REPUBLIC ACT 10121

Begun and held in metro manila, the twelve seventh day of July 2009
An act strengthening the Philippines disaster risk reduction and management
system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management
framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk reduction and
management plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes.
Enacted by Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled.
Section 1. title – this act shall be known as the ‘Philippines disaster risk
reduction and management act of 2010’.
In the year 1978- Identify the Hazard, people are waiting for the disaster and
the IMPACT OF THE DISASTER, and then the RESPONSE
Under presidential decree in accordance to PD 1566
10121 was signed in year 2010. Wherein the risk reduction was inserted after
the IDENTIFY the HAZARD, with risk reduction there is only small response.
Risk Reduction;
P- PREVENTION (fire or flood)
M- MITIGATION – helps lessen the impact of disaster (climate change)
P- PREPAREDNESS – activities to be done to prepare us before the disaster
happens. (planning, participating in drills
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management with first aid lecture
demonstration
Who we are?
Henry Dunant – a business man, that make a book entitled ‘A MEMORY OF
SOLFERINO, 1862
He witnessed the battle of Solferino in 1859, he volunteers to assist the 40 k
windederdined, two ideas in his book, first to corrugate in each country the
med volunteer to assist the wounded in the war, that led to the creation of
INTERNATONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT –
In includes;
 International committee of red cross
 International federation of red cross
 Red crescent societies
 national societies
- Second to promote an international agreement protecting the wounded
soldier in the battle field and those who acre for them. -
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
 Geneva Law
 Hague law
 Additional protocols
COMPONENETS OF MOVEMENT
 ICRC or red cross- movements founding body, to protect and assist the
victims of armed conflict and international violent.
 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION- coordinated international assistance
victim of natural and technological disaster, refuges and health
emergency
 NATIOAL SOCIETY like Phil. Red cross- act as the auxiliary to the public
authority of their own country.
The sign of red cross
Originate from the first Geneva convention in 1864, it represents the Swiss flag
as a tribute to henry donunt. the Swiss founder of the international committee
of red cross.
Two more logo
 Red crescent
 Red crystal
  Red cross
RED CROSS EMBLEM- the red cross logo and the word red cross are
protected under RA 10072 phil. Red cross act on 2009 and RA 10530, red
cross and other emblance act of 2013
The logos for the exclusive used of Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical
service, Philippine red cross and the international federation and red cross and
crescent (international federation), international committee of the red cross,
Those who violate- not less than 50k
PHILIPPINE RED CROSS- the premiere humanitarian organization in the Phil.
That begun in 1899 as the Phil women red cross officially founded on 5 April
1947 through republic act 95 are now known as RA. 10072
AIM OF RED CROSS
We alleviate human suffering….
 A network of more than 100 active chapters nationwide
 Assist the government in providing humanitarian services in times of
disasters and emergency
 Relies
 Solely on voluntary donation to finances its operation.
We save lives and promote health
 Safety services – training include first aid
 Health services
We mobilize the youth and volunteers
 Red cross youth
 Volunteer services
We provide safe and timely blood
 Blood Services
We assist survivors of disaster
 Welfare services
 Disaster management services
We advocate humanitarian values
 7 red cross principles
 Humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary, service,
unity, universality.
 DISASTER can be prevented
NATURAL HAZARDS- cannot be prevented
ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARD- can be prevented

DISASTER LANDSCAPE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines ranked;
 3rd in 2011 to 2013
 2nd in 2014
 3rd in 2015-2018
 9th in 2019
The Philippines rests on the Western Segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire
NATURAL HAZARDS- are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused by
either rapid or slow onset events.
1. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
- Typhoon/ Cyclones
- Storm Surges/ Monsoon Waves= an offshore rise of water caused by
powerful winds pushing on the ocean’s surface.
- Tornadoes
- Landslides
- Floods
2. GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS
- Earthquake
Types of Earthquake
 Ground Fissure- A division created when two blocks on both sides MOVE
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
 Soil Liquefaction- Phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near
bodies of water, BEHAVE LIKE LIQUID similar to a quicksand.

