsel 268. — c. mb3.t, scales 269. — f. nbp, to judge 269, — g. 4b, to count 269. —h. bm, oxtitpating of sin 21, — i. bir, to drive away, to dispel 271. — j. 53, to acquit 271, — kk. sm3° brw, to justify 271. — 1, dm mdw, to hear the case 272, 3, Denominations for judges of the dead... . 1. a, #%, baboon 272, — b. *Inp, Anubis 272, — c. nb.w m3%t, lords of truth 273, — d, mb.w bt, lords of offerings 273. — e.’ Hnty “Inmty.w 274, — £. fr, high official 274. — g, Jny.t, courtiers 274, — hb. dnb.t, council 274, — i, d3¢3.t, council 274. 4. To condemn'and to sentence... a. ip, to count; Hp, to assign 278, — b. mi, to assign 280, — c. nlf, to call 280, — d, rd, to deliver up (to a punishment) 280. — €. 43m, to cover 281, —f, juw.t, counting 282. 5. Topunish eee a. dis, to punish 282, — b. nik, to punish 282, — c, ng, to punish 284. — d. Dif n, to punish somebody 284. — ¢. éswn, to punish 284, — £. dw.t, evil 285. — g. 2ut, eternity 285, 6 Sim ee ee a, dy, sin 286. — b. iny.t, sin 286, — ¢. iri r, to act-against 286, — 4. ifs, sin 286. — c. ‘v3, robbery 287. — f. ‘b, mischief, sin 287. 253 259 259 263 272 278 282 286 CONTENTS Chapter 11, Terms, C — 8. wn, guilt 287. —h, wf bru, to pour out voice 287, — i. bin, bad 288. — j. wit, sin 288. — k. ndy.t, wickedness 288. — 1. fom, wicked actions, sia 289, — m, pbn.t, crime 289. — 2, £3D.t, sin 290. — 0. 3k, to rebel 290. — f. sp, guilt 290. — q, #532, to denude 291. — rt. sng.t, slander 291. — s. £n, “Béses, Schaden”, “Ubeltat” 291, — t. dvi, to be dissatisfied 291. — u, i,t, sin 292, — v. sbi, to trespass 292. — w, ¢mé.w, evil, crime, injustice 292, — x. és dw, bad spell 293. — y. dv, evil ina moral sense, sin 293. — x. d3.t, transgression 294, 7. Sinner. 2 ee ee wee a. fifty, sinners 294, —b. ‘pp, Apophis 294. — ¢. miaw Bit 294, — d. nik, the evil being to be punished 295. — ¢, rw, cnemy 295. — f. bfiy, enemy 296. — g. bi, rebel 296, — h. Aymy, the others 296. — i, d24.m, opponents 296. xvit 294 CHAPTER III, REPRESENTATIONS OF THE NETHER- WORLD IN DEMOTIC LITERATURE CHAPTER IV, PUNISHMENT IN THE HEREAFTER ACCORDING TO THE COPTIC TEXTS The river of fire, epo H KWgT, Apo HICPWR. . . The realm of the dead, aMHTE. 2 Gates, po. nw AR. bee Realm of the dead, netherworld, wows Tattarus, TApTApoe. The hell, vegenna, oe Fite, KwgFeaTe, Prison, reo. : Darkness, KARQ ee Punishment, KONACIE, Demons and punishing angels»... 00. ee eee Enemy, Saxe... . bette eee Serpent, apawont, ogo (Hf20.#) To seize, amagre (m B92) See eee Grief, gice (259). See eee To cry, pire (rm, A.16.c) » See To devour, Wak (f.B6) 0. ee ‘The sun in the netherworld ©... eee To count, sire (ip, C-4.a) « To tie up, eur (4nb), nowp (wr), cf. B.2, particularly B.2.k . 307 310 316 318 319 320 320 323, 324 326 328 332 333 335 336, 336 337 337 338 338xVut Chapter IV. Coptic texts To shorten, chor, . . Trident, Asx... Flogging, aMactivomt. Scroll, sceiptparbor, Sword cnge. 1. Path, pit... Bad smell, c*} Bunt, Summary... 2. CONTENTS 338 339 339 340 340 341 344 342 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND LITERATURE AcOr: Acta Orientalia ediderunt Societates Orientales Batava Danica Norvegica, Lugduni Batavorum. M. Alliot, Les rites de la chasse au filet, aux temples de Karnak, @’Edfou et @Esneh, Revue d’Egyptologie, Tome cinquiéme, Le Caite, 1946, pp. 57-118, E, Amélineau, Etude sur le Chtistianisme en Egypte au soptitme siecle, Paris, 1887, Amduat: Les Textes des tombes de Thoutmosis III et d’Aménophis Il, par M, Paul Bucher, Tome Premiet, Mémoires publiés par les membres de Finstitut Frangais d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire, Tome