Anchor Bolts: General

Anchor Bolts 1

Types of Anchor Bolts

Headed Anchor Bolts Bent‐Bar Anchor Bolts

TMS 402 Figure CC‐6.3‐1 TMS 402 Figure CC‐6.3‐1

ASTM A307, Grade A ASTM A36

no specified yield strength

ASTM F1554 anchor bolts

Headed Studs
• Not mentioned in TMS 402/602
• Can be designed using headed
anchor bolt provisions
• Not included in TMS 602
• Three specified yield strengths :
36, 55, and 105 ksi
• 36 ksi usually sufficient for
masonry

Anchor Bolts 2
Placement of Anchor Bolts

TMS 402
Provision
Ref.
Placed in grout; Exception: 1/4 in. anchor bolts may be placed in
1/2 in. mortar joints.
Thickness of grout between masonry unit and anchor bolt
Coarse grout: 1/2 in.
Fine grout: 1/4 in. 6.3.1

Anchor bolts in drilled holes of face shell permitted to contact

face shell
Clear distance between bolts ≥ max{ 𝑑 , 1 in.}

Anchor Bolts 3

Anchor Bolt Embedment Length

TMS 402
Provision
Ref.
Headed bolts: masonry 6.3.4
surface to compression
bearing surface of head
Bent‐bar bolts: masonry 6.3.5
surface to the compression
bearing surface of the bent
end, minus one anchor
bolt diameter.
Minimum 𝑙𝑏 = max{4𝑑𝑏, 2in.} 6.3.6
Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook Figure 5.45

Anchor Bolts 4
Anchor Bolt Sizes

𝐴 = nominal area
𝐴 = effective tensile stress area
𝐹 = width across flats
𝐶 = width across corners
𝐻 = height of head
http://www.portlandbolt.com/print/?table=1601
𝑑 = nominal anchor diameter
𝜋 0.9743
𝑛 = number of threads per inch 𝐴 𝑑
4 𝑛

Bolt 𝐴 (in.2) 𝐴 (in.2) 𝐹 (in.) 𝐶 (in.) 𝐻 (in.)

1/2 - 13 0.196 0.142 3/4 0.866 11/32
5/8 - 11 0.307 0.226 15/16 1.083 27/64
3/4 - 10 0.442 0.334 1-1/8 1.299 1/2
7/8 - 9 0.601 0.462 1-5/16 1.516 37/64
1-8 0.785 0.606 1-1/2 1.732 43/64
Suitable approximation: 𝐴 = 0.75(nominal area)
Anchor Bolts 5

Anchor Bolts: Tension

Anchor Bolts 6
Anchor Bolts: Tension

Allowable Stress
Failure Mode Strength Design (9.1.6.3.1)
Design (8.1.3.3.1)
Masonry 𝐵 4𝐴 𝑓
𝐵 1.25𝐴 𝑓
breakout 𝜙 0.5
𝐵 𝐴 𝑓
Steel yielding 𝐵 0.6𝐴 𝑓
𝜙 0.9
𝐵 1.5𝑓 𝑒 𝑑
Anchor pullout 𝐵 0.6𝑓 𝑒 𝑑
300𝜋 𝑙 𝑒 𝑑 𝑑
(0nly bent bar) 120𝜋 𝑙 𝑒 𝑑 𝑑
𝜙 0.65

Anchor Bolts 7

Tension Strength of a Bolt?

TMS 402 Section 2.1 Notation

𝐴 = cross‐sectional area of an anchor bolt

TMS 402 Commentary Section 9.1.6.3.1.1 –– Steel strength is

calculated using the effective tensile stress area of the anchor
(that is, including the reduction in area of the anchor shank due
to threads).

TMS 402 Commentary Section 9.1.6.3 –– Use of a yield strength

of 37 ksi in the Code design equations for A307 anchors will
result in anchor capacities similar to those obtained using the
AISC provisions. (many designers use 36 ksi)

Anchor Bolts 8
Tension Strength of a Bolt?