- Landslides
- Tsunami= Giant see waves resulting from the disturbance of the ocean
floor by an earthquake.
- Volcanic Activity-
3. CLIMATOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- Extreme Temperature
 - Drought = A temporary reduction in water or moisture availability
significantly below the normal or expected amount for a three
consecutive months.
- Wildfires
4. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- Disease Epidemics= Avian Flu, Measles, Cholera, Pollio, Ebola, HIV/Aids,
Meningitis, Tuberculosis, Dengue, Malaria, Covid-19
- Insect/ Animal Infestation

ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS- also known as TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS are

events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements.
1. Urban Fire
2. Transport Accidents
- Air Tragedy
- Sea Tragedies
- Land Tragedies
- Rail Tragedies
3. Complex Emergencies/ Conflicts- a form of HUMAN INDUCED
EMERGENCY in which the cause of the afflicted is complicated by intense
level of political considerations.
4. Famine= Brought about by multiple root causes, such as severe drought,
conflict, poverty, worsening debt crisis, or management or abuse or
resources.
5. Industrial Accidents

NATURAL HAZARDS
1. Hydrometeorological
2. Geophysical
3. Climatological
4. Biological
ANTROPOGENIC HAZARDS
1. Urban Fires
2. Transport Accidents
3. Complex Emergencies/ Conflicts
4. Famine
5. Industrial Accidents
 HAZARD RISK HUNTING
DISASTER- A SERIOUS DISRUPTION of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which EXCEEDS THE ABILITY of the affected community
or society to cope using its own resources.
 Hazard may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts
 Industrial and Agricultural Impacts.
 Social and Economic Impacts.
HAZARD- A phenomenon that POSES A THREAT to people, structure, or
economic assets.
EXPOSURE- The degree to which the elements at risk are LIKELY TO
EXPERIENCE hazard events of different magnitude.
VULNERABILITY- The CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of
a hazard.
CAPACITY- A combination of all STRENGHT and RESOURCES available within
a community, society or organization.

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER
Hazard+ Exposure+ Vulnerability = Disaster
Hazard+ Exposure+ Vulnerability= Gamay nga Disaster
Capacity

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
HAZARD HUNTING MATRIX- an assessment tool that could aid the
participants to IDENTIFY THE EXISTING HAZARDS AND PROVIDE POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS to eliminate or minimize effects of hazards.

ASSESMENT TOOL
LOCATION IDENTIFIED HOW DOES LEVEL OF RISK RECOMMENDATIONS
HAZARDS IT AFFECT
THE
OCCUPANTS
1. Kitchen Locked door, It may hinder (High/Moderate/ Remove materials or
 Exit blocked with the Low) things that block the
tools/ things evacuation of HIGH exit
the
occupants
during
emergencies

FIRE SAFETY
FIRE SAFETY- precautions taken to prevent fire or reduce the likelihood of a
fire which may result to death, injury, or damage to property.
WHY WE LEARN FIRE SAFETY?
Fire prevention is everyone’s job.
(MARCH IS FIRE PREVENTION MONTH AND BURN PREVENTION MONTH)
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
 Oxygen
 Heat
 Fuel
COMMON FIRE HAZARDS
 Electrical Wiring Failure
 Octopus Wiring
 Unattended Plugged Appliances
 Detective and Substandard LPG Tanks
 Unattended Stoves and ovens
 Unattended Burning Garbage
 Careless use of candles
 Careless smoking
 Children playing with Fire
WHAT TO DO DURING A FIRE?
A- lert everyone
B- e sure to know your way out
C- all your local fire department
D- ont go back in
WAYS TO SURPRESS FIRE
 Soil, Water, Cloth, Fire Extinguisher
FIRE STEPS
  Stop, Drop, Roll
PARTS OF A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 Gauge
 Lever
 Seal
 Tag
 Flexible Hose
 Extended Nozzle
 Cylinder
FIRE SUPPRESSION
Step 1; PULL (Twist & Pull the Safety Pin)
Step 2; AIM (Aim at the base of the fire)
Step 3; SQUEEZE (Squeeze lever)
Step 4; SWEEP (Sweep side to side)
PULL
AIM
SQUEEZE
SWEEP
WHAT TO DO;
Step 1; Alert everyone (Shouting Fire Alarm)
Step 2; Evacuate
Step 3; Call the proper authorities
Step 4; Don’t let anyone go back
Step 5; Get the nearest fire extinguisher
Step 6; Check the pressure
Step 7; Rush to the scene
Step 8; Maintain at least 2 meters away
Step 9; Check the wind direction. Do not go against the wind.
REMEMBER;
P- ull
A – im
S- queeze
S- way

EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
PHILIPPINES-
- Prolifically mineralized volcanic arcs; copper, gold, nickel
- Proximity to markets with huge metals demand; China, Japan, Korea
- At least 20 earthquakes per day, 4-5 felt earthquakes per week.
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING THE STRENGHT OF AN EARTHQUAKE
1. INTENSITY- perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effects
to people and structures; generally higher near the epicenter.
2. MAGNITUDE- Based on instrumentally derived information and
correlates strength with the amount of total energy released at the
earthquake’s point of origin.
TYPES OF NATURAL EARTHQUAKE
 Tectonic
 Volcanic
IN THE RECENT TIME, WHY IS IT THAT BUILDING COLLAPSE IS LESS OF
A DANGER? WHY?
Strict Building Codes- have worked to greatly reduce the potential structure
collapse
However, there is the possibility of structure failure in certain building types.
 Especially un-reinforced masonry and; certain structures constructed
prior to the latest building codes.
RESCUE PROFESSIONALS- are trained to understand how the building
collapse in order to identity locations of survivors within the “SURVIVABLE
VOID SPACES”

TSUNAMI
 (Giant sea waves due to large scale displacement of the sea floor)
 Large magnitude off- shore earthquakes
 Coastal and underwater landslides
 Coastal and underwater volcanic eruptions
 Meteor impacts
DAVAO CITY= the maximum tsunami height is 4m, which is again subject for
validation taking consideration the type covers present in the areas.
(Inundation 421,387m; tsunami height 4.0 meters; arrival time is 2o minutes)

2 TYPES OF TSUNAMI
TYPE SOURCE LEAD TIME WARNING
EARTHQUAKE MEHANICS IN
TO TSUNAMI PLACE
LOCAL Trench or fault in 4-20 minutes Being established
Philippines Must rely on
region, usually natural signs
less than 200 km such as moderate
from shoreline. to intense
shaking in
coastal area,
unusual water
level rise or fall.
FAR-FIELD Trench or fault 1-24 hours International
Regional or outside the Centers
transpacific Philippines region  PHIVOLCS
(ex. Japan,  NDDRMC
Hawaii) (Pacific Tsunami
warning Center,
NW Pacific
Tsunami
Information
Center)

EARTHQUAKE
PRE- REQUISITES OF AN EARTHQUAKE DRILL;
 Disaster Action Team (DAT) Organize
 School/ Company Evacuation Plan
 Drill Scenario and Mechanics
  Alarm
PHASES OF AN EARTHQUAKE DRILL
Phase 1; ALARM= Pre-arranged signal for earthquake/ ground shaking
Phase 2; RESPONSE= Seek shelter and protect yourselves, “DUCK, COVER,
HOLD”
Phase 3; EVACUATION= evacuate, proceed to identified Evacuation Area/s
using Predetermined Routes.
Phase 4; ASSEMBLY= group according to the class/section/area.
Phase 5; HEADCOUNT= Check and make sure that all occupants are counted
for
Phase 6; EVACUATION= An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to
identify problems encountered during the drill and how these can be corrected
in future earthquake drills.

DRILL TERMINATION
(The giving of the “ALL CLEAR SIGN” by the DAT Team Leader signifies the
TERMINATION of the Earthquake Drill)
Occupation shall return to the buildings only after the “All Clear Sign” is given
by the DAT Team Leader.

EVACUATIO REMINDERS
 DO NOT PANIC
 DO NOT IGNORE alarm
 LEAVE the building immediately and in orderly manner.
 FOLLOW the shortest and safest identified evacuation route from where
you are. (Floor evacuation diagram/map must be posted)
 DO NOT GO BACK to the building for any reason.
 PROCEED to the designation evacuation/ assembly area to be accounted
for as having evacuated safely.
 At the evacuation/ assembly area. REPORT any knowledge you may have
on missing person/s.
 RETURN to the building only after on “ALL CLEAR SIGNAL” is given.
 THE NEED FOR THE FIRST AID
 Accidents
 Sudden Illnesses
 Natural and Human- Induced Disasters
 Situations of Armed Conflicts
 Violence
FIRST AID
It is an immediate help provided to a sick or injury person until professional
medical help arrives or become available.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. To preserve life
2. To prevent further harm and complications
3. To seek immediate medical help
4. To provide reassurance
CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID INCLUDING LEGAL CONCERNS.
 Scope and Limitation
 Improvisation
 Consent
 Negligence
 Abandonment
 Confidentiality
HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISKS
 Direct Contact
 Indirect Contact
 Airborne Transmission
 Animals, Including humans and insects.
COMMON TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES
 Herpes
 Meningitis
 Tuberculosis
 Hepatitis
 Human Immune Deficiency Virus
 Covid 19
PREVENTION & PROTECTION
 Universal Precautions
 Body Substance Isolation/ PPE
- Avoid contact with blood and other body fluids.
- Use barriers
- Use protective CPR breathing barriers
- Cover any of your own cuts, scrapes or sores with a bandage
- Do not eat, drink or touch your mouth, nose or eyes
- Avoid handling any of your personal items
- Do not touch objects
- Be prepared by with PPE
- Wash your hands thoroughly