Soixantiéme, Le Caite, 1932, quoted to the tomb of Tuthmosis IIT, with number of hour and line, e.g., I, 235 = 1st hour, line 235, H. P. Blok, Bine magische Stele aus der Spitzeit, ACOr VII, 97-113, B.D. = E. A, Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead, The Chapters of coming forth by day, 3 vols. Text, Translation, Vocabulary, London 1898, quoted to page and line of page. BIFAO: Bulletin de Institut Frangais d’Archéologie Orientale, publié sous la direction de M, Pierre Jouguet, Le Caire. Book of the Gates, sce B.S, Divisions: Entrance Hall, B.S. Pl. V; Budge 1st division (pp. 80-85); Cenotaph Seti 1 1st division, Ast division, B.S, Pl. IV, IL; Budge 2nd division (pp. 86-99); Cenotaph Seti I 2nd division, 2nd division, B.S. Pl. III, I; Budge 3rd division (pp. 100-118); Cenotaph Seti I 3rd division. 3rd division, B.S. Pl. II, VIII, VII; Budge 4h division (pp. 119-138); Cenotaph Seti I 4th division. 4th division, B.S. Pl. VII, VI, V3 Budge Sta division (pp. 139-157); Cenotaph Seti I 5th division, Judgment Hall of Ositis, B.S, Pl. V; Budge 6th division (pp. 158-167); Ceno- taph Seti I Pl. LV; Horemheb, ed. Davis-Maspero Pi. LITT, LIV. Sth division, B.S. Pl, XVII; Budge 6th division (pp. 168-189); Cenotaph Seti I 7th division; Champollion, Notices 501, 502, 503; E, Lefébure, MM.AP.C, IM, 1, Pl, XXX, XXX1. 6th division, B.S. Pl, XIX; Budge 7th division (pp. 192, 193); Cenotaph Seti I 8th division; B. Lefébure, M.M.A.P.C. If, 1, PL. XXXI-XXXIV, 7th division, Budge 7h division (pp. 190, 191, 194-218); Cenotaph Seti I 6th division; E, Lefébure, M.LF.A.O. Il, 2, Pl. XT seq. 8th division, B.S. Pl. XV, XIV, XIII; Badge 8th division (pp. 219-236); Cenotaph Seti I 9th division, 9th division, B.S. Pl. XII, XIV; Budge 9tt division (pp. 237-258); Cenotaph Seti I 10th division. 10th division, B.S, Pl. XT, KIL; Budge 10th division (pp. 259-278); Cenotaph Seti I 11th division, lth division, B.S, Pi, X, TX; Budge 11th division (pp. 279-300); Cenotaph Seti I 12th division,xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND LITERATURE 12th division, B.S, Pl. IX, XV; Budge 12th division (pp. 301-306); Cenotaph Seti I “Final Scene”. BSS.: The Alabaster Sarcophagus of Oimenephtah I, by J. Bonomi and S. Sharpe, London 1864. The Book of the Gates has been quoted to the plates of this edition, Budge, Hom.: E. A. Wallis Budge, Coptic Homilies in the dialect of Upper Eaypt, London 1910. Coptic Texts edited with introductions and English translations, Vol. I. E, A, Wallis Budge, Coptic Biblical texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, London 1912, Coptic Texts Vol, II. Budge, Apocr.: E, A. Wallis Budge, Coptic Apocrypha in the dialect of Upper Egypt, London 1913. Coptic ‘Texts Vol. III, Budge, Martyrdoms: E, A, Wallis Budge, Coptic Mastyrdoms in the dialect of ‘Upper Egypt, London 1914. Coptic Texts, Vol. IV. Budge, Miscell.: E, A, Wallis Budge, Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, London 1915. Coptic Texts, Vol. V. E, A. Wallis Budge, The Egyptian Heaven and Hell, Reprinted, Three Volumes in one, London, 1925, "1 The Egyptian Coffin ‘Texts, ed. by A. de Buck and A. H. Gardiner, The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago, 1935 seq. CAE, Chron. d’Eg,; Chronique d’Egypte, Bruxelles. Franz Cumont, Lux Perpetua, Paris 1949. W. Erichsen, Demotisches Glossar, Kopenhagen 1954, W. Erichsen, Demotische Lesestticke I, Literarische Texte, Leipzig 1937. A. Erman und H, Grapow, Wérterbuch det Agyptischen Sprache, Leipzig 1925, R. O. Faulkner, The man who was tired of life, J.E.A., Vol. 42, 1956, pp. 21-40, H, Frankfort, The Cenotaph of Seti 1 at Abydos, Vol. I Text, Vol, Il Plates. 