Design Tensile Strength of A307 Anchor Bolts

TMS 402
𝜙𝐴 𝑓 where 𝐴 = effective area 0.75 𝐴
0.9 0.75 𝐴 37𝑘𝑠𝑖 25.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴
Using 0.9𝐴 37𝑘𝑠𝑖
AISC 360 33.3𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴
Design tensile strength: 𝜙𝐹 𝐴
𝜙𝐹 𝐴 0.75 45𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴 33.8𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴

ACI 318
𝜙𝐴 , 𝑓 0.75 0.75𝐴 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 33.8𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴

Anchor Bolts 9

Effect of Tensile Strength

A307 1/2 in. headed anchor bolt

𝑙 b = 4.5 in.; 𝑓 = 2000 psi

Design Tensile Strength

(kip) Seismic
Tensile
Strength
Strength Masonry
Yield Ω 2.0
Breakout
TMS 402 4.60 5.69 4.60
AISC 360 6.61 5.69 2.84

• TMS 402 is not necessarily conservative.

TMS 402 Figure CC‐6.3‐2
• Using lower tensile strength changes
failure mode.

Anchor Bolts 10
TMS 402‐22

𝐴 = effective cross‐sectional area of an anchor bolt

6.3.8 Effective cross‐sectional area of threaded anchor bolts

The effective cross‐sectional area of a threaded anchor bolt shall
be determined from Equation 6‐7.
.
𝐴 𝑑 (Equation 6‐7)

Failure Allowable Stress

Strength Design (9.1.6.3.1)
Mode Design (8.1.3.3.1)
Tensile
𝐵 0.50𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐴 𝑓 𝜙 0.75
Strength

Anchor Bolts 11

Values to be used in CE 576

• Use nominal area of bolt for strength due to tensile

yielding
• Provides reasonably consistent results with ACI 318
and AISC 360
• Provides reasonably consistent results with proposed
changes for TMS 402‐22
• Avoids potential unconservatism with seismic forces
• Use 36 ksi for yield strength of A307 bolts
• Nicer number than 37 

Anchor Bolts 12
Anchor Bolts: Projected Tension Area (6.3.2)

𝐴 𝜋𝑙 TMS 402 Equation 6‐5

• Projected area reduced by that falling in an open cell, core, or

outside the wall.
• When projected areas overlap, projected area reduced so no portion
of the masonry included more than once.

Anchor Bolts 13

Example: Bent-bar Anchor

Given: 1/2‐in. diameter, A36 bent‐bar anchor with a 1‐in. hook

embedded vertically in a grouted bond beam of an 8‐in. CMU
wall; bottom of the anchor hook is embedded a distance of 4.0
in. 𝑓 = 2,000 psi
Required: Determine design tensile strength

Top of masonry
4.0 in.

Anchor Bolts 14
Example: Bent-bar Anchor
Effective embedment 𝑙 4.0𝑖𝑛. 𝑑 𝑑 4.0𝑖𝑛. 2 0.5𝑖𝑛. 3.0𝑖𝑛.

Projected tensile area 𝐴 𝜋𝑙 𝜋 3.0𝑖𝑛. 28.3𝑖𝑛.

Design Strength:

Masonry breakout: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙4𝐴 𝑓 0.5 4 28.3𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 2530 𝑙𝑏

Steel yielding: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.9 0.196𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 6350 𝑙𝑏

Anchor pullout: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙 1.5𝑓 𝑒 𝑑 300𝜋 𝑙 𝑒 𝑑 𝑑

0.65 1.5 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 1.0𝑖𝑛. 0.5𝑖𝑛.
300𝜋 3.0 𝑖𝑛. 1.0𝑖𝑛. 0.5𝑖𝑛. 0.5𝑖𝑛.
2350 𝑙𝑏

Design strength = 2350 lb

Typically pullout controls with bent‐bar anchor bolts and headed bolts are recommended.
Anchor Bolts 15

Geometry

𝑅 𝜋𝜃
𝐴
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 180 𝜃
𝑅

Following table can be developed

1. 𝜃 and 𝜃 in degrees
2. 𝑋 𝑙 𝑡⁄2
3. The table can be used for multiple bolts by setting 𝑙 𝑠 /2, where 𝑠1
is the spacing of the bolts, finding 𝐴𝑝𝑡 for each bolt, and then adding to
get the total projected tension area.