DONNING AND REMOVING GLOVES

How to put disposable Gloves Safely?
Step 1; Perform hand hygiene, rubbing for 20 seconds
Step 2; Put on the gloves
How to remove disposable Gloves safely?
Step 1; Peel off one glove so its inside out.
Step 2; Peel off the second glove over the first glove
Step 3; Discard gloves safely
Step 4; Perform hand hygiene, rubbing for 20 seconds.

HANDWASHING STEPS
 Remove personal items
 Wet hands with water
 Apply enough soap to cover all hand surface
 Rub hands palm to palm.
 Right palm over the back of hand with interlaced fingers and vice versa
 Palm to palm with fingers interlaced
 Back of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlaced
 Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa.
  Rotational rubbing, backwards & forwards with clasped fingers of right
hand in left palm & vice versa
 Rinse hand with water
 Dry hands thoroughly with a single- use towel
 Use the towel to turn off faucet

FIRST AID ACTION STEPS

THE EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS;
1. Check
2. Call
3. Cover
4. Care or Compress
INTERVIEW THE PERSON AND BYSTANDERS
 Signs and symptoms
 Allergies
 Medications
 Pertinent past medical history
 Last intake and output
 Events leading up to the injury or illness
CHECK THE PERSON FROM HEAD TO TOE
 Deformity
 Open Injuries
 Tenderness
 Swelling

AIRWAY AND BREATHING EMERGENCIES

TYPE;
 MILD
 SEVERE
CAUSES;
 Food
 Drinking Alcohol
  Wearing Dentures
 Eating while talking or laughing
 Playing with food in the mouth
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Clutching the throat
 Coughing
 Inability to cough, speak, cry or breathe
 Making high- pitched noises
 Panic
 Bluish skin color and losing consciousness
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT FIR CONSCIOUS ADULT OR CHILD;
1. Stand behind the victim
2. Give 5 blows between the shoulder blades
3. Of five back blows fail, give 5 abdominal thrusts
4. If the patient becomes unconscious.
SPECIAL CHOKING CIRCUMSTANCES
 Obese or pregnant
 In a wheelchair
 You are alone
 Toddler

ASTHMA ATTACK
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
 Remain calm
 Help the person to sit comfortably
 Loosen any tight clothing around the neck and abdomen
 Assist the person with his or her prescribed quick-relief medication.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
 Wheezing
 Trouble breathing
 Rapid, shallow breathing
 Sweating
 Tightness in the chest
 Inability to talk
 Feelings of fear or confusion
QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS
 Short-acting bronchodilators
 Metered dose inhaler (MDI)

HYPERVENTILATION
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
 Tell the person to relax and breathe slowly
 If the person’s breathing still does not slow down seek medical help
immediately.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Feel as if they cannot get enough air.
 Afraid and anxious or seem confused
 Feel dizzy or that their fingers and toes feel numb or tingly
“A person who is hyperventilating from emotion may resume normal breathing
if he or she is reassured and calmly down”

CARDIAC ARREST
“Heart Attack, also called as Myocardial Infarction (MI)”
SIGNS FOR HEART ATTACK
 Chest Pain
 Discomfort
 Trouble breathing
 Other signals
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR HEART ATTACK
 Call the 911
 Let the person stop and stay relaxed
 Loosen tight clothing
 Closely watch the person
 Be prepared to perform CPR and use an AED.
 History of heart disease.
 Offer aspirin of prescribed by physician
  Be calm and reassuring
 Talk to bystanders
 Do not drive the person to the hospital yourself