39th memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society, London 1933, A. H, Gardiner and K, Sethe, Egyptian Letters to the dead, mainly from the old and middle kingdoms, London 1928, F. Ll, Griffith, Stoties of the High Priests of Memphis, Oxford 1900, JBA: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology, London. Jb.B.O.L,; Jaatbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap “Ex Oriente Lux”, Leiden, JNES: Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Vol. IV, January 1945, Number 1, Chicago. Miriam Lichtheim, The Songs of the Harpers, pp. 178-212, Plates I-VI. P. Lacau, Fraginents d’Apocryphes Coptes, M.LF.A.O. IX, Le Caite 1904. P. Lacau, Sarcophages antéricurs au Nouvel Empire, 2 vol., 1903-1906, Cata- logue Général du Musée du Caire. E, Lefébure, Les Hypogées Royaux de Thebes, Premitre Division, Le Tombeau de Séti Jer, Annales du Musée Guimet, Tome Neuvitme, Paris 1886, E, Lefébure, Les Hypogées Royaux de Thebes, Seconde Division, M.M.A.F.C. ‘Tome Troisitme, 1c Fascicule, Paris 1889, L. Th, Lefort, S. Pachomii Vita, Bohairice scripta, Louvain 1953, Corpus Scrip- torum Chtistianorum Orientalium, Vol. 89. Scriptores Coptici Tom. 7. Vol. 107, Tom. 11, Interpretatus est L, Th. Lefort, Louvain 1952, LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND LITERATURE xxt L, Th, Lefort, S, Pachomii Vitae, Sahidice Scripta, C.8,C. 1952, Sctiptores Coptici, Ser. III, Tom. 8. Louvre 3292, ed. Nagel: Un papyrus funéraire de la fin du nouvel empire (Louvre 3292, inv), par M. G. Nagel, BLLF.A.O. XXIX, 1928, pp, 1-128, Plates L.Q.: BILE.A.O, XLI, 1942, A. Piankoff, Le Livre des Quererts. Ter tableau (avec 9 planches) pages 1-11, Pl. LIX. XLIL, 1944, Seconde-Cinquiéme Division, pages 1-62, planches X-LXXIX. XLIM, 1945, Sixieme Division, pages 1-80, planches LXXX-CLI. B, Liiddeckens, Untersuchungen iiber religiosen Gchalt, Sprache und Form der Agyptischen Totenklagen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Institute fir Agyptische Altertumskunde in Kaico, Bd. 11, Heft 1 und 2, Berlin 1943, , Vol. 99, 100, Louvain G. Maspero, The Tombs of Harmhabi and ‘Touaténkhamanou, Theodore M. Davis’ Excavations: Bibin el Moldk, London 1912, Charles Maystre et Alexandre Piankoff, Le Livre des Portes, Le Caire; Ministére de Péducation nationale, Mémoires de [Institut Frangais du Caite, sous la direction de M. P. Jouguet, I, Texte; 1* fase. 1939; 2° fase. 1944; 3° fase. 1946, ‘MIFAO: Mémoires publiées par les membres de Pinstitut Francais d’ Archéologie Orientale du Caite, MMAFC: Mémoires publiées par les membres de la mission archéologique Frangaise au Caire, G, Moller, Die beiden Totenpapyrus Rhind, Leipzig 1913, P, Montet, Les scénes de la vie privée dans les combeaux égyptiens de Pancien empire, Publications de la faculté des lettres de 'université de Strasbourg, fascicule 24, Strasbourg, 1925. W, Max Miller, Die Liebespoesie der alten Agypter%, Leipzig 1932, B, Naville, Textes relatifs au Mythe d’Horus, recueillis dans le Temple d’Eéfou, Geneve et Bale, 1870. (= Mythe @' Horus), E, Naville, Papyrus Funéraires de la XXI° dynastic, Le Papyrus biéroglyphique de Kamara et le Papyrus hiératique de Nesikhonsou au musée du Caire, Paris 1912, E. Naville, Das agyptische Todtenbuch der XVIII. bis XX. Dynastie, 3 vols., Berlin 1886, N.T.T.: Nederlands ‘Theologisch Tijdscheift, ed. H. Veenman en Zonen, ‘Wageningen. A, Piankoff, Le Livre du Jour et de Ja Nuit, avec un chapitre sur V'écriture énig- matique par E. Drioton, Le Caire 1942. Institut Frangais d’Archéologie Otientale, Bibliothéque