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Road Design Spec 230329
Road Design Spec 230329
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Contents
1. Things you need to know .....................................................................................1
1.1 About this document .......................................................................................1
1.2 Required deliverables .....................................................................................1
1.3 Terms ..............................................................................................................1
iii
5.6 Curves .......................................................................................................... 17
5.7 Lane widening ............................................................................................... 17
5.8 Median crossfall ............................................................................................ 18
5.9 Footway crossfall .......................................................................................... 18
5.10 Vertical alignment ......................................................................................... 18
5.11 Vertical clearances........................................................................................ 18
5.11.1 Clearances over roads ...................................................................................................... 18
5.11.2 Clearances over roads ...................................................................................................... 18
5.11.3 Design vertical clearances ................................................................................................ 19
5.11.4 Permissible vertical clearances for public use .................................................................. 19
5.11.5 Signposting clearances on bridges ................................................................................... 19
5.11.6 Span clearance for overbridges ........................................................................................ 20
5.11.7 Clearances to utilities ........................................................................................................ 20
5.12 Design for buses ........................................................................................... 20
5.12.1 Bus stop requirements ...................................................................................................... 20
5.12.2 Bus route design ............................................................................................................... 20
5.13 Cycleway design ........................................................................................... 20
5.13.1 Cycleway key performance indicators .............................................................................. 20
5.14 Limits of work and transitions to existing ....................................................... 20
v
12.2 Safety barrier location on urban corners ....................................................... 52
vi
17.10 Estimate report.............................................................................................. 68
viii
Tables
Table 1 Design stages ............................................................................................................... 4
Table 2 Design speed................................................................................................................ 9
Table 3 Design vehicles .......................................................................................................... 10
Table 4 Horizontal geometry and sight distance standards ...................................................... 16
Table 5 Vertical alignment ....................................................................................................... 18
Table 6 Minimum vertical clearances for bridges ..................................................................... 19
Table 7 Traffic Signal design review documentation requirements .......................................... 21
Table 8 Stormwater and waterway flood immunity ................................................................... 30
Table 9 Culvert design parameters .......................................................................................... 32
Table 10 Flood evacuation route culvert design parameters ...................................................... 32
Table 11 Freeboard ................................................................................................................... 33
Table 12 Piped drainage design parameters ............................................................................. 34
Table 13 Hydraulic design parameters ...................................................................................... 35
Table 14 Pit blockage ................................................................................................................ 41
Table 15 Generic pavement designs for estimating only............................................................ 43
Table 16 Street trees ................................................................................................................. 46
Table 17 Estimate types ............................................................................................................ 65
Table 18 Example Clash Analysis Summary ............................................................................. 85
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1. Things you need to know
1.1 About this document
This Road Design Specification includes requirements for strategic, concept and
detailed road design and preparation of technical specifications for road construction. It
includes the requirements for design on flood evacuation routes.
1.3 Terms
You, your means the consultant or contractor engaged to do the work.
We, our, us means the Principal of the contract engaging the consultant or contractor.
Consultant is a person or company that provides expert technical advice, services,
designs and documents.
Contractor is a person or company that undertakes a contract to provide materials or
labour to perform a service or do a job.
The requirements for a consultant apply to a contractor. The requirements for a
contractor apply to a consultant.
Must is a mandatory requirement.
1
2. Design standards
2.1 Road design key performance indicators
Key Performance Indicators for road design are compliance with the following
reference documents:
a) Austroads Guide to Road Design. The Guide to Road Design comprises the
following parts.
Part 1: Objectives of Road Design
Part 2: Network Wide Design
Part 3: Geometric Design
Part 4: Intersections and Crossings - General
Part 4A: Unsignalised and Signalised Intersections
Part 4B: Roundabouts
Part 4C: Interchanges
Part 5: Drainage – General and Hydrology Considerations
Part 5A: Drainage – Road Surface, Networks, Basins and Subsurface
Part 5B: Drainage – Open Channels, Culverts and Floodways
Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers
Part 6A: Paths for Walking and Cycling
Part 6B: Roadside Environment
Part 7: New and Emerging Trends
b) Transport for NSW supplements to the Austroads Guide to Road Design.
c) Transport for NSW standard drawings.
d) Council standard drawings.
e) Council engineering guides.
f) Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002.
g) Australian Human Rights Commission Guideline for Promoting Compliance of
Bus Stops with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002.
h) State Transit Bus Infrastructure Guide.
i) Transport for NSW Guide to signposting.
j) Transport for NSW Traffic control at worksites Technical Manual.
k) NSW Speed Zoning Guidelines.
l) Transport for NSW Technical Information Accepted Road Safety Barrier Systems
and Devices.
2
2.2 Precedence of documents
If there is any conflict or inconsistency between the design standards, the order of
precedence must be:
1. The project specific Scope-of-Work.
2. This Road Design Specification.
3. Transport for NSW supplements to the Austroads Guide to Road Design.
4. Austroads Guide to Road Design.
5. Transport for NSW standard drawings and Council standard drawings.
6. Council engineering guides.
7. Other reference documents.
If the designer has concerns about a requirement the issue may be raised with us for a
determination. The determination must be confirmed in writing and recorded in the
Issues Log and the Design Report.
The Project Manager may direct conformance to a design standard other than the
precedence order shown.
3
3. Defining design stages
3.1 Design stages
Designs are delivered in three stages:
a) Strategic design develops options and establishes a preferred design solution.
b) Concept design refines the preferred solution.
c) Detailed design details the design for construction.
Design stages are expanded in Table 1.
1. Strategic design
Strategic designs define the main features of a proposal in a form sufficient to
produce a budget estimate for inclusion in a construction program.
2. Concept design
Concept designs contain a plan layout, longitudinal sections and typical cross
sections.
3. 20% design
20% designs contain the major geometric elements of the design.
4. 50% design
50% designs contain the expand the design with the significant design elements.
5. 80% design
80% designs contain all of the design elements.
6. 100% design
100% designs are a refinement of the 80% drawings after reviews and audits. They
are the draft Accepted-for-Construction drawings.
8. Construction support
Designers may be called upon to provide advice or change designs during
construction.
The stages of design and their relationship to the design process are shown in Figure 1
on page 5.
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Figure 1 Road design process
5
3.3 Design stage deliverables
3.3.1 Strategic design deliverables
A strategic design needs to be shown on an up-to-date aerial photograph of the site
and will include:
a) Horizontal alignment.
b) Vertical alignment (longitudinal section).
c) Typical cross sections.
d) Major structure footprint.
6
80% road design
An 80% road design includes the 50% content and adds additional sheet groups:
h) BA Barriers
i) SS Safety screens and noise walls.
j) RF Roadside furniture, signposting and delineation.
k) CN Construction staging.
l) ST Structure details.
m) EA Earthworks.
n) GT Geotechnical.
o) SC Site clearing and spoil sites.
p) ER Erosion and sediment control.
q) MS Miscellaneous supplementary.
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4. Site investigation
4.1 Investigations and inputs
Site investigations required by the Scope-of-Work, or provided reports, are an input to
the design process.
4.2 Survey
Survey of a road site shall be carried out in accordance with the Survey and Utility
Location Specification.
8
5. Design functional requirements
5.1 Road type
Road type will be defined in the Scope-of-Work.
Sub-arterial 70 80
Collector 60 70
Local 50 60
Community title 30 30
1The Ausroads Design Vehicles and Turning Path Templates Guide is also the basis for the Austroads Guide to Road
Design Part 4: Intersections and Crossings – General Section 5.2.