CARDIAC ARREST
CARDIAC ARREST= it occurs when the heart stops beating or bets too
ineffectively to circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs.
SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST= can happen suddenly and without any warning
signs; this is called “sudden cardiac arrest”
COMPRESSION- ONLY CPR= it uses chest compressions to pump the heart
and circulate oxygen that is already in the person’s body. If you are unwilling
or unable to give rescue, compression- only CPR is acceptable
CPR COMPRESSSION
When providing CPR to an adult;
 Compressions in the middle of the chest on the lower half of the sternum
 Push deeply and push steadily with a depth of about 2- 2.4 inches.
 Compressions rate of 100 to 120 beats per minute
 Ensure that the chest recoils fully
HANDS-ONLY CPR- in times of pandemic
 CHECK
 CALL COVER
 COMPRESSION
- Wear gloves if available
- 2-2.4 inches
- 100-120 beats per minute
 CONNECT
STEPS
 CHECK the person
 CALL the local emergency number
 COVER the airways
 COMPRESS the chest
 CONNECT to the AED.
 TRAUMATIC INJURIES
BLEEDING- technically known as hemorrhaging is the loss of blood escaping
from the circulatory system.
TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING BLEEDING
1. Direct pressure
2. Pressure bandage

SHOCK
It is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-
rich blood to the body’s tissues and vital organs.
CAUSES;
 Loss of blood volume
 Pump failure
 Dilation of peripheral blood vessels
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Restlessness or irritability
 Nausea or vomiting
 Rapid breathing
 Excessive thirst
(altered level of consciousness, Pale, ashen or grayish, cool, moist skin, rapid
and weak pulse)
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR SHOCK
 Rest a comfortable position
 Control Bleeding
 Elevate the legs
 Maintain normal body temperature
 Do not give anything to eat or drink
 Reassure the person
 Monitor the person’s breathing and any changes in condition.

CLOSED WOUND
A closed wound is a wound in which the outer layer of the skin is intact, and
the damage lies below the surface.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
1. Apply an ice pack
2. Keep the person from getting chilled
3. Elevating the injured part
4. Do not assume that wound are minor injuries
5. Rest in a comfortable position
6. Reassure the person
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Tender, swollen, bruised or hard
 Rapid, weak pulse
 Cool/ moist, looks pale/bluish
 Vomiting or coughing up blood
 Excessive thirst
 Extremity that is blue or extremely pale
 Altered mental state.

OPEN WOUND
“In an open wound, the outer layer of skin is broken”
TYPES OF OPEN WOUND
1. Abrasions
2. Lacerations
3. Avulsions
4. Amputations
5. Punctures
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
1. Use a barrier between your hand and the wound
2. Apply direct pressure
3. Wash the wounds for about 5 minutes.
4. Apply an antiseptic solution
5. Cover the wound
6. Wash your hands immediately
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR OPEN WOUND
1. Call the local emergency number
2. Put on disposable gloves
3. Control bleeding
4. Monitor airway and breathing
5. Care for shock
6. Rest comfortable and provide reassurance
7. Wash your hands immediately

BURNS
It is an injury to the skin and to other body tissues that us caused by heat,
chemicals, electricity or radiation.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
1. Check the scene for safety
2. Stop the burning
3. Check for life- threatening conditions
4. Cool the burn with large amounts of cold running water
5. Cover the burn loosely with a sterile dressing
6. Prevent infection
7. Minimize shock
8. Comfort and reassure the victim

BANDAGING
A bandage is any material that is used to wrap or cover any part of the
body.
TYPES;
 Adhesive compresses
 Bandage compresses
 Roller bandages
 Elastic roller bandages
 Triangular bandage
GENERAL BANDAGING GUIDELINES
 Use a large dressing
 Cover the wound with a dressing that will not stick with exposed tissues
  Use a bulky dressing over a joint so the joints
 Check the area below the injury site
 A bandage should be snug
 Do not cover fingers or toes
 Do not remove the blood-soaked bandages and dressings
 Bandaging techniques depends upon:
o Size and location of the wound.
o Your first aid skills
o Materials at hand.

BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
Square knot, Folding a triangular bandage into a cravat
1. Top of the Head
2. Forehead
3. Ear or cheek
4. Shoulder
5. Arm or leg
6. Chest
7. Palm

STROKE
CAUSES;
 Blood clot
 Bleeding
 Fat deposits
 A tumor or swelling
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS FOR STROKE
 Sudden numbness or weakness
 Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
 Sudden trouble seeing in one both eyes
 Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
 Sudden, severe headache with no known causes.
FAST
When trying to determine if a person is having a stroke, remember the
acronym FAST;
 o FACE – facial numbness or weakness, especially on one side
o ARM- arm numbness or weakness, especially on one side.
o SPEECH- abnormal speech, difficulty speaking or understanding others,
o loss of speech
o TIME- time is important, call EMS/9-1-1 immediately

FACE AID MANAGEMENT FOR STROKE

 Recognize the “signal” and take action
 Call 911 immediately. Minutes count!
 Have the person stop what he or she is doing and rest comfortable by
sitting or lying down
 Give the victim supportive care and reassurance
 Be prepared to perform CPR if victim becomes unresponsive