d'Etude, T. XIII. G. Posener, Les criminels débaptisés et les moxts sans noms, Revue d’Egyptologie, Tome cinguiéme, Le Caire 1946, pp. 51-56, Pyr.: Die Altigyptischen Pytamidenteste, von Kurt Sethe, Erster Band, Leipzig 1908, Zweiter Band, Leipzig 1910. Revue @'Egyptologie publiée par la société Frangaise d'égyptologie, Le Caire, F, Robinson, Coptic Apocryphal Gospels, Cambridge 1896; J. Armitage Robinson, Texts and Studies, contributions to biblical and patristic literature, Vol. IV. Sachau, Festschrift Ed. Sachau, see Gotthold Weil.XxxIL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND LITERATURE, i i ‘obenhavn, m asen, Der Begriff des ‘Todes bei den Agyptern, Kebenhavn, beets ie Nal” Danske ‘Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-Filologiske idelelser, Bind XXIX, Nr. 2, pp. 1-32. : . sehmide Sesh, Wallemar Schmnide, Serkofager, Mumickister, 0 Mumiehylstre i det gamie Agypten, Typologisk Atlas, Kobenhavn 1919, quoted to num- ber of figure. ; K. Sethe, Ubersetzuag und Kommentar zu den altigyptischen Pyramidentexten, 4 vols., Glickstadt no date. — i . Henri Sots, Ta préservation de la propriét fontrare dans Pancienne Baype Paris 1913; Bibliotheque de Pécole des Hautes Btades, Sciences Philologi mes et Historiques, 205* fascicule. : — - J, Splegel Die Idee vom Totengericht in der Agyptischen Religion, Leipziger PExgyprologische Studien, Heft 2, Gliickstadt und Hamburg 1935. Urk,; Urkunden des Agyptischen Altertums, herausgegeben von Georg Stein- Urk, oP pistes Band, Urkunden des Alten Reichs I, bearbeitet von Kurt Sethe, Leipzig, 1903. . - sete. Hisorsch ek, IV, Urkunden der 18, Dynustic, bearbeitet von Kurt Sethe. His . siogeaoche Urkunden, Zweite Auflage, Leipzig 1930. Urkunden des Ag. Alt, vierte Abteilung, zum sicbzigsten Geburtstage, Berlin otthold Weil, Festschrift Eduard Sachau zum siebzigsten Geburtsta contots; pp. 103-112, A. Erman, Zwei Grabsteine griechischer Zeit. W. Wolf, Die Bewaffnung des altigyptischen Heres, Leipzig 1926. Z.AKS.: Zeitschrift for igyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, herausgegeben von G. Steindorf CHAPTER ONE GENERAL OUTLINE Par. 1. THE MONISTIC AND THE DUALISTIC CONCEPTION OF DEATH Kristensen 1) showed that the Egyptians have answered the question of the relation between life and death in two ways, It has been his life-work to investigate the monistic view. Death is consider- ed the necessary condition for eternal life. Without death no victory over death. Death becomes the foundation of eternal life, life in its potential form *), The Egyptian orientated himself to nature for this monistic conception. There is a chythm in vegetation: plants and crops mature and die down, but they spring up again from the seed which has becn put into the earth and has died, After each setting the sun rises in the East through its own spontaneous power. ‘This resurtection from death points to the fact that the sectet of spon- taneous life lives under the earth in the realm of the dead. Kristensen himself shows ®) that this monistic conception stands in contrast with a dualistic one, in which death is considered the enemy of life. This dualistic view is the primary one, sprung from the natural fear of death in mankind. The monistic conception is a faith based on religious reflection, This faith being strong in Egypt does not alter the fact that utterances, which show fear of death, occur in the texts, They even form the background against which the pronounce- ments about resurrection and life must be seen. The care of the dead presupposes fear of death as complete destruction 4). In the inscriptions on tombs the passer-by is hailed as follows: “You who loves life and hates death” 5), Also in the Egyptian the natural human reaction is present that death is hateful. He wishes to die at an advanced age (A5.q. pp. 70-71). The doctrine of Ptahhotep says that an obedient 2) Het Leven wit de Dood (Life from deatb), p. 7. 