Anchor Bolts 16
 Configuration Geometry Projected tension area, 𝐴
𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝑙 𝑡⁄2 𝐴 𝜋𝑙 sin 𝜃
2 180

𝑡
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜃 2 arccos 𝑙 ⁄𝑙
𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝑙 𝑡⁄2 𝐴 𝑋 𝑙 𝑡 sin 𝜃

𝑡
2 180
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑋 𝑡⁄2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑋 𝜃 2 arcsin
𝑙
𝜋 𝜃 𝜃
𝐴 2𝑋𝑡 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑙 𝑡⁄2 180
𝑡

𝑙 𝑙 𝑡⁄2
𝑙 𝑋 𝑋 𝑙 𝑙 𝑋 𝜃 2 arcsin
𝑙
𝜃 2 arccos 𝑙 ⁄𝑙
𝜋𝜃
𝐴 2𝑋𝑡 𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑡⁄2 180
𝑡

𝑙
𝑙 𝑋 𝑋 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑡⁄2
𝜃 2 arcsin
𝑙

Anchor Bolts 17

Example: Headed Anchor

Given: 1/2‐in. diameter, A307 headed anchor bolt embedded

vertically in a grouted bond beam of an 8‐in. CMU wall;
embedment is 5.0 in. 𝑓 = 2,000 psi
Required: Determine design tensile strength

Top of masonry
5.0 in.

Anchor Bolts 18
Example: Headed Anchor
Projected Tensile Area:

𝑋 𝑙 𝑡⁄2 5.0𝑖𝑛. 7.625𝑖𝑛.⁄2 3.235𝑖𝑛.

⁄ . .⁄
𝜃 2 arcsin 2 arcsin 99.4 °
. .
𝐴 2𝑋𝑡 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
. °
2 3.235𝑖𝑛. 7.625𝑖𝑛. 5.0𝑖𝑛. 𝑠𝑖𝑛99.4° 68.0in.

Design Strength:
Masonry breakout: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙4𝐴 𝑓 0.5 4 68.0𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 6080 𝑙𝑏

Steel yielding: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.9 0.196𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 6350 𝑙𝑏

Design strength = 6080 lb

Anchor Bolts 19

Headed vs. Bent-bar Anchor Bolts

7000
Design Tensile Strength (pound)

6000

5000

4000

3000
Headed Bolt
2000
Bent‐bar Bolt, e=1.0 in.
1000 Bent‐bar Bolt, e=2.0 in.

0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Embedment Length (inch)

Anchor Bolts 20
Headed Anchor Bolt Placement

Bolt x (in.)

1/2 2‐1/4
Assume face shell (2.25)
is 1.25 in. thick
5/8 2‐1/2
(2.36)

3/4 2‐1/2
(2.47)
Minimum ½ in. for
7/8 2‐3/4
coarse grout or ¼ in. (2.58)
for fine grout
1 2‐3/4
(2.69)

x = closest centerline of
x = tfs + grout cover + C/2 bolt can be to edge of
TMS 402 Figure CC‐6.3‐2 C = width across corners masonry

Example: 1/2 in bolt, coarse grout

x = 1.25 in. + 0.5 in. + (0.866 in.)/2 = 2.18 in.

Anchor Bolts 21

Example: Headed Anchor Bolt

Given: 1/2‐in. diameter, A307 headed anchor bolt; embedded

vertically in a grouted bond beam of an 8‐in. masonry wall;
embedment length, 𝑙 , is 5.0 in.; 2.25 in. from edge of wall; 𝑓
= 2,000 psi
Required: Determine design tensile strength

Top of masonry
2.25 in.

5.0 in.

Anchor Bolts 22
Example: Headed Anchor Bolt

𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝑙 𝑡⁄2 𝐴 𝜋𝑙 sin 𝜃

𝑡
2 180
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝜃 2 arccos 𝑙 ⁄𝑙

Projected Tensile Area:

. .
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 126.5 °
. .

𝐴 𝜋𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
. . . °
𝜋 5.0𝑖𝑛. 𝑠𝑖𝑛126.5° 61.0in.

Anchor Bolts 23

Example: Headed Anchor Bolt

Design Strength:
Masonry breakout:
𝜙𝐵 𝜙4𝐴 𝑓 0.5 4 61.0𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 5460 𝑙𝑏

Steel yielding:
𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.9 0.196𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 6350 𝑙𝑏

Design strength = 5460 lb

10% reduction in strength compared to centered anchor bolt

Anchor Bolts 24
Anchor Bolts: Groups
Anchors far from edge

𝑠⁄2 𝑙
𝜃 2 arccos 𝜃 2 arccos
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝜃 𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝐴 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 𝑙 𝐴 sin 𝜃
180 2 180