SEIZURES
It is the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to temporary
and involuntary changes in body movement, function, sensation, awareness or
behavior.
TYPES; Chronic, Febrile
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Unusual sensation or feeling
 Drooling
 Rigid body
 Decreased level of responsiveness
 Irregular or no breathing
 Upward rolling of the eye
 Convulsions
 Loss of bladder or bowel control
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR SEIZURES
 Protect the patient
 Do not restrain
 D not put anything in the mouth
 Loosen clothing and fan the victim
 Check ABC and injuries
 Stay with patient
CALL 911 IMMEDIATELY IF:
 Lasts longer than 5 minutes or is repeated
 Is followed by, a quick rise in temperature
 Does not regain consciousness
 Has diabetes or is injured
 The patient is pregnant
 The victim has never had a seizure
 Has a known seizure disorder, but the seizure is a different type, or is
occurring more frequently?

FAINTING
Is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary
reduction of blood flow to the brain. Usually, a harmless self-correcting
condition.
CAUSES;
 Emotionally stressful event
 Pain
 Specific medical conditions
 Overexertion
 Suddenly changing positions
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Change in level of consciousness
 Show signals od shock
 May feel nauseated and numbness
 Other signals that precede fainting include;
- Sweating, vomiting, distortion of vision, head or abdominal pain, feeling
of everything is going dark just before losing
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR FAINTING
 Position the victim on his back and elevate the legs
 Keep victim lying flat
 Loosen any restrictive clothing
 Check for any other life- threatening and non-life-threatening conditions
 Do not give the victims anything to eat or drink
 BONE, JOINT AND MUSCLES INJURIES
Bones are strong, hard, dense, tissues that come in many different sizes and
shapes. More than 200 bones make up the skeleton, creating the framework for
the body.
TYPES;
 Strain
 Sprain
 Dislocation
 Fracture
SIGNS AND SYMTOMS
 Pain
 Significant bruising and swelling
 Significant deformity
 Unable to use the affected part normally
 Bone fragments sticking out of a wound
 Feels bones grating or a snap or pop
 The injured area is cold, numb and tingly
 The cause of injury suggests that it may be severe
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT (RICE)
REST- do not move or straighten the injured area.
IMMOBILIZE- stabilize the injured area in the position it was found
COLD- fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice with a damp cloth and
apply it to the injured area for periods of about 20 minutes. Place a thin barrier
between the ice and bare skin
ELEVATE- the injured part only if it does not cause more pain. Elevating the
injured part may help reduce swelling.

SPLINTING TECHNIQUES
 Applying a sling and binder
 Applying an anatomic splint
 Applying a rigid splint
 LIFTING AND MOVING
A patient can be moved to safety in many different ways, but no one way is
best for every situation.
1. Emergency Move 2. Non- emergency move
LIMITATIONS;
 Danger conditions at the scene
 The size and weight of the victim
 Physical ability of first aider
 Presence of other rescues
 The victim’s conditions
 Available carrying device
 Terrain and distance to travel
LIFTING AND MOVING GUIDELINES;
 Move a person you can comfortable handle
 Bend your body at the knees and hips
 Lift with your legs, not your back
 Walk carefully, using short steps
 When possible, move forward rather than backward
 Always look where you are going.
 Support the victim’s head, neck and back
 Lift and carry the body as one unit
 Avoid bending or twisting the victim
 Use the log roll technique
 Rescuer distribution
 Traversing stairs and inclines
 Commands
LIFTING AND MOVING TECHNIQUES
 Walking assist
 Armpit or clothes drag
 Ankle drag
 Cradle carry
 Swing carry
 Chair carry
 Blanket carry
 NATIONAL SECURITY; Issues and
Concern
WHAT IS NATIONAL SECURITY?
A state or condition wherein the people’s welfare, wellbeing, ways of life;
government and its institutions; territorial integrity, sovereignty; and core
values are enhanced and protected.
WHAT IS CONSIDERED A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY?
Anything that threatens the physical well- being of the population or
jeopardizes the stability of a nation’s economy or institutions is considered a
national security threat.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NSTP?
The primary objective of the NSTP law is to promote the role of the youth in
nations-building. As such, it aims to encourage the youth to become civic
and/or military leaders and volunteers whom could be called upon by the
nation in cases their services are needed.
According to Former Israeli PM Ben Gurion;
“National Security does not rest on the army alone, or on military equipment or
the arms industry alone. Our security depends on the general ability of the
nation in the economic sphere. In agriculture, in economy that do not seem to
have a direct connection with the army are a decisive factor in war”
DEFINE; NATIONAL SECURITY
Freebase; National Security is the requirements to maintain the survival of the
state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and
political power.
Wiktionary; The safety of a country as managed through the exercise of
economic and political power, intelligence agencies and diplomacy.
National Security is considered “PUBLIC GOODS”
PHL NSC; A state of conditions where our most cherished values and beliefs,
our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity,
welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and
continuously enhanced. Evolved; “the state of condition wherein the people’s
way of life and institutions, their territorial integrity and sovereignty, as well as
their welfare and well- being are protected and/or advanced.
COMPONENTS; NATIONAL SECURITY
 Defense= military capability to defend the country
 Political- Stability of the political structure of the government
- Concerns;
o Multi- Party System
o Democratic- Federal Form of Gov’t
o Massive Corruption
o Politically Immature Voters
o Barangay- Level Political Structure
- Political Facts;
o Traditionally dominated by clans and political bosses
o Patronage or “utang na loob”. Obligations earned through favors
o Politicians’ performance is measured by “Dole-outs”, not on
programs or policies.
o Personality-based politics. Celebrities or good- looking
o Political assassinations. Conde “In the Philippines, politics is blood
sport” and sometimes act as gladiators
o About 250 political families have monopolized power across the
country
o Political machinations or coercions
o 3G’s; Guns, Goons and Gold
o Political Parties are non- ideological groups for personal or
factional political ambitions.
o Separations of church and state.