9
Table 3 Design vehicles
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From To Design vehicle Check vehicle
Local - 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
residential
Local - 19m semi-trailer 20m semi-trailer (if template is not
industrial available use 25m B-double)
Arterial 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
Sub-arterial 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
Collector - 8.8m service vehicle 14.5m single unit bus
residential
Local - Collector - 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
residential industrial
Local - 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
residential
Local - 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
industrial
Arterial 12.5m single unit truck/bus 19m semi-trailer
Sub-arterial 12.5m single unit truck/bus 19m semi-trailer
Collector - 14.5m single unit bus 19m semi-trailer
residential
Local - Collector - 19m semi-trailer 20m semi-trailer (if template is not
industrial industrial available use 25m B-double)
Local - 8.8m service vehicle 12.5m single unit truck/bus
residential
Local - 19m semi-trailer 20m semi-trailer (if template is not
industrial available use 25m B-double)
Bus depot Any class of 14.5m single unit bus 19m semi-trailer
road 19.0m articulated bus 19m B-double
Shopping Any class of 19m semi-trailer 20m Semi-trailer
centre road
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5.4 Application of turning path templates
5.4.1 Design vehicle and turning path template references
Design vehicles and the application of turning path templates have been derived from:
a) Austroads Design Vehicles and Turning Path Template Guide AP-G345-13.
b) Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 4: Intersections and Crossings –
General Section 5.6.3.
c) AS 2890.2 Parking facilities Part 2: Off-street commercial vehicle facilities.
d) Transport for NSW (RTA) Guide to Traffic Generating Developments.
e) Transport for NSW Heavy vehicles chart.
f) New South Wales Road Rules 2014.
g) Transport for NSW Heavy Vehicle Driver Handbook.
5.4.2 Precedence
Some of the provisions of Austroads guides conflict with NSW road rules. The
instructions on applying turning paths in this specification refer to New South Wales
Road Rules so instructions in this specification take precedence over the instructions in
the Austroads Design Vehicles and Turning Path Template Guide AP-G345-13 and the
Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 4: Intersections and Crossings – General
Section 5.6.3.
2 Transport for NSW, 2022, Heavy Vehicle Driver Handbook p57, Sydney.
12
Requirements
Turning paths from multi lane right turn bays must make the turn from wholly within one
of the right turn lanes. Design and check vehicles longer than 7.5 metres in length
turning right from a multi-lane right turn should use the far-left lane as shown in Figure
4. Straddling a lane line is not permitted.
3 Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 4: Intersections and Crossings – General Appendix A.7, Figure A 4
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5.4.4 Single lane right turns
Standards
Road Rule 32(1) requires that “A driver turning right at an intersection from a multi-lane
road must approach and enter the intersection from within the right lane”, unless Road
Rule 32(2) applies.
Road Rule 32(2)(a) permits vehicles longer than 7.5 metres in length to “approach and
enter the intersection from the marked lane next to the right lane as well as, or instead
of, the right lane”. However, Road Rule 32(2)(d) only allows this if “it is not practicable
for the driver to turn right from within the right lane”.
The road rules do not provide for straddling a lane line for a right turn (as is explicitly
permitted for a left turn).
Requirements
New design should not create a situation where it is not practical for a design vehicle to
turn right from the right lane, so the turning path for a single lane right turn must start
wholly within the right turn lane for both the design vehicle and check vehicle.
Straddling a lane line is not permitted.
5 Transport for NSW, 2022, Heavy Vehicle Driver Handbook p56, Sydney.
14
Requirements
A car is the only design vehicle less than 7.5 metres in length. A car design vehicle
must start a left turn from wholly within the left lane. Straddling a lane line is not
permitted.
Preferably, design and check vehicles should make a left turn from wholly within a left
turn lane. However, if the heavy vehicle turn path needs to turn from the lane adjacent
to the left turn lane, at least one third of the width of the vehicle should be within the left
lane, to comply with government advice to prevent passing by following vehicles.
Requirements
Turn lines should be placed to mimic the tracked path of left turning design and check
vehicles wherever possible to avoid the need for trucks to depart from the turn line.
6 Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 4: Intersections and Crossings – General Section 5.6.3.
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5.4.8 Overhang
In accordance with the Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 4: Intersections and
Crossings – General Section 6.6.1, vehicle swept path analysis must confirm the rear
of turning vehicles do not cross lane lines into adjoining lanes. The long overhang on
the rear of turning buses must not cross into adjoining lanes by even a small amount.7
Sight distance
Horizontal stopping Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
sight distance Section 5
Horizontal curve
Transverse friction Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Table 7.5
Minimum curve radius Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.6.1
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Design parameter Standard
Minimum horizontal Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
curve length Section 7.6.2
Deflection angle Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.6.2
Shift offset As per the Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric
Design
Superelevation % Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.7.3 and 7.7.4
Relative grade Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.7.8
Lane widening Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.9 and Table 7.13 using the design vehicles in this
specification.
Crossfall
Normal crossfall 3%
Adverse crossfall Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Section 7.8
5.6 Curves
Compound curves and broken back curves must be avoided. Where compound curves
are unavoidable the design speed criteria must be satisfied.
The minimum length measured between tangent spiral points on adjacent reverse
horizontal curves must be equal to or greater than the design speed expressed as
metres.
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5.8 Median crossfall
Design parameters for median slopes are shown in Austroads Guide to Road Design
2021 Part 3: Geometric Design Section 4.73, Table 4.16.
Urban medians between kerbs shall be designed with a 3.0% crossfall (1:33).
Maximum grade Austroads Guide to Road Design 2021 Part 3: Geometric Design
Table 8.3
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Table 6 Minimum vertical clearances for bridges
6.5 preferred
Road bridges over high clearance routes
6.0 absolute minimum
19
5.11.6 Span clearance for overbridges
A bridge spanning a major roadway shall provide full clearance and shoulder widths on
the road beneath. Allowance for the longitudinal drainage, services and maintenance
operations shall be considered and provided where necessary.
Allowance for future widening of the road beneath shall be included if this is planned or
likely in the next 40 years.
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6. Traffic signal design
6.1 Traffic signal design key performance indicators
Traffic signals must be designed in accordance with the requirements of the Roads and
Traffic Authority Traffic Signal Design manual published by Transport for NSW.
Pedestrian crossings are to be provided on all legs of intersections unless a specific
exemption applies.
Optional Mandatory Mandatory Traffic signal (TCS) plan (PDF and CAD)
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Turning paths PDF (Design vehicle turning paths
and check vehicle turning paths if there are any
kerb adjustments or changes to traffic
movements)
The Traffic Signal Design Manual Appendix A checklist is reproduced below. The traffic
signal drawings must comply with the requirements of the checklist.
21
22
23
Figure 7 Traffic Signal Design Manual Appendix A checklist
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Figure 8 TCS Design “Agreement in Principle”
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7. Waterway design
7.1 Key Performance Indicators
Key Performance Indicators for stormwater and waterway design are the following
reference documents:
a) Geoscience Australia Australian Rainfall and Runoff: A Guide to Flood
Estimation.
b) Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 5A – Road Surface, Networks, Basins and
Subsurface.
c) Operating manuals of computer models used for stormwater and waterway
design.
26
EY = Exceedances per year.
AEP = Annual Exceedance Probability, the probability of the event being equalled or
exceeded in any year as a percentage or 1 in x or 1:x.
ARI = Average Recurrence Interval expressed as 1 in x. 8
8Ball, J, Babister, M, et al., 2019, Australian Rainfall and Runoff, Book 1, Chapter 2, Figure 1.2.1, p9, Geoscience
Australia, Canberra.
27
7.6 Site visit
The site visit should meet the requirements of Section 4.3.
7.7 Survey
Survey shall comply with the Survey and Utility Location Specification and the Design
Format Specification.
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7.12 Reporting hydrology and hydraulic analysis
The hydrology and hydraulic background information, base data, assumptions, analysis
procedures, results and conclusions should be included in the Design Report.
29
8. Stormwater design parameters
8.1 Flood immunity
Flood immunity standards for stormwater and waterway drainage design are shown in
Table 8. As noted in Table 8, bridges may have a higher standard of design flood
immunity than the approach road in order to protect the structure from damage during a
flood.