Anchor Bolts 25

Anchor Bolts: Groups

Anchors near edge 𝑙 and 𝑙

𝑠⁄2 𝑡
𝜃 2 arccos 𝜃 2 arccos
𝑙 2𝑙

𝜋𝜃 𝜋𝜃
𝐴 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 𝑛 sin 𝜃 𝑙
180 180

Anchor Bolts 26
Anchor Bolts: Groups

𝑡 𝑠
Anchors near edge 𝑙
2 2

𝑡
𝜃 2 arcsin
2𝑙
𝜃 𝜋𝜃
𝐴 𝑛 1 𝑠 2𝑙 cos 𝑡 𝑙 sin 𝜃
2 180

Anchor Bolts 27

Anchor Bolts: Truncated End Modification

𝑙 𝑙 𝑡⁄2

𝑡
𝜃 2 arccos
2𝑙
1 𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝐴 𝜋𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝑙 𝑡
2 2 180

𝜃 𝑙 𝜋𝜃
𝐴 𝑙 𝑡 cos sin 𝜃 𝑙 𝑡
2 2 180

Anchor Bolts 28
Example: Anchor Bolt Groups

• Determine projected tension area for bolts placed in top of wall

• Embedment length, 𝑙 , is 5.0 in.

5‐1/8 in.
2‐1/2 in.
4 in. 8 in. 8 in. 2 in.

• Solve twice, assuming top area is symmetric about anchor bolts

• Bolts in center of 2(5.125 in.) = 10.25 in. thick wall
• Bolts in center of 2(1.5 in.) = 5.0 in. thick wall
• Average results

Anchor Bolts 29

Example: Anchor Bolt Groups

Projected tension area for a 10.25 in. thick wall :

10.25𝑖𝑛. 𝑡 2𝑙 2 4.5𝑖𝑛. 9.0𝑖𝑛.
Anchor bolts far from edge.

Determine 𝐴 neglecting end conditions

.
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 54.5°
. .

𝐴 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 𝑙
. °
3𝜋 3 1 sin 54.5° 4.5𝑖𝑛. 185.3 𝑖𝑛.

Anchor Bolts 30
Example: Anchor Bolt Groups

Determine the modification due to the left end.

.
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 54.5°
. .

𝐴 sin 𝜃
. . . °
sin 54.5° 1.4𝑖𝑛.

Determine the modification due to the right end.

.
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 127.2°
. .

𝐴 sin 𝜃
. . . °
sin 127.2° 14.4𝑖𝑛.

Projected tension area is 185.3𝑖𝑛. 1.4𝑖𝑛. 14.4𝑖𝑛. 169.5𝑖𝑛.

Anchor Bolts 31

Example: Anchor Bolt Groups

Projected tension area for a 5.00 in. thick wall:

5.00𝑖𝑛. 𝑡 2𝑙 2 4.5𝑖𝑛. 9.0𝑖𝑛.

5.00𝑖𝑛. 𝑡 4𝑙 𝑠 4 4.5𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛. 4.12𝑖𝑛.

Anchor bolts near edge.

Determine 𝐴 neglecting end conditions

. .
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 112.5°
. .

𝐴 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 𝑛 sin 𝜃 𝑙
. ° . °
3𝜋 3 1 sin 54.5° 3
sin 112.5° 4.5𝑖𝑛. 122.1𝑖𝑛.

Anchor Bolts 32
Example: Anchor Bolt Groups
Determine the modification due to the left end.

𝑙 4𝑖𝑛. 𝑙 𝑡 ⁄2 4.5𝑖𝑛. 5.0𝑖𝑛.⁄2 3.74𝑖𝑛.

.
𝜃 2 arccos 2 arccos 54.5°
. .
. . . °
𝐴 sin 𝜃 sin 54.5° 1.4𝑖𝑛.

Determine the modification due to the right end.

𝑙 2𝑖𝑛. 𝑙 𝑡 ⁄2 6𝑖𝑛. 5.0𝑖𝑛.⁄2 5.45𝑖𝑛.

𝐴 𝜋𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝑙 𝑡
. . . °
𝜋 4.5𝑖𝑛. sin 112.5°
2𝑖𝑛. 5.0𝑖𝑛. 11.3𝑖𝑛.

Projected tension area is 122.1𝑖𝑛. 1.4𝑖𝑛. 11.3𝑖𝑛. 109.4𝑖𝑛.

Anchor Bolts 33

Example: Anchor Bolt Groups

Projected tension area:

𝐴 169.5𝑖𝑛. 109.4𝑖𝑛. 139.4𝑖𝑛.