 Economic= the capacity of the State to finance or sustain itself and its
programs.
GDP= C+I+G+X+M
GDP= Gross Domestic Product
C= Consumption
I= Investments
G= Government Spending
X= Exports
M= Imports
o Unemployment/ underemployment
o Inflation
 o Limited industrial Base
o Volatile Market Forces
o High Tax Rates
o Countertrade
o Black Markets
o Piracy
 Socio- Cultural= how culture and society changes over time and how
they react to each other.
Social Aspect
o Official Language is Filipino
o 55% can speak Filipino fluently, English is used in colleges,
universities and the government
o Three major dialects used
- Cebuano in Southern Islands
- Ilocano in the north
- Tagalog in NCR
- Taglish is a mixture of Filipino and English is becoming increasingly
popular
- Has third largest number of English speakers in the world.
 Culture
 Social Practices
 Language Diversity
 Customs and Traditions
 Beliefs
 Regional Differences
 Religious Beliefs
 Progress and Development
 Environmental= the physical surroundings that provide physical,
energy, habitat that affects humans.
o Deforestation
o Pollution
o Global Warming
o Disappearing Eco- systems
o Lessening of Natural Habitat
o Overpopulation
o Natural Calamities
 Virtual = Today, electronic network systems provide the base of the
economic, government, trade & business and the personal platform of
our daily lives.
o Rely on electricity to work
 o Electronic records (personal & business)
o Unsecured communications
o Hacking (black hats vs. white hats)

INTERNAL THREATS;
o Communist Terrorist Movements (CTM’s)
o Southern Philippine Secessionist Groups (SP5G’s)
o Terrorist Organizations
o Armed Forces of the Philippines
o Philippine National Police
o Philippine Coast Guard
o Other Security Group
o Reserve and Auxiliary Components

POTENTIAL FLASHPOINTS;
o KIG & Spratly’s Islands Disputes
o Korean Peninsula
o China- Taiwan Dynamics
o India- Pakistan Conflict
o Malacca Strait
o Transnational Concerns.

THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

o It is any expression of institution to inflict evil, injury or damage to
national security.
o Dangers to the components of National Security and Stability.

Internal Aspect;
 National Security relates to the defense of the government against hostile
local elements seeking replacement with their own system.
 In this sense, national security refers to measures aimed at countering
domestic or internal challenges to the existing political and socio-
economic order.
External Aspect;
Concerned with safeguarding the state against outside or foreign forces,
pressures or influence designed to conquer it or undermine its sovereignty, for
the purpose of placing it under the domination or control of some foreign state/
states.
In this sense, national security embraces the defense arrangements directed to
ensuring safety of the state against foreign intervention or domination.