2) Op cit, p. 17. 8) Op. cit,, p. 17. 8) Gardiner, The attitude of the ancient Egyptians to death and the dead, p. 13. *) C.E, Sander-Hansen, Der Begriff des Tedes bei den Agyptern, p, 22. Numen, Suppl. V :2 GENERAL OUTLINE son “reaches a high age and becomes venerable” *). As an ideal age be himself wishes to become a 110 years old *). ‘The Egyptian considered death the enemy of the good life on earth, which he loved and knew how to enjoy with a gay meal accompanied by play and dance. “I am the master of the light, T detest dying” the dead says), “As regards death, may you be able to elude him” is said to him as a wish §), Concerning death all sorts of terms of fear and fright are used (A.15). Gates in the realm of the dead strike terror into those who must pass them; a name like “mistress of terror” for such a gate proves this (A.15.a). Spirits and dead are afraid of Osiris as the king of the realm of the dead (A.15.d). In the “Lebensmiide” the soul cannot hold out any hope of a life after death. The construction of costly sepulchral monuments is of no avail (A.L4, p. 49; A.13.g, p. 106). For these are going to be destroyed and the funeral offerings are not kept up. Everything aims at life on earth. Dying (p. 107) is only destruction and brings mourn- ing. The funeral (A.9f, p. 87) does not ensure eternal life, but goes together with sadness. Therefore the best advice the soul can give is “carpe diem” 5), The same negative attitude is observed in the songs of the harpers. ‘According to the song of Antef the funeral is a being dragged to the land that loves silence (p. 53) ®). Also in these songs the following advice is given: Celebrate a gay day, follow your heart! (A.1.c, p. 47, ‘A2i, p.56, A2e, p.53). At the funeral (A.2.¢, p. 53, A.2.f, p. 53) the widow clasps the mummy’s feet as if she wants to retain her husband and is full of doubt about the effect of the funereal ritual, The wailing-women (A.1.a, p. 45) deplore (A.9.b, p. 86) death as being only loss. The call of death (A.1.c, p. 47) is enexorable, When death says: “Come” one simply has to go. Death is a robber who snatches the child away (A.9.¢, p. 87) from the arms of its mother. ‘The realm of the dead is a place to which one goes but from where nobody ever returns (A.2i, p. 55, A-11-b, p. 93). Man Joves life on 2) Dévand, 590. 3 Janssen, On the ideal lifetime of the Egyptians, OMRO, NR XXXI, pp. 33-34. 8) B.D, 85; Naville II, 192. ‘ 1. 284. g. 5) De Buck, Keramomenten, p. 23. 8) Op. cit., p. 25. GENERAL OUTLINE, 3 earth. He is afraid of dying young, of passing away, before a normal time of life has gone by (A.5.q). On a tomb-stone for a young girl we read a lamentation about her early death (A.5.q, p. 71). ‘The fear of death may take various forms. Death as such is feared in contrast with life (A). The realm of the dead is a gloomy place (A.10), where no life is possible, Death is compared with sleep; they resemble each other in that both put motion and consciousness aside. Normal life has been eliminated (A.8). ‘The state of being motionless is also meant, where the dead is called one who is bound (A.7). The body decays and the senses no longer function (A.3, A.4). Death is being snatched away from life (A.9), and is accompanied by wailing (A.16), whilst the tomb is a place of terror (A.13). ‘A mote reflected view assumes that salvation from death is possible in the beyond. A place is there where man may continue his life and where fertile felds yield him abundance of food *). Nevertheless the fear of death is not suppressed, for many dangers may impend over man (B). Oa his journey through the realm of the dead he has to pass gates, from where the keepers may repel him (B.1) *). Demons want to harm him (B.12-B.16). He may be burnt by fire (B.3) ot be slashed to pieces with knives. There are numerous dangerous places, where he may be tortured (B.7) and which he must try to pass (B. excurs.). The demons may perform many a disagreeable action against him, they may put him in ions, seize him and beat him (B.2, B.9), which may result in total destruction (B.10), or at least may bring about suffering (B.21). Consequently the texts know of names for the dead which point to a sad fate (B.20). ‘The fear of death may also have an ethical strain, viz. that man expects to have to appear before a judge of the dead, who may condemn him on account of sins committed by him (C). He may be accused (C.1) before a court of jastice (C.3), be condemned (C.2 and 4) and be punished (C.5). ‘That the ethical view has played a prominent part is proved by the many terms for sin (C.6). Par, 2. THe Texts The texts where these conceptions are to be found, are, of course, in the first place the spells of the dead in the Pyramid Texts from the 2) Hip-fields, B.D. 110. ») Kees, Totenglauben, p. 429 sqq.4 GENERAL OUTLINE Old Kingdom, the Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom and the Books of the Dead from the New Kingdom, Among the Coffin Texts especially the Zweivegebuch should be mentioned. For the New Kingdom the so-called “Livres” 3) ate of importance, the books that describe the journey of the sun through the realm of the dead. ‘This literature shows the imminent dangers of the netherworld and how sinners are punished. The Ziveinegebuch is a guide for the other world. A black-coloured pathway (the lowermost) anda blue waterway (the uppermost) lead along a pool of fire, which the dead has to avoid). Along the roads all kinds of dangers are imminent. Magical spells make it possible for the dead to overcome them and to charm the demons. Near the red strip of fire in the middle one reads 9): “This is the pool of fire called ‘3/y». These is not a single man who falls into the fire.” ‘These texts are partly otientated towards the Re-teligion, just as, in the Pyramid ‘Texts, the Pharaoh wants to be with Re in heaven: “His (Re’s) protection is my protection. Every- thing that is going to happen against me, may happen in the same way against him’). ‘The contents are pattly directed to Ositis: “There ate two plots of land in the field of Hip among those who kaow. I take care of Ositis. I am an administrator of the fields on ‘Thoth’s side. I am the foster-mother of Osiris among those who make offerings. I am the pure one, who cooks for Osiris every day” ®). Kees °) points to the fact that the Zweimegebuch stands between the Pyramid ‘Texts and Am-Duat. ‘The “Livres” deal with a subterranean realm of the dead. The sun travels along a river from West to East and passes 12 divisions cottesponding to the 12 hours of the night. According to the Book of Gates they are separated by gates. Such gates, guarded by serpents, also already occut in the Zweivegebuch, Usually the wall is divided into three registers, in the rr.-book even into five. The middle register is a river. Towers along the bank drag the sunboat on. The direction of travelling is in the Book of Gates, e.g., from right to left, 1) A. Piankoff, Les différents “Livres” dans les tombes royales du Nowel Empire, Ann, Serv., 40, 1940241, pp. 283-289. 