Anchor Bolts 34
 Anchor Bolts: Shear

Anchor Bolts 35

Anchor Bolts: Shear

Failure Mode Allowable Stress (8.1.3.3.2) Strength (9.1.6.3.2)

Masonry breakout
𝐵 1.25𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 4𝐴 𝑓
Errata: Listed as 𝐵 in 2016 TMS 402 𝜙 0.5
Masonry crushing
𝐵 1750 𝑓 𝐴
(changed in 2016 𝐵 580 𝑓 𝐴
𝜙 0.5
from 1050)
Anchor bolt pryout
𝐵 8𝐴 𝑓
𝐵 2𝐵 2.5𝐴 𝑓
𝜙 0.5
Steel yielding 𝐵 0.6𝐴 𝑓
𝐵 0.36𝐴 𝑓
𝜙 0.9

Anchor Bolts 36
Shear Breakout

TMS 402 Figure CC‐6.3‐6

𝜋𝑙
𝐴
2
𝑙𝑏𝑒 = edge of masonry to center of bolt in direction of load

Anchor Bolts 37

Example: Shear

Given: 1/2‐in. diameter, A307 headed anchor embedded

horizontally in the side of an 8‐in. CMU wall; embedment depth
of 5.0 in. Anchor is located far from free edges in the direction
of applied shear. 𝑓 = 2,000 psi
Required: Use strength design to determine design shear
strength

Anchor Bolts 38
Example: Shear
Design Strength:
𝜙𝐵 𝜙 1750 𝑓 𝐴
Masonry crushing:
0.5 1750 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 0.196𝑖𝑛. 3890 𝑙𝑏

𝜙𝐵 𝜙8𝐴 𝑓
Masonry pryout:
0.5 8 78.5𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 14, 040𝑙𝑏
𝐴 𝜋𝑙 𝜋 5.0𝑖𝑛. 78.5in.

Steel yielding: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙0.6𝐴 𝑓 0.9 0.6 0.196𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 3810 𝑙𝑏

Commentary 9.1.6.3.2 Steel strength is calculated using the
effective tensile stress area (that is, threads are conservatively
assumed to lie in the critical shear plane).

Design strength = 3810 lb

Anchor Bolts 39

Example: Shear
Determine the minimum edge distance so masonry breakout will not control:

Set masonry 𝜙𝐵 𝜙4𝐴 𝑓

breakout design 2760𝑙𝑏 0.5 4 𝐴 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖
strength to 2760 lb: 𝐴 30.9 𝑖𝑛.

𝜋𝑙
Solve for 𝑙 : 𝐴
2
𝜋𝑙
30.9𝑖𝑛.
2
𝑙 4.43 𝑖𝑛.

As long as the edge distance is greater than 4.4 in.,

shear breakout will not control for this problem.

Anchor Bolts 40
Shear Strength

Anchor Bolts 41

Example: Shear
Determine the minimum embedment so anchor bolt pryout will not control:

𝜙𝐵 𝜙8𝐴 𝑓
Set pryout design
strength to 2760 lb: 2760𝑙𝑏 0.5 8 𝐴 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 15.4 𝑖𝑛.

𝐴 𝜋𝑙
Solve for 𝑙b:
15.4𝑖𝑛. 𝜋𝑙
𝑙 2.22 𝑖𝑛.

As long as the embedment is greater than 2-1/4 in.,

anchor bolt pryout will not control for this problem.

Anchor Bolts 42
 Anchor Bolts: Combined
Tension and Shear

Anchor Bolts 43

Anchor Bolts: Combined Shear and Tension

Allowable Stress: (8.1.3.3.3) Strength: (9.1.6.3.3)

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1 1
𝐵 𝐵 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐵

𝑏 𝑏
𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐵

𝑏
𝜙𝐵 𝑏 𝑏
𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐵

𝑏
𝜙𝐵

Anchor Bolts 44
Anchor Bolts: ASCE 7-16 Modifications

ASCE 7-16 Modification:

13.4.2.2 Non-structural components
14.4.5 Material specific design and detailing requirements
IBC Section 1613 excludes Chapter 14 of ASCE 7
15.4.9.2 Non-building structures

Anchor Bolts Embedded in Grout.

• Design so that anchor strength is governed by steel tensile or shear yielding.
• Alternatively, if governed by masonry breakout or anchor pullout, design to
resist not less than 2.0 times the factored forces transmitted by the assembly.

ASCE 7-16 12.11.2:

Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms.
Structural walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where the
anchor spacing exceeds 4 ft.