LOCAL COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS/

COMMUNIST TERRORIST GROUP
REJECTIONIST (Revolutionary Workers Party of the Philippines)
OTHER REJECTIONIST FACTIONS;
o Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa- Marxista Leninista (RPM/
ML/ RPA)
o Sosyalistang Partido ng Paggawa (SPP)
o Partido Marxista- Leninista ng Pilipinas (PMLP)
o Third Bloc
o Central Mindanao Regional Committee/Conferential Body
o Independent Political Forces 1

REAFFIRMIST (Communist Terrorist Movement)

3 MAIN WEAPONS OF CPP;
 The party- the brains (Front Organizations) Ex; Radical Student Groups,
Labor Unions = UNITED FRONTROW
 PROTRACTED PEOPLES WAR
- Countryside
- Cities and urban Centers
CTG Fundamental Strategies (Encircling the Cities from the Countryside)
 Moro National Liberation Front
 Moro Islamic Liberation Front
 Abu Sayaff Group
 Jemaah Islamiyah
RELIGIOUS RADICAL GROUP
DAWLAH ISLAMAIYAH
o ISIS Inspired Maute Group

PERCIEVED POWER ESTIMATES

Pp= Perceived Power
C= Critical Maris Population & Terrorist
E= Economic Capacity
M= Military Capability
S= Strategic Purpose
W= Will to Pursue National Strategy
SECURITY ISSUES AND CONCERNS
 Marawi Siege= marawi crisis was five month- long armed conflict that
started on May 23, 2017, between Philippine government security forces
and militants affiliated with the Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant
(ISIL), including battle also became the longest urban battle in the
modern history of the Philippines.
 West Philippines sea= Portions of the South China Sea particularly
parts of the sea which the Philippine claims to be part of the country
exclusive zone (EEZ). Naming the area became official through Admin
Order No. 29 issued on September 5, 2012. Order also cities
Presidential Decree No. 1599 issued in 1978 which established the
Philippine EES as well the Republic Act No. 9522 or the Baselines
Law which was enacted into law in 2009. Asserts the Philippines
claim over its EEZ in the 5C5 which conveys the Philippine position
that it has sovereign rights under the 1982 United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea over the WPS area. Territorial
Waters 22 kilometers or 24 miles (12 Nautical Miles) from the
baseline. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) 370 kilometer or 230
miles (200 Nautical miles) from the baseline.
 National ID system- Philippine Identification System ID (philSys ID) or
the Philippine Identification Card (PhilID) is the official national identity
card for Filipino citizens worldwide and foreign permanent residents in
the Philippines. The national Identification system to be implemented by
the Philippine government. Legislation seeks to implement the Philippine
Identification System Act (Republic Act No. 11055) signed by PRRD on
August 6, 2018. Proponents of the measure meant the system to ease
government and private transactions while critics of such proposals have
deemed it a potential tool to violate privacy.
 Anti- Terror Bill- Anti-terrorism act of 2020, officially designated as
Republic Act No. 33479, is a Philippine law whose intent is to prevent,
prohibit, and penalize terrorism in the Philippines. The law was signed
by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on July 3,202 and effectively replaced
the Human Security Act of 2007 on July 18, 2020. The law’s
constitutionality is currently being challenged in the Supreme Court by
multiple groups.
  Mindanao martial law- phone
DYNAMIC OF SECURITY
(Usual Security Arrangement)- phone
(Strategy of the Threat Groups)-
(Ideal Security Set Up)

DRUG ADDICTION
PDEA- “Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency”
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 also known as RA 9165
mandated PDEA to be the lead agency in the government’s anti-drug campaign.
 Signed; June 7, 2002
 Published; June 19, 2002
 Took Effect; July 4, 2002
PHILIPPINE DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

PDEA’S MANDATE
o A law enforcement and regulatory agency
o Responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the
provisions of RA 19165
MISSION
o As the lead agency in the enforcement of the anti- drug law, the PDEA;
o Suppresses the supply of dangerous drugs
o Implements dangerous drugs board policies
 o Controls and regulates the legitimate use of dangerous drugs and
controlled precursors and essentials chemicals
o Supervises the anti- drug activities of other drug law enforcement
agencies
o Coordinates the participation of all stakeholders in the anti-drug
campaign.
CIGARETTES-
A thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.
STREET NAME; Yosi, Isoy, Pa-aso, Butts
HEALTH RISK FROM SMOKING;
o Yellow teeth
o Heart Disease
o Hardened blood vessels
o Stroke
o Lung cancer
o Stomach/ intestinal cancer

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN CIGARETTES

 Nicotine- used in bug sprays
 Sulfuric Acid- used in car batteries
 Methoprene- used in pesticide
 Arsenic- used in rat poison
 Vinyl Chloride- used in plastic
 