2) Kees, Totenglanben, p. 430 sq. *) B1 Be 237; CT. VI, Spell 1166. *) Lacau, Sare. 1, 192, 30; C.T. VIL, Spell 1055. 5) B 1 Be 256; C.T. VIL, Spell 1159. 9 Op. cit, p. 443. 3 ¢ cori GENERAL OUTLINE, 5 ‘The upper register is the right-hand bank, the lower register the left-hand one. In the upper register, that is on the sight hand, there are usually pictured the righteous, who have a favourable fate. In the lower register, on the unfavourable left side, are the damned, who are punished»). ‘The righteous see Re temporarily, as long as he is in their division, but complain as soon as Re goes away and leaves them in the dark (A.16.d). The unjust do not see Re at all (B.21.n), They remain in the darkness of death. Especially in this lower register many of the horrors af the realm of the dead are sepre- sented and described, It is an extremely important source of inform- ation about the Egyptian conceptions of hell. The punished sinners are called enemies of Re as well as of Osiris (B.17.d). Apophis also, as the principal enemy of Re and chief devil, is punished, In the Book of Gates his punishment of Atum is represented (B.17.e). Pat. 3. THE WAY IN WHICH THE DUALISTIC CONCEPTIONS OF DEATH OCCUR IN THE TEXTS It is not always equally easy to conclude from the texts what the Egyptians thought about death as an enemy. They do not like to write about it. Unfavourable utterances about death are preferably not laid down in inscriptions or written down. From such a record an evil influence may emanate towards the person involved. Therefore the texts do not directly describe circumstances which ate unfavour- able to the dead. This is the reason why, for instance, the Pyramid ‘Texts offer relatively little material. ‘They want to describe a favour- able fate of the dead. So these texts talk about the king’s ascension and his resurrection and relate how he joins the company of Re. ‘Thus much of the material dealt with here is in the negative form: “Rise, N.N., you will not die” (A.1.c)%). So from these negative spells it must be deduced what is actually feated. Many spells begin with the title: “Spell in order not to...” and there follows some unpleasant fate in the hereafter, which must be averted. “Spell in order not to go upside down in the realm of the dead” (A.6.d) °). A fate detrimental to the dead is also to be found in what a man 2) CES, Morenz, Rechts und links im Totengericht, ZAS 82 (1957), pp. 62-71. 3) Pyr, 792. c 9) CT, Spell 224; HII. 211. a.6 GENERAL OUTLINE wishes his enemies, e.g., in the inscriptions directed against tomb sobbers 2): “Truly, my Majesty shall forbid that they will be at the head of the spirits in the realm of the dead, but (order) that they shall be bound and fettered as condemned ones of King Osiris and their town god” (B.2.k) 2). ‘Names of demons, of gates and other dangerous places are mention- ed, in order that the dead may know them and may have power over them. A labyrinth of dangerous roads is, it is true, outlined and described, but beside it is written: “As regards those who know them, they find their ways” (B.7.e). According to the insctiptions the purpose of these spells is to escape dangers (B.excurs.). After mentioning the demons the dead says: “I have power over them, they have no power over me” ®). From places like these, which want to avert dangers, we may deduce which are the menaces of the here- after. Punishment and torture are also mentioned thete whete the judg- ment of sinners