Anchor Bolts 45

Example: Combined Loading

Given: 3/4‐in. diameter, A307

headed anchor embedded 5‐
¾ in. Anchor Bolt
1/4 inch in the side of an 8‐in.
CMU wall. Tension force of Structural Sheathing
1.19 kip/ft and shear force of
0.30 kip/ft. Anchors not near
edge. 𝑓 = 2,000 psi Tension Tie

Required: Use strength Joist with Joist Hanger

design, determine the
required anchor bolt spacing 4x12 Ledger

2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples, FEMA P‐1051, prepared for
the Federal Emergency Management Agency by the Building Seismic Safety Council.

Anchor Bolts 46
 Example: Combined Loading
Tension Strength

Projected tensile area 𝐴 𝜋𝑙 𝜋 5.25𝑖𝑛. 86.6𝑖𝑛.

Design Strength:

Masonry breakout: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙4𝐴 𝑓 0.5 4 86.6𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 7745 𝑙𝑏

Steel yielding: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.9 0.442𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 14,320 𝑙𝑏

Masonry breakout controls

Use 𝜙𝐵 = 7.74 kips

Anchor Bolts 47

Example: Combined Loading

Shear Strength

Design Strength:
𝜙𝐵 𝜙 1750 𝑓 𝐴
Masonry crushing:
0.5 1750 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 0.442𝑖𝑛. 4771 𝑙𝑏

Masonry pryout: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙8𝐴 𝑓

0.5 8 86.6𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 15,491𝑙𝑏

Steel yielding: 𝜙𝐵 𝜙0.6𝐴 𝑓

0.9 0.6 0.442𝑖𝑛. 36,000𝑝𝑠𝑖 8592 𝑙𝑏

Masonry crushing controls

Use 𝜙𝐵 = 4.77 kips

Anchor Bolts 48
 Example: Combined Loading
Determine spacing
Since masonry breakout and masonry crushing controls, ASCE 7 requires
both the tensile and the shear load to be doubled.
⁄ ⁄
Interaction equation: 𝑏 𝑏
1.0
𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝐵

⁄ ⁄
𝑘 𝑘
Solve for spacing, 𝑠: 2 1.19 𝑠 2 0.30 𝑠
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
1.0
7.74 𝑘𝑖𝑝 4.77 𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝑠 = 2.88 ft = 34.6 inch

Use 𝑠 = 32 inch

Anchor Bolts 49

Example: Combined Loading

Examine effect of code changes

Design Basis Required spacing, 𝑠

TMS 402‐16 34.5 inch
TMS 402‐13 and ASCE 7‐10 18.0 inch
TMS 402‐13 with new shear crushing equation 21.7 inch
TMS 402‐13 with 5/3 exponent for interaction 23.6 inch
TMS 402‐13 with ASCE 7‐16 load increase 22.5 inch

In this problem:
• each of the three changes had approximately the same effect on the
spacing
• overall effect was almost doubling the required spacing of the anchor
bolts

Anchor Bolts 50
 Post-Installed Anchors

Anchor Bolts 51

Post-Installed Anchors: Acceptance Criteria

Capacity typically determined using International Code Council’s (ICC)

Evaluation Service (ES) (ICC‐ES) www.icc‐es.org. ICC‐ES develops and
maintains multiple Acceptance Criteria (AC).
• AC01 – Acceptance Criteria for Expansion Anchors in Masonry
Elements
• AC58 – Acceptance Criteria for Adhesive Anchors in Masonry
Elements
• AC60 – Acceptance Criteria for Anchors in Unreinforced Masonry
Elements
• AC70 – Acceptance Criteria for Power‐Actuated Fasteners Driven into
Concrete, Steel and Masonry Elements
• AC106 – Acceptance Criteria for Predrilled Fasteners (Screw Anchors)
in Masonry

Further Information: TMS Responds Volume 16 No. 1 April 2018

Anchor Bolts 52
Post-Installed Anchors: Wedge and Screw Anchors

• Expansion or Wedge Anchors

www.hilti.com
– Used in grouted masonry

• Predrilled or Screw Anchors

– Used in grouted masonry and perhaps www.hilti.com

shallow installations in hollow block

Anchor Bolts 53

Post-Installed Anchors: Adhesive Anchors

• Adhesive Anchors
– Installation technique is important
– ACI certifies installers
– Can be used with hollow masonry

Further Information: Post‐Installed Adhesive Anchors in Masonry,

Structure Magazine, May, 2019
Anchor Bolts 54