Week 3

PART 1:
ALGEBRA

1
Complex Numbers
• If 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, a complex number is a number that takes
the form:
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• where 𝒂 is called the real part;
• 𝒃 the imaginary part; and
• 𝒊 the imaginary unit equal to −1.

• If 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 0, this is an imaginary number.

• If 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 0, this leaves 𝒃𝒊 which is a pure
imaginary number.
• If 𝑏 = 0, this leaves 𝒂 which is a real number.
 Non-
ℕ, ℤ+
integer
Natural
Rational
Numbers 𝕎 ℚ
Numbers
Whole Rational
Numbers Numbers
ℝ
Zero
Real Numbers
ℤ
Integers (𝑏 = 0)
ℤ- ℍ
Negative
Integers
Irrational
Numbers ℂ
Complex
Numbers
Imaginary
Pure Imaginary Numbers Numbers
(𝑏 ≠ 0)
Complex Numbers
𝑖 = −1
2
𝑖2 = −1 = −1
𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 ⋅ 𝑖 = −1 ⋅ 𝑖 = −𝑖
𝑖4 = 𝑖2 2 = −1 2 =1
𝑖5 = 𝑖4 ⋅ 𝑖 = 1 ⋅ 𝑖
𝑖 6 = 𝑖 4 ⋅ 𝑖 2 = 1 ⋅ −1 = −1
𝑖 7 = 𝑖 4 ⋅ 𝑖 3 = 1 ⋅ −𝑖 = −𝑖
𝑖8 = 𝑖4 ⋅ 𝑖4 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
⋮
Complex Numbers
• A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 can be considered as an
ordered pair of real numbers of the form (𝑎, 𝑏).
• We can plot this ordered pair in a z-plane called the
complex plane.
• The modulus of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, denoted
by |𝑧|, is the nonnegative real number 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
• The conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖,
denoted by 𝑧,ҧ is the complex 𝑧ҧ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖.
• Equality of Complex Numbers. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ, then 𝑎 +
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑.
Complex Numbers
• Operations on Complex Numbers
• Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ, then the following operations
hold.
1. Addition of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑖
2. Subtraction of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 𝑖
3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑖
4. Division of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 𝑖
= ⋅ =
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
Complex Numbers
• Operations on Complex Numbers
• Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ, then the following operations
hold.
1. Addition of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑖
2. Subtraction of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 𝑖
3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑖
4. Division of Complex Numbers
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 𝑖
= ⋅ =
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
Complex Numbers
• Determine the values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 so that 5𝑚 − 2𝑛𝑖 = 3 +
4𝑖.

• Determine the modulus of each of the following complex

numbers.
1. 2 − 3𝑖
2. −1 − 5𝑖
3. 2𝑖
4. −7
Complex Numbers
• Perform the indicated operations then simplify
the results.
1. 2 − 𝑖 + (3 + 5𝑖)
2. −1 + 3𝑖 − (2 − 2𝑖)
3. (−1 + 2𝑖)(3 − 𝑖)
2−3𝑖
4. 3+𝑖
5. 2 + −3 1 + 𝑖 2 ÷ 𝑖 75
• Perform the indicated operations then
simplify the results.
1. 2 − 𝑖 + (3 + 5𝑖)
2. −1 + 3𝑖 − (2 − 2𝑖)
3. (−1 + 2𝑖)(3 − 𝑖)
2−3𝑖
4. 3+𝑖
2
5. 2 + −3 1 + 𝑖 ÷ 𝑖 75
• Perform the indicated operations then
simplify the results.
1. 2 − 𝑖 + (3 + 5𝑖)
2. −1 + 3𝑖 − (2 − 2𝑖)
3. (−1 + 2𝑖)(3 − 𝑖)
2−3𝑖
4. 3+𝑖
2
5. 2 + −3 1 + 𝑖 ÷ 𝑖 75
• Perform the indicated operations then
simplify the results.
1. 2 − 𝑖 + (3 + 5𝑖)
2. −1 + 3𝑖 − (2 − 2𝑖)
3. (−1 + 2𝑖)(3 − 𝑖)
2−3𝑖
4. 3+𝑖
2
5. 2 + −3 1 + 𝑖 ÷ 𝑖 75
Outline
• Radicals and Rational Exponents
• Equations in One Variable
• Word Problems
• Inequalities
Equations in One Variable
• Solutions of an Equation
• Linear Equations
• Quadratic Equations
• Nature of Solutions of a Quadratic Equation
• Rational Equations
• Radical Equations
• Absolute Value Equations
Solutions of an Equation
• An equation is a statement saying that two
expressions are equal.
• If an equation holds true for every permissible
value in ℝ, then the equation is called an
identity.
• If an equation is never true for any permissible
value in ℝ, then the equation is called a
contradiction.
• If an equation holds true for some values in ℝ,
then the equation is called a conditional
equation.
 • A solution (or root) of an equation is a value
of the variable that makes the equation true.
• The solution set of an equation is the set of
Solutions of all solutions of the equation.
• Unless specified, the solution sets that we
an Equation consider are subsets of ℝ.
• An extraneous root is a root of an equation
derived but not a root of the original
equation.
Linear Equations
• If 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0, a linear equation in 𝒙 is an equation which has the general
form:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
• General Procedure in Solving Linear Equations
1. If the equation contains fractions, eliminate all fractions from the equation.
2. Remove symbols of grouping if needed.
3. Combine like terms on the same side of the equation.
4. Use either addition or subtraction property of equality to isolate the term
containing the variable on one side of the equation and the constant term on
the other side.
5. Solve for the value of the variable using either multiplication or division
property of equality.
Linear Equations

• Solve the following equations.

1. 2𝑥 = −8
2. 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝑥 + 1
1 7
3. 3
𝑥− =3
3
1 5 15 21
4. 2
1− 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 4
+
2
Linear Equations

• Solve the following equations.

1. 2𝑥 = −8
2. 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝑥 + 1
1 7
3. 3
𝑥− =3
3
1 5 15 21
4. 2
1− 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 4
+
2
 • A quadratic equation in one variable is a
second degree that takes the form 𝑎𝑥 2 +
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are
constants with 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Quadratic
• Algebraic Methods of Solving Quadratic
Equations Equations
1. Factoring Method
2. Extracting the Square Root Method
3. Completing the Square Method
4. Quadratic Formula Method
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations.
2
1. 𝑥
+4=𝑥+3
2. 𝑦 2 = 121
3. 25𝑥 2 = 81
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations.
2
1. 𝑥
+4=𝑥+3
2. 𝑦 2 = 121
3. 25𝑥 2 = 81
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations.
2
1. 𝑥
+4=𝑥+3
2. 𝑦 2 = 121
3. 25𝑥 2 = 81
 • Algebraic Methods of
Solving Quadratic Equations
3. Completing the Square Method
• To complete the square of a
quadratic expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥,
Quadratic follow these steps:
Equations a. Find one-half of 𝑏.
b. Square the value obtained in
step a.
c. Add the result of step b to
𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥.
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations using completing the square method.
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
2. 2𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations using completing the square method.
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
2. 2𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5
 • Algebraic Methods of Solving
Quadratic Equations
4. Quadratic Formula Method
Quadratic • The roots of a quadratic equation of
the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where
Equations 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎 ≠ 0
are given by:
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Quadratic Equations
• Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula.
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
2. 2𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5
Any
questions?