Flood immunity for bridges is also known as the Serviceability Limit State.
Bridges on any class of road, except a flood 1 in 100 year Annual Exceedance
evacuation route Probability unless otherwise specified
in the Scope-of-Work or constrained by
the circumstances of the site and
approved
8.2 Roughness
A significant parameter used for analysis is Manning's 'n', a measure of channel
roughness. Guidelines for selection of Manning's n are included in Austroads Guide to
Road Design Part 5A – Road Surface, Networks, Basins and Subsurface. It is often
useful to consider a sensitivity analysis using Manning's n where there is uncertainty in
selection of an appropriate value.
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8.3 Flood flow safety
The maximum vulnerability threshold for flood flows across areas accessed by people
or vehicles is the H1 classification in Figure 109 on page 31.
9Smith, G, Cox, R, 2019, Australian Rainfall and Runoff, Book 6, Chapter 7, Figure 6.7.9 p260, Geoscience Australia,
Canberra.
31
Table 9 Culvert design parameters
Maximum flood flow safety threshold. Since 1 in 500 year Annual Exceedance Probability
flood flows should not cross a flood evacuation
route, the hazard vulnerability threshold for a flood
evacuation route will be the lower bound of the H1
classification in Figure 10 on page 31.
Transverse drainage capacity across Transverse drainage across the flood evacuation
flood evacuation route. route shall be sufficient capacity to pass the 1 in
500 year Annual Exceedance Probability flood
flows with no floodwater across the road.
Desirable maximum flood immunity level The desirable maximum flood immunity level of a
(Serviceability Limit State) on a flood culvert on a flood evacuation route is the 1 in 500
evacuation route. year Annual Exceedance Probability.
Absolute maximum afflux level at a Afflux at a culvert on a flood evacuation route shall
culvert on a flood evacuation route. not be higher than the kerb lip level of the crossing
roadway. The 1 in 100 year Annual Exceedance
Probability afflux at a culvert shall not compromise
the freeboard levels to surrounding buildings as
defined in Table 11 on page 33.
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Situation Design parameter
Debris at a culvert crossing a flood Debris deflector walls described in Section 8.12.5
evacuation route. on page 40 shall be installed on culverts crossing a
flood evacuation route. The barriers on the road
crossing the culvert shall be designed to prevent
trapped debris from being washed onto the road
carriageway.
Ultimate Limit State Ultimate failure limit state is the 1 in 2000 year
Annual Exceedance Probability flood
8.6 Freeboard
Freeboard design parameters are shown in Table 11. Culvert design will need to
consider the impact of afflux on the wider built environment to ensure the parameters
detailed in Table 11 are not exceeded.
Table 11 Freeboard
Situation Value
Residential habitable floor freeboard 0.5 metres unless otherwise specified in the
above channel Scope-of-Work or a Development Control Plan or
Subdivision Guide
Residential habitable floor freeboard 0.3 metres unless otherwise specified in the
above 1 in 100 year Annual Exceedance Scope-of-Work or a Development Control Plan or
Probability overland flow Subdivision Guide
Residential habitable floor freeboard 0.2 metres unless otherwise specified in the
above on-site detention Scope-of-Work or a Development Control Plan or
Subdivision Guide
Garage floor level freeboard 0.1 metres unless otherwise specified in the
Scope-of-Work or a Development Control Plan or
Subdivision Guide
Detention basin embankment above 100 0.5 metres unless otherwise specified in the
year storage level Scope-of-Work or a Development Control Plan or
Subdivision Guide
33
5. Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 5A – Road Surface, Networks, Basins and
Subsurface.
6. Australian Rainfall and Runoff: A Guide to Flood Estimation.
Parameter Value
Hydraulics
Downstream water surface For the design storm event, either:
• Hydraulic grade line level from
downstream calculations including
pit losses at the starting pit
• A level 0.15m below the invert of
the downstream pit when the
hydraulic grade line is unknown
• The top of the outlet pipe where the
outlet is an open channel
Water surface level in pits 0.15m below top of grate in kerb and
channel
34
8.8.2 Pit location at pedestrian crossings
Pits must be located more than 1.0 metres from traffic signal pedestrian crossing line
marking to comply with Transport for NSW requirements.
Pits at unsignalized pedestrian crossings should preferably be located more than 1.0
metres from the pram ramp.
Parameter Value
10Lynch, S. 2004, Calibration of the UPRCT Hydrologic Model Notes, Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust,
Parramatta, unpublished.
35
Parameter Value
Percentage Impervious
36
Parameter Value
Commercial (shops and offices) percentage 100% unless otherwise specified in the
impervious Scope-of-Work or a Development
Control Plan or Subdivision Guide
Industrial (factories, warehouses) percentage 90% unless otherwise specified in the
impervious Scope-of-Work or a Development
Control Plan or Subdivision Guide
Business park percentage impervious 70% unless otherwise specified in the
Scope-of-Work or a Development
Control Plan or Subdivision Guide
Safety
37
include a park, watercourse, drainage or road reserve, stormwater registered
drainage easement, or land held by local government (including freehold land).
A natural watercourse may not be a lawful point of discharge unless the requirements
of the two tests are met.
Figure 11 Blockage
11Weeks. W. Australian Rainfall and Runoff Revision Project 11: Blockage of Hydraulic Structures Stage 1 Report,
Engineers Australia Water Engineering, November 2009, Section 2.4.5.
38
8.12.1 Assessing the impact of blockage
Assessing the impacts of blockages requires consideration of the following issues on a
site-by-site basis:
• Variations in the risk of blockage for different storm probabilities.
• Hydraulic consequences of various degrees of blockage (ie changes in flood
levels and channel discharge due to inter-catchment flow exchange, and/or
changes in flood storage).
• Potential impacts on the catchment, community assets, and public safety.
• Environmental impacts such as interference to fish passage.
• The consequences of blockages in excess of that assumed during the design
events.
• The likelihood and consequences of structural damage resulting from blockages.
• The potential path/s of bypass and overtopping flows (eg overland flows that may
pass through downstream properties before re-entering the waterway channel,
and flows that may exit the waterway and enter an adjacent roadway.
• Potential for floor level flooding, especially flood level flooding that results from
only minor changes in the ‘design’ conditions of the waterway structure.
• Potential adverse effects on both the ‘value’ and ‘use’ of adjacent land.
• Potential, unrepairable property damage (eg damage to historical sites, or severe
erosion that threatens the structural integrity of public and private assets).12
12Weeks. W. Australian Rainfall and Runoff Revision Project 11: Blockage of Hydraulic Structures Stage 1 Report,
Engineers Australia Water Engineering, November 2009, Section 3.1.1.
39
8.12.3 Methodology for assessment of blockage at bridges and large
culverts
Determining the potential for blockage at bridges and bridge size single cell culverts
(diagonal opening more than 6.0 metres) is detailed in the Bridge Design Specification
as using the Blockage Assessment Form in Appendix A with the following L10 values:
L10 = 1.5 metres for urban and rural areas.
L10 = 2.0 metres for dense forested areas.
13Values consider the sensitivity analysis in the Transport for NSW Hawkesbury-Nepean Valley Flood Evacuation Road
Resilience Stormwater / Flood Modelling Specification 2022 which adopted recommendations from the Wollongong City
Council Review of Conduit Blockage Policy–Summary Report 2016.
14Smith, G, Cox, R, 2019, Australian Rainfall and Runoff, Book 6, Chapter 7, Figure 6.6.3 p242, Geoscience Australia,
Canberra.
40
8.12.6 Blockage of piped drainage systems
Design values for pit capacity and blockage are derived from Australian Rainfall and
Runoff and its research papers as shown in Table 14.