is described. This is especially the case in the so-called “Livres”. The kings have the victory of the sun-god over his enemies represented in their tombs (18th dyn. sqq). Herewith they glorify the sun-god, designate themselves as his servants and participate in his triumph. Under such circumstances representations of judgment scenes are not dangerous for the dead himself, The texts make it cleat enough that the king stands on the right side, "The punishments of the hereafter are also applied to Seth and his gang as opponents of Osiris and to Apophis as enemy of Re. In the Arr.t-book human trespassers are punished as enemies of Re ot of Ositis (B.17.d). In the Book of Gates the unjust, who ate punished, are those who sinned on earth against Re or Osiris. But also Apophis is punished there (C.7.b), as the chief one of those who opposed Re. Like the human trespassers he is represented in the lower register among the punished. A document like the Papyrus Jumilhac *) deals with Seth as enemy of Osiris. He is punished by Anubis, just as in 3) H. Sottas, La précervation de la proprittéfunéraire dans Pancienne Eig ypte, p. 36 sqqi p. 96. 3) Urk, 1, 305. 17-18, 8) CT. TL, 162. g. he 4) Non-edited papyrus in the Louvre. We have to thank Prof. J. Vandier for the perusal of it. His edition went to press. GENERAL OUTLINE, 7 the Book of Gates Apophis, the enemy of Re, is punished by Atum. So henceforth punishments, applied to Seth and Apophis, will be described as punishments of sinners. Par. 4. TRACES OF SHEOL REPRESENTATIONS IN Ecyrr It is generally known that with the Semites the dualisticconception of death prevails. ‘The Babylonians call the netherworld irsit /a tari, land without return), “where dust is their nourishment and mud theit food.” The Old Testament knows the 8¥, where the dead lead a shadowy existence. With te Egyptians, on the other hand, there was a belief in resurrection from death. “Its power could be broken. ‘And it was the source of eternal life for mankind, According to the Egyptians man becomes in death the peer of the gods. Again and again he identifies himself with the victors of death, more especially with Re and Osiris. “I am the sun-god, Re, Tum, Chepeta” reads a common formula in the texts of the dead. "The identification of the dead with Ositis even goes 3o far that finally the name of the God becomes a common indication, a title of each person deceased. “Osiris N.N.” is the deceased who possesses the power of resurrection which Osiris has. The mystezy of eternal life is identical for men and gods in every respect” *). Such conceptions seem to exclude a Sheol representation. With the Egyptians, as far as the historical data go, the belief in a resurrection and a new life are always connected with death. Nevertheless there are found utterances now and again, which make us think of a negative view. In the Pyr. Texts the king has to pass doors, before he may begin his ascension, These doors open to him, but they keep the ry. at bay. In early dynastic representations *) the rby.tbitds represent a group of people, which rebels against legal authority. In the Pyr. Texts by rdy.t the common people ate meant, who, in contrast with the king, are not allowed to go to heaven. In variants of Pyt. 1726.a.b foreign peoples take the place of 2) Carl Bezold, Babyloniseh-Asgyrisches Glossar, p. 69 by 8) Kristensen, Het leven uit de dead (Life from deatb), pp. 40, 41, 8) Quibell, Hieraconpolis, T, Pl. XXVI, c, the rby.t, carried along on standards; the South conquers the North. The rdy.f are the inhabitants of the Delta, hence the common people, the rabble.