Sag pits
Sag pit with kerb and grate inlet 80% (20% blocked) 80% (20% blocked)
Sag pit with kerb inlet only 80% (20% blocked) 80% (20% blocked)
Sag pit with grate inlet only 50% (50% blocked) 50% (50% blocked)
On-grade pits
On-grade pit with kerb and grate inlet 90% (10% blocked) 90% (10% blocked)
On-grade pit with kerb inlet only 80% (20% blocked) 80% (20% blocked)
On-grade pit with grate inlet only 60% (40% blocked) 60% (40% blocked)
Field inlets17
Flush mounted field inlet pit 20% (80% blocked) 0% (100% blocked)
15Roso. S, Sterren. M, 2019, Australian Rainfall and Runoff, Book 9, Chapter 4, Table 9.5.1 p120, Geoscience Australia,
Canberra.
16
Coombes. P, Roso, S, Babister M, 2019, Australian Rainfall and Runoff, Book 9, Chapter 6, Table 9.6.9 p198,
Geoscience Australia, Canberra.
17 Weeks, W et al, 2013, Project 11: Blockage of Hydraulic Structures Stage 2 Report, Table 7.1 p7-23, Fortitude Valley.
41
i) Strength class.
j) Length of pipe between pit centres.
42
9. Pavement design
9.1 Pavement design detail
Site specific traffic modelling must be used to determine pavement design criteria for
detail design and Accepted-for-Construction designs. See the Geotechnical and
Pavement Design Specification for details.
Strategic and Concept road designs may use the generic pavement designs shown in
in Table 15 for the purposes of estimating only.
Wearing Course
AC Intermediate
Total Thickness
Cemented Sub-
Pavement Type
Select material
Course (mm)
Base Course
zone (mm)
base (mm)
Sub-base
Option
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Sub-arterial
CBR 3.5% Deep lift Asphaltic Concrete over select 50 190 - - - 300 540
Option 1 material
CBR 3.5% Flexible pavement with thin Asphaltic 50 - 170 - 440 - 660
Option 2 Concrete over granular bases
CBR 3.5% Thick Asphaltic Concrete over 50 150 - 200 - 300 700
Option 3 cemented sub-base
CBR 4.5% Deep lift Asphaltic Concrete over select 50 175 - - - 300 525
Option 1 material
CBR 4.5% Flexible pavement with thin Asphaltic 50 - 170 - 370 - 590
Option 2 Concrete over granular bases
CBR 4.5% Thick Asphaltic Concrete over 50 135 - 200 - 300 685
Option 3 cemented sub-base
Minor collector
Major local
Minor local
43
44
1
Option
Roundabouts
rolled concrete
Pavement Type
Deep lift Asphaltic Concrete on 5Mpa
Wearing Course
50
(mm)
AC Intermediate
175
(mm)
Cemented Sub-
150
base (mm)
Sub-base
-
Course (mm)
Select material
-
zone (mm)
Total Thickness
375
(mm)
10. Landscaping
10.1 Landscaping key performance indicators
Key performance indicators for landscape design are compliance with:
a) Development Control Plan requirements.
b) Roads and Traffic Authority Landscape Guideline.
c) Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 6B: Roadside Environment.
10.2 Soils
The landscape plan must specify the soil type on the site and whether this information
was obtained by investigation or reference to soils maps.
10.3 Paving
Median and footpath paving must comply with the colour and construction
requirements of Council’s Standard Drawings.
Cycleway paving must comply with the colour and construction requirements of
Council’s Standard Drawings.
45
i) Ensure the root ball will not tear up expensive utilities such as fibre optic cables if
the tree is uprooted in high winds.
j) Ensure the mature trunk width at ground level will not encroach on footpaths or
lift the kerb.
46
Scientific name Common name Preferred soils Common
height
47
The Network Roadside Risk Intervention Threshold (NRRIT) pre-calculated scenarios
in Appendix A can be used to evaluate the safety risk of various distances between the
kerb and the face of the mature tree. If the distance proposed results in a risk value
above 2.0, the tree should be placed further away from the kerb.
A sample of the pre-calculated scenarios is shown in Figure 13. The line across the top
of the table shows distances to the face of a tree or hazard. The risk values are shown
within the table. Values above 2.0 are highlighted red. A risk value above 2.0 means
the tree would be too close to the kerb.
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11. Signposting and delineation
11.1 Signposting and delineation key performance
indicators
Delineation must be designed in accordance with the Roads and Traffic Authority
Delineation guideline published by Transport for NSW.
Regulatory sign design must comply with the Austroads Guide to Traffic Management,
AS 1743 Road Sign – Specifications and the Transport for NSW Road Sign Register.
Directional signposting must comply with the Austroads Guide to Traffic Management
Part 10: Traffic Control and Communication Devices and the Transport for NSW
Supplement to Austroads Guide to Traffic Management Part 10: Traffic Control and
Communication Devices.
49
c) That the sign itself does not restrict sight distance on curves, intersections,
driveways, other traffic control devices (such as traffic control signal, stop signs
etc.) or other road side furniture such as bus stops.
d) That the lateral and vertical positioning of the sign is appropriate with regard to
the protection of the sign from impact/vandalism.
e) That the height, lateral position and direction of the sign are appropriate to the
intended message.
f) That signs will not be obstructed by urban design features, street lighting/other
street furniture, landscaping and the visual scheme or reflection from street
lighting.
g) That signs do not obstruct or conflict with each other and are appropriately
spaced to avoid overloading drivers with information.
h) Consideration of maintenance.
i) Appropriate signposting for pedestrians and cyclists and incorporate signs
associated with warnings, speed zones, place names, feature names and
appropriate symbols.
k) Appropriate signposting for tourist routes.
Directional signposting must be provided in accordance with the Transport for NSW
Guide to Signposting and in consultation with Transport for NSW. Directional
signposting must be consistent with the State Road network.
All overbridges and underpasses must have road name signs and be signposted in
accordance with the directional signage scheme. All creeks and rivers must have the
waterway name displayed in accordance with the directional signage scheme.
Temporary delineation and signposting is to be designed to conform with the Transport
for NSW Traffic control at worksites Technical Manual.
Speed limit signs are to be provided in accordance with NSW Speed Zoning Guidelines
and approved by the local Traffic Committee.
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12. Design for errant vehicles
12.1 Design for errant vehicles performance indicators
Key performance indicators for design for errant vehicles are compliance with:
a) Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers.
c) Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 6B: Roadside Environment.
d) Transport for NSW Technical Information Accepted Road Safety Barrier Systems
and Devices.
The risk threshold for treating a hazard is known as a Network Roadside Risk
Intervention Threshold (NRRIT) as described in Section 2.4 of the Austroads Guide to
Road Design Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers.
A risk value of 2.0 is to be used as the intervention risk threshold for treatment of
roadside hazards (unless a different value has been published by Council).
The warrant for a safety barrier must be determined by using the method in Austroads
Guide to Road Design Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers.
Before commencing this time-consuming risk evaluation, the Network Roadside Risk
Intervention Threshold (NRRIT) pre-calculated scenarios in Appendix A can be used to
determine if a site-specific risk evaluation is warranted. A sample of the pre-calculated
scenarios is shown in Figure 14 on page 51.
The barrier chosen for installation must suit the suitability and containment level
specified in the Transport for NSW Technical Information Accepted Road Safety Barrier
Systems and Devices.
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12.2 Safety barrier location on urban corners
If a safety barrier is required on an urban corner, it must be located on the fence line
rather than over the kerb. This will avoid the problem of shorter than minimum safety
barrier lengths, lack of terminals, locating a terminal on the kerb line and will avoid
problems with pedestrian access across the barrier, as shown in Figure 15.
Terminal
Terminal
Terminal on kerbline
may be subjected to
Barrier on kerbline
Terminal
Barrier is clear of
pedestrian conflicts
Unacceptable
shorter than
minimum safety
barrier length.
Suitable terminals
cannot be provided
al
Termin
e
on kerblin
barrier
Short Unacceptable
gaps in barrier for
Te rminal
pedestrian access
52
13. Ancillary activities
13.1 Noise wall and screen design key performance
indicators
Key performance indicators for noise wall and screen design are compliance with:
a) Transport for NSW Noise Wall Design Guideline: Design guideline to improve the
appearance of noise walls in NSW.
b) Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 6B: Roadside Environment.
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14. Property adjustment design
14.1 Property adjustment key performance indicators
Key performance indicators for property adjustment design are compliance with:
a) Residential Vehicle Crossings guidelines.
b) Dividing Fences Act.
c) Roads Act.
d) Local Government Act.
e) Building Code of Australia (BCA).
f) State Environmental Planning Policy (Biodiversity and Conservation) 2021.
g) Transport for NSW QA Specification R204 Property Adjustments.
14.4 Photographs
Photographs must be taken of the area to be affected by property adjustments,
including photographs of the driveway and frontage area of the property.
54
14.5 Property Adjustment Record and Requirement
Schedule
Before commencing property adjustment, submit to us a Property Adjustment Record
and Requirement Schedule, as shown in Figure 16 on page 55.
The photo record of the site must be in sufficient detail to provide a reference for
design and evidence in the event of a dispute.
55
Driveway design must include:
a) A dimensioned plan view of the driveway.
b) A longitudinal section of the centre of the driveway, including levels at the
boundary and change of grade.
c) A cross section of driveway pavement construction showing materials and depths
of pavement materials.
d) Description notes that must include:
Driveway construction must comply with Council’s standard drawings.
Driveway levels at the boundary must be Xmm above the edge of the gutter
crossing closest to the boundary. The side slope of the driveway at the boundary
must be the same as the slope of the kerb.
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a) The address of the property, property description (lot/DP) and owner's name.
Note: the address of the property owner must also be included if the property is
not occupied by the owner.
m) Signature box for property owner's acceptance of the proposed work.
Setting out
The property boundary location and level must be marked by survey before work
commences.
Utilities
Utility services locations must be marked before work commences.
Utility adjustment must be carried out by persons qualified to adjust the service.
Site clearing
Cleared material is to be removed from site.
Preserve existing fences, structures, landscape or other site features, trees and other
vegetation not requiring adjustments.
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Earthworks - topsoil
Strip topsoil from all areas of cut and fill. Stockpile sufficient topsoil for reuse on the
property and dispose of the remainder.
Earthworks - excavation
Ensure excavation is adequately drained, where necessary install a sump and a pump
to keep the excavation dry.
Excavate footings to the levels shown on the drawings. Use excavation methods which
will not cause damage to adjacent property. Remove any loose material and clean the
floor. Fill the space of any over-excavation with concrete of the same strength as that
specified for the footing.
Where possible, reuse excavated materials as fill within the property or dispose of them
legally in accordance with Environment Protection Authority Waste Classification
Guidelines.
Excavate batters to the gradients shown on the drawings. Neatly round the tops of the
batters.
Fill
Before placing any fill, remove any unsuitable material from the foundation area.
Fill must be uncontaminated earth, free from vegetation.
The minimum relative compaction, tested in accordance with Transport for NSW Test
method T166, must be.
• Residential Lots, except under driveways 95.0%
Stormwater drainage
Pipes to kerb outlet under footway – steel pipe, minimum thickness 5 mm, galvanized
inside and out.
Covers and grates – traffic load standard in driveways and traffic areas. Pedestrian
load standard in non-traffic areas.
Concrete
Concrete must comply with Transport for NSW Specification R53 Concrete for General
Works. Concrete must be of strength grade S32 with 20 mm aggregate.
Masonry
Carry out block laying in accordance with AS 3700. Install steel reinforcement as
shown on the drawings.
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Use stretcher bond construction. Perpends must be vertically aligned in alternate
courses.
Provide straight joints between new masonry and existing structures. Do not tooth new
masonry into existing structures.
Retaining walls
Construct retaining wall footings, reinforcement and drainage as shown on the retaining
wall cross section.
Segmental paving
Lay, trim and compact the subbase before placing pavers.
Provide a compacted sand bed of a well-graded sand with a maximum grain size of
4.75 mm and with less than 10% passing a 75 micron sieve. Fill the joints with sand,
with a maximum grain size of 2.36 mm and less than 10% passing a 75 micron sieve.
Repeat compaction and joint filling until all joints are filled. Remove excess sand by
sweeping.
Pavers must comply with AS/NZS 4455.
Timberwork
All timber to be seasoned durable timber. Do not use of pine or preservative treated
timber.
Fasteners, fittings, screws and nails to be hot dipped galvanised in accordance with AS
1214.
All timber to be painted must be primed on all surfaces on completion of preparatory
work and before installation. After treatment, do not re-saw, dress, plane or otherwise
alter the dimensions of the timber.
Steelwork
After fabrication, all steel components must be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with
Transport for NSW Specification B201 Steelwork for Bridges.
Painting
Steel joints welded on site must be coated with zinc rich paint.
Prepare building surfaces by filling to all holes and other depressions and sanding to
provide smooth surfaces.
Prepare materials as recommended by the paint manufacturer. Apply sealers, primers
and undercoats in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
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The number of finishing coats must be as recommended by the manufacturer, unless
further coats are required to provide a satisfactory finish.
Avoid any overpainting or spillages on adjacent surfaces.
Handrails
Fabricate and install handrails in accordance with AS 1657.
Fences
Supply and install fencing in accordance with Transport for NSW Specification R201
Fencing.
Landscaping
Imported topsoil must be a soil mix that conforms to AS 4419 and:
a) Be friable and porous.
b) Contain no refuse or materials toxic to plant growth.
c) Contain no stumps, roots, clay lump or stones larger than 25 mm in size.
d) Have an organic content of at least 15% to 20% by mass as determined by the
method specified in AS 1289 D1.1 Part D.
e) Have a pH in the range of 5 to 6.5.
f) Have a soluble salt content not exceeding 0.06% by mass.
g) Be suitable for phosphorus sensitive plants.
h) Be free of weed and weed refuse material.
Spread topsoil to a minimum depth of 50 mm under turf and 150 mm in garden beds.
The surface of the topsoil must smoothly follow the contours of the ground.
Turf must be of the same species as that of adjacent lawns on the property. Lay to
provide a smooth transition to adjacent lawns or paved areas and an even surface free
of areas where water could pond. Water the turf immediately after laying. Ongoing
watering will be the responsibility of the property owner.
Supply all plants in tubes, unless shown otherwise on the drawings. Use appropriate
fertilisers and mulch around the plants with similar mulch to that used elsewhere in the
garden. Water immediately after planting. Ongoing watering will be the responsibility of
the property owner.
Clean-up
Remove and legally dispose of all surplus material.
Addition works
Additional work not described on the drawing is not to be carried out.
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Property owner name: ___________________
Signature: ____________________________
Date: ______________
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d) Lot and deposited plan numbers.
e) Area of the original lot, in square metres.
f) Bearing and distance of each section of the proposed boundary.
g) Area of the area subject to ownership change, in square metres.
h) Street names.
i) North point.
j) Scale.
k) Title describing the drawing.
If addition of zoning information on the acquisition plans is requested, a CAD file
containing zoning information will be supplied.
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15. Public utility and street lighting design
15.1 When utility design and street lighting design is
required
Utility adjustment designs and street lighting designs are required if specified in the
Scope-of-Work.
Refer to the Table of Deliverables and the Utility Design Specification for utility design
requirements.
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16. Technical specification for construction
The Technical specification for construction must include:
a) Construction specifications.
b) Construction sequence instructions.
The Technical Specification for construction shall reference Transport for NSW
construction specifications and Council engineering guides and standards as
appropriate.
The Technical Specification for landscape construction shall reference Transport for
NSW Specification R179 Landscape Planting.
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17. Estimate
17.1 Estimate key performance indicators
Key Performance Indicators for estimating are the following reference documents:
a) Transport for NSW Project estimating manual 2020.
b) Transport for NSW Standard estimating summary spreadsheet.
c) The supplied version of the Transport for NSW Basis of Estimate Report.
Project base estimate • The project base estimate is the best prediction cost of a project
in current dollars.
• The project base estimate excludes cost escalation and
contingency associated with project risk.
• The project base estimate is used as the basis for calculating
the P50 and P90 probability estimates.
P50 probability • P50 probability estimates are used for the purpose of obtaining
estimate funding and managing projects.
• The objective of a P50 estimate is to ensure the actual cost has
a 50% probability of not being exceeded (as shown in Figure
19 on page 67).
P90 probability P90 probability estimate value is the publicly
estimate announced project cost.
The difference between the project base estimate and the probability estimates is the
amount of contingency applied. The concept is shown in Figure 18 on page 66.
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Figure 18 Application of contingency
66
Figure 19 Estimating stages and accuracy
67
17.9 Contingency
For strategic estimates, where there is often insufficient information to undertake a
meaningful probabilistic estimate, the deterministic method can be used. Strategic
estimates may use the deterministic contingency calculation method shown in
Appendix D of the Transport for NSW Project estimating manual 2020.
Contingency percentages for probability estimates should be based on the level of
uncertainty with the information used to prepare the estimate. Contingency
percentages shall be in accordance with Section 3 of the Transport for NSW Project
estimating manual 2020.
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18. Documentation
18.1 Acronyms
Do not use acronyms in documents, apart from those in common use in the community
such as NSW, or when they are in the same paragraph group adjacent to the text
spelled out in full.
Reports are written with a word processor, not a quill pen, so there is no modern
reason to use acronyms. Excessive acronyms will be treated as a non-conformance.
Specifications should avoid acronyms (except where space is limited in a table) by
spelling out in full the item followed by the commonly used acronym eg Annual
Exceedance Probability (AEP).
1. PROJECT SETUP
1.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1.1.1 About this document
• Project title.
• File number.
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• Council and consultant project number / contract number.
1.1.3 Design team
• Locality.
• Brief description of the project.
• Background of the project from the Scope-of-Work.
1.2.2 Objectives
2. THE SITE
2.1 EXISTING ROAD
2.1.1 Road classification and access
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• Adjoining property, building and infrastructure.
• Issues posed by property boundaries and land titles.
• Parking arrangements.
3. INVESTIGATION
3.1 SURVEY AND UTILITY INVESTIGATION
3.1.1 Survey
• Refer to the Traffic Data Report. If appropriate, summarise any findings that
had a significant influence on the design.
3.2.2 Traffic and transport modelling
• Refer to the Traffic Modelling Report and summarise the information used in
the design.
• Refer to the Pavement Design Report and summarise the main findings.
4. DESIGN INPUTS
4.1 DESIGN PLANNING
4.1.1 Design parameters and values
• Design Speed.
• Design vehicles.
• Alignment constraints (minimum curve radius, speed, widths, sight distance,
superelevation and risk).
• Stormwater drainage design pipeline capacity and flood immunity values.
4.1.2 Design assumptions
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4.1.3 Implementation assumptions
• Fisheries requirements.
4.5 RISKS
4.5.1 Crash risk
• Crash history.
• Mitigation measures to rectify crash history.
4.5.2 Other risks
• Risk issues.
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• Sign-off of cross section reference.
5. DESIGN
5.1 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT AND GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
5.1.1 Horizontal design parameters
• Maintenance bays.
• Provision for garbage collection.
• Provision for emergency vehicles.
• Transition design.
• Checks undertaken to prevent long flow paths at transitions.
5.2.3 Sight
5.3 OPTIONS
5.3.1 Options considered
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5.4.2 Crossfalls
• Summary description of significant public utilities in the existing road, size and
condition.
• Utility services to be located in the new roadway.
• Influence of utilities on the design.
• The extent, estimated cost and the time required to relocate any affected
services.
• The extent and cost of any temporary protection, disconnection or stabilisation
of affected infrastructure that must be provided by the utility provider.
5.6 CLEARANCES
5.6.1 Vertical clearances
• Design vehicle.
• Provision for large vehicles.
• Swept paths.
• Location of median noses.
• Pedestrian crossings.
• Speed control.
• Vulnerable road users - pedestrians, cyclists.
• Design vehicle.
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• Swept paths.
• Number of entries, circulating and exit lanes, widths and geometry.
• Entry speed control.
• Vulnerable road users - pedestrians, cyclists.
• Describe the results of the flood modelling and the impact of flooding.
• Methodology and computer programs used to model hydrology.
• Calculated discharge for the range of flood recurrence intervals.
• Calculated flow velocity for the range of flood recurrence intervals.
• Calculated High Flood Levels for the range of flood recurrence intervals.
• Discussion of submergence.
• Normal water level.
• Observed flood levels with date.
• Calibration of hydrology.
• Proposed clearance above the calculated 1% Annual Exceedance Probability
Flood Level.
5.10.5 Hydraulics
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• Detail of blockage factors used for large cross drainage culverts.
• Detail of blockage factors used for large cross drainage culverts on flood
evacuation routes.
5.10.8 Drainage structures
• Describe pit and pipe material, types and other drainage structures.
• Pit and pipe network layout.
• Curved pipes.
• Pit locations, sag locations, trapped low points, ponding on road, ponding on
lots, clash.
• Hydraulic Grade Line.
5.10.9 Pavement drainage
• Pavement contours.
• Flow paths.
• Aquaplaning.
• Width of flow.
• Risk of pedestrian splashing.
5.10.10 Cross drainage
• Culverts.
• Protection against "piping" failure, bulkheads.
• Channels.
• Lead-in, tail-out drains.
• Connection to trunk drainage.
5.10.11 Public safety
• Stormwater management.
• Public safety in dual use floodways and flows in public reserves.
• Public safety in dammed water, fall prevention.
• Dams Safety Committee requirements.
• Flood warning signs.
5.10.12 Detention basins
• Inter-allotment drainage.
• Provision for medium density and industrial lots.
5.10.15 Sub-soil and pavement drainage
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5.11 PAVEMENT
5.11.1 Pavement design
• Pavement layers.
• Temporary barrier type and performance level specified for use in construction.
5.12.7 Impact protection
5.14 DELINEATION
5.14.1 Driver guidance
• Durability requirements.
• Soil and water aggressivity.
5.15.2 Provision for durability
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5.15.4 Construction methodology
• Sequence of construction.
• Construction methodology.
• Traffic management and staging plan.
5.15.5 Constructability issues resolution
• Roadside furniture.
• Parking.
• Driver facilities, rest areas.
5.16 LANDSCAPING
5.16.1 Landscaping objectives
• Landscaping constraints.
• Water availability and requirements.
• Soil requirements.
5.16.3 Landscaping specification
• Species selection.
• Planting specification.
• Landscaping maintenance requirements.
5.16.4 Paving
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5.17 PROPERTY
5.17.1 Acquisition
• Property acquisition.
• Easements.
5.17.2 Property boundary drawings
• Design vehicle.
• Swept paths.
• Location of median noses.
• Pedestrian crossings.
• Speed control.
• Vulnerable road users - pedestrians, cyclists.
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5.21 PUBLIC UTILITY DESIGN
5.21.1 Utility contact
• List contact details of persons who were the utility authority contact during
design negotiations.
5.21.2 Utility follow-up before construction
6. SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES
6.1 ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
6.1.1 Road Safety Audit response
• Describe how the issues raised in the Road Safety Audit have been resolved.
6.5 CONSULTATION
6.5.1 Results of consultation
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7. DESIGN STANDARDS AND REFERENCES
7.1 STANDARDS
7.1.1 Road design standards
7.2 REFERENCES
7.2.1 Reference documents
• Referenced documents.
8. QUALITY MANAGEMENT
8.1 QUALITY SYSTEM
8.1.1 Quality system processes
• Design model.
• Details of setup of design model.
• Drawing compliance with Design Format Specification.
9. FINALISATION
9.1 MODEL COMPLIANCE CHECK
9.1.1 Model integrity
A APPENDICIES
A1 WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY (WHS) AND SAFETY-IN-DESIGN
• Outcomes of the Safety-in-Design Workshop.
• Methodology for identifying and resolving work health and safety issues.
• Safety-in-Design considerations for construction, inspection, maintenance and
operation.
• Details of design features that remove potential safety issues.
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A2 PHOTOGRAPHS OF SITE
• Photographs of site.
• Aerial or oblique photographs of site.
B ASSOCIATED REPORTS
B1 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS
If any of the following reports are available, separately package them with the
Design Report.
• Traffic data report.
• Traffic and Transport Modelling Report.
• Review of Environmental Factors document with:
o Flora and Fauna Report.
o Archaeological Survey Report.
o Salvage Excavation Report.
o Heritage Impact Report.
o Soils, Geology and Topography Investigation Report.
o Contamination Reports and Site Audit Statement.
o Append the Noise Analysis Report.
• Construction Environmental Management Plan.
• Geotechnical Investigation Report.
• Pavement Design Report.
B2 SAFETY REPORT
• Separately package, or include as an appendix, the Safety Report that
provides sufficient information to fulfil the obligations of Work Health and
Safety Regulation 296 that requires provision of information in relation to
hazards or risks at, or in the vicinity, of the workplace where the construction
work is being carried out.
B5 ISSUES LOG
• Separately package, or include as an appendix, the Issues Log.
B6 CLASH ANALYIS
• Separately package, or include as an appendix, the clash analysis as shown in
Table 18 on page 85.
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19. Review and finalisation of design
Review and finalisation of design models and drawings includes:
a) Creation of federated design model.
b) Design model verification.
c) Conflict analysis and clash detection.
d) Design drawing preparation.
e) Drawing presentation review.
f) 3D visualisation (if specified)
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l) Strings that should join or meet must not have gaps or extensions.
m) A single triangulation of the complete design surface (including bridge spill-
throughs or tunnel faces if present) is required for viewing and rendering.
n) Road feature design strings must not continue across bridge structures or
through tunnels. Bridge spill-through strings (if present) must be duplicated in
both the bridge and design models.
o) If provided, subgrade layer models should include strings that interface to the
batter and allow triangulation of the surface. Pavement layer models should
include strings that interface to the batter and allow triangulation of each surface.
p) If provided, strings defining the stepping and remaining stripping must be
included in the stepping model.
q) Contour the design triangulation at closely spaced (e.g. 0.2 metre) intervals and
thoroughly check the results for discrepancies especially at merging roadways.
r) Check contours for correct drainage flows and length of flows.
s) Run sight distance and check all situations.
t) In a perspective view, run drive throughs along strings at the correct driver height
and position along each roadway in all directions. Check for alignment
discrepancies, sight distance problems and abnormalities in the triangulation
especially at merging roadways.
All corrections should be done to the original input data and not by post manipulation of
the feature design strings. This can be checked by re-running the complete job and
looking at the results.
A design model verification check is to be carried out before any design model data is
released for survey use.
An electronic copy of the complete project model, including survey, geometric design
data, and Geographic Information System data is to be supplied at the stages specified
in the Scope-of-Work and associated design specifications.
The design model must conform to the requirements of this Design Format
Specification. Models that conform to Transport for NSW requirements are deemed to
comply.
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b) Elements of bridges, retaining walls and other structures that interact with road
design elements including foundation.
c) Longitudinal and cross drainage earthworks and structures including foundation.
d) Subsurface drainage pipes, systems and structures.
e) Utility service assets.
f) Road lighting and Intelligent Transport System conduits and structures including
foundation.
g) Sign and sign support structures including foundation.
h) Safety barrier systems including terminal foundation envelopes and post footing.
For 3D conflict analysis the project 3D drawing models can be examined visually on-
screen or analysed using CAD software clash detection tools.
Electricity
Telstra
Sewer
Optus
Water
Other
Other
NBN
Gas
Design moved up No No No No No No No NA NA NA
Design relocated No No No No No No No NA NA NA
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20. Design form and aesthetics
20.1 Key performance indicators
Key Performance Indicators for design form and aesthetics are the principles in the
following reference documents:
a) Transport for NSW Beyond the Pavement: Urban Design Policy Procedures and
Design Principles.
b) Transport for NSW Landscape Guideline: Landscape design and maintenance
guidelines to improve the quality, safety and cost effectiveness of road corridor
planting and seeding.
c) Transport for NSW Noise Wall Design Guideline: Design guideline to improve the
appearance of noise walls in NSW.
d) Transport for NSW Shotcrete Design Guidelines; Design guideline to improve the
appearance of shotcrete in NSW.
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20.3 Urban design principles
To avoid ugly roads, the designer must consider nine urban design principles:
a) Principle one – contributing to urban structure and revitalisation.
b) Principle two – fitting with the constructed environment and architecture.
c) Principle three – connecting transport modes and communities.
d) Principle four – fitting with the landform.
e) Principle five – responding to natural patterns in the landscape.
f) Principle six – incorporating heritage and cultural items.
g) Principle seven – designing to provide visual interest.
h) Principle eight – creating self-explaining road environments.
i) Principle nine – use robust, durable materials for minimal maintenance.
20.4.1 Scale
The physical relationship between design components needs to be of similar scale. A
large element next to a small one looks out of place.
The perception of scale is dependent on the landscape context and angle of view.
20.4.2 Proportion
Proportion is the relationship between components of a design, such as the ratio
between height and width or the relative size of a part in relation to the whole.
Components are in proportion to one another when they are visually balanced. Objects
not in proportion do not appear to be compatible.
Mathematical ratios have been developed which have been derived from proportions
existing in nature. These ratios create a visually pleasing, balanced composition. For
example, the ideal rectangle is regarded as having a ratio of 3:5 along its sides. These
relationships become a standard unit known as a "module".
For example, a standard rectangular module can be used in designing the relationship
between the width of a landscape strip and the height of the vegetation within the strip.
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20.4.3 Colour
Colour creates visual impact. It is significant in defining the character and quality of
design components. Colours may be used to compliment or create contrast to other
parts of the road landscape.
Plain concrete can be an appropriate colour if integrated into the landscape and
protected from weather staining.
20.4.4 Texture
Texture is achieved by incorporating variations in surface finishes.
Texture helps to define form and add visual interest. Textural treatments to design
components can either be subtle or dominant depending on functional requirements
and design intent. Shadows also affect the appearance of texture. Developing patterns
in design components are simple measures in achieving texture.
20.4.5 Contrast
Contrast relieves monotony and provides a stimulating experience. Contrast can be
achieved by varying forms, shapes, colours, light and shadow.
Design components are often designed to be clearly distinguishable from the
surrounding landscape setting. This contrast makes the component dominant. A strong
feature and commands visual attention by users. A design that commands attention
should be worthy of attention.
Contrast can also be quite subtle by using tonal colouring or slight texture relief to
generate visual change.
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21. Duties of designers
21.1 Legislative reference documents
Designer’s obligations for information transfer are defined in:
a) Work Health and Safety Act.
b) Work Health and Safety Regulation.
c) SafeWork NSW, Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice 2019.
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21.5 What is ‘reasonably practicable’
The Work Health and Safety Act states that the designer should weigh up all relevant
matters to ensure health and safety. The matters to be considered include the
likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring, and the degree of harm that
might result.
To ensure reasonably practicable health and safety the Act says the person should
know of the availability and suitability of ways to minimise the risk.
Work Health and Safety Act 2011 Part 2 > Division 1 > Subdivision 2 > Section 18
A reasonably practical way of ensuring health and safety is to follow design standards.
The Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice states: ‘In deciding what is reasonably
practicable, consideration will be given to the prevailing standards of design’.
WorkCover Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice Section 1.3
Industrial Magistrate Lieschke, raised questions on the operation of Section 272 of the
Act. He said: ‘Section 272 of the new Work Health and Safety Act 2012 states that any
term of a contract which seeks to modify the operation of the Act is void, but it does not
specifically prohibit insurance of penalties, and it does not make it an offence for an
insurer to provide an indemnity. Whilst the full scope of s 272 is unclear, it will still be
possible for an insurer to sell such policies and to grant indemnity for perceived
commercial benefit’.
Hillman v Ferro Con (SA) Pty Ltd (in liquidation) and Anor [2013] SAIRC 22.
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21.7 Principal’s obligations
Work Health and Safety Regulation 294 places obligations on the Principal to consult
with the designer on how risks to health and safety can be eliminated or minimised.
Work Health and Safety Regulation 296 requires that the Principal provide the Principal
Consultant with any information that they have in relation to the hazards or risks at, or
in the vicinity, of the workplace where the construction work is being carried out. The
Safety Report prepared by the design Consultant must contain sufficient information to
fulfil these obligations for the Principal.
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The Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice notes that:
The safety report applies to designs of structures that have unusual or atypical
features which present hazards and risks during the construction phase that are
unique to the particular design.
The Safety Report will enable the person who commissions a project to comply with
their Clause 296 obligation to give us contractor any information the person has in
relation to hazards and risks where the construction work is to be carried out.
The Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice requires that the Safety Report should
include information about:
a) Any hazardous materials or structural features and the designer’s assessment of
the risk of injury or illness to construction workers arising from those hazards.
b) The action the designer has taken to control those risks, for example changes to
the design.
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22. Quality assurance
22.1 Key performance indicators
Key performance indicators for quality assurance are the following reference
documents:
a) AS/NZS ISO 9001 Quality management systems - Requirements.
b) AS 4122-2010 General Conditions of Contract for Consultants (incorporates
Amendment 1).
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22.3.4 Non-conformance severity
The response to a non-conformance will depend on its severity, defined as:
a) Critical: deliverable is not provided at the specified step in the process or there is
a significant absence of conformance with designated criteria or reporting
requirements as defined by the specification, standards or commonly accepted
industry expectations. This indicates a lack of Design and Development Controls
as required by Section 8.3.4 of the quality standard AS/NZS ISO 9001 and/or
there is no documented evidence of quality review in accordance with Section
9.1.3 of quality standard AS/NZS ISO 9001.
b) Major: deliverable is provided at the specified step in the process but has
inadequate conformance with designated criteria or reporting requirements as
defined by the specification, standards or commonly accepted industry
expectations. This indicates a lack of Design and Development Controls as
required by Section 8.3.4 of the quality standard AS/NZS ISO 9001 and/or there
is a failure of quality review in accordance with Section 9.1.3 of quality standard
AS/NZS ISO 9001.
c) Minor: an isolated deviation from planned process or deliverable conformance or
quality system processes.
22.4 Audit
We may arrange an audit of the project quality system at any time.
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23. Project process information
23.1 Work Health and Safety
23.1.1 Work Health and Safety documents
You must comply with, and cover the costs of meeting, the requirements of:
a) Work Health and Safety Act.
b) Work Health and Safety Regulation.
c) Work Health and Safety (Confined Spaces) Code of Practice 2015.
d) Safe design of structures code of practice 2019.
e) Traffic control at work sites Technical Manual.
f) Council’s Work Health and Safety requirements.
23.1.3 Clothing
High visibility clothing suitable for day and night work and enclosed footwear must be
worn on site.
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23.5 Road opening approvals
You are responsible for obtaining approval if road opening is required and complying
with approval conditions.
Application procedure, forms relating to road openings, access to our reserves, footway
works, footway closure and occupation permits and driveway construction are available
from Council’s web-site.
Fees for each application are separately listed on the Council web-site.
23.7 Sub-contractors
Sub-contractors must be declared in the quote. The sub-contractors nominated in the
quote must not be changed without written approval from us.
If sub-contractors are used, you are responsible for selection, engagement, payment,
and quality management of the sub-contracted work.
We will not separately pay sub-contractors and will not pay an administration charge for
managing sub-contractors.
Sub-contractors must hold insurance that meets the requirements of us contract.
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23.10 References
23.10.1 Reference documents
References that may need to be consulted during the work are shown in the
specifications.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references the latest
edition available on the internet (including any amendments) applies.
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24. Glossary of terms and definitions
Term Definition
AEP (Annual The probability that a given rainfall total accumulated over a
Exceedance given duration will be exceeded in any one year.
Probability)
AFC drawing set Drawing set that is ‘Accepted for Construction’.
AFC model Design model used to prepare the ‘Accepted-for-Construction’
drawing set.
AHD Australian Height Datum.
Approved The person who certifies that design outputs have been
verified as meeting design input specifications and
requirements and that the design has been completed in
accordance with regulations and standards.
AS Australian Standard.
BIM – (Building A design model that has asset codes attached to the surfaces
Information and features in the design.
Modelling)
CAD Computer Aided Design.
CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting.
Chainage Distance of a point along a control line, measured from a
datum point.
Consultant A person or company who provides expert advice
professionally. The requirements for a Contractor apply to a
Consultant.
Contractor A person or company that undertakes a contract to provide
materials or labour to perform a service or do a job. The
requirements for a Consultant apply to a Contractor.
Design Stage Design development process:
• Strategic Design stage defines a budget for a works
program.
• Concept Design phase refines the preferred solution.
• Detailed Design phase details the design for construction.
The stages of detail design are 20%, 50%, 80%, 100%
Accepted-for-Construction.
Designer The person responsible for design of new structures or
assessment of existing structures.
Design team The group of designers responsible for the design of new
infrastructure. It may comprise an appropriate mix of
specialists under the direction of a team leader.
Drawing Diagrams that represent or define a physical object. Distinct
from a Plan, which is a detailed proposal or scheme for doing
or achieving something.
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Term Definition
Drawing Set A collection of drawings that represent or define a physical
object.
Model (design A computer simulation of an object, such as a road, drainage
model) basin or bridge.
Model (in a Also known as a ‘level’ or ‘layer’. A group of elements in a
design model) design model. Models are named according to content, for
example ‘survey’, ‘kerb’, ‘drainage’.
Plan A detailed proposal or scheme for doing or achieving
something, such as a Management Plan or Strategic Plan.
Plan (in a A vertical view diagram that represents or defines a physical
drawing) object, such as a road or drainage basin.
Principal A person, or corporate entity, nominated in a contract that
engages another party to do work for gain or reward, other
than as an employee.
Scope-of-Work The document used to specify the requirements for a project.
RMS - Roads and A former New South Wales government agency responsible for
Maritime Services road transport which has been replaced by Transport for New
South Wales.
RTA – Roads and A former New South Wales government agency responsible for
Traffic Authority road transport which was replaced by Roads and Maritime
Services, which has been replaced by Transport for New South
Wales.
TfNSW - A New South Wales government agency responsible for
Transport for New transport delivery and coordination, replacing Roads and
South Wales Maritime Services (RMS), which replaced the Roads and
Traffic Authority (RTA).
Verification Checking the technical content of the drawing including
conformance to technical standards; safety-in-design,
resolution of construction and operation issues and design
interface with other disciplines.
Work-as- Drawings that have been annotated in red to show variations
Executed (WAE) from the design that were made during construction.
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Appendix A – Risk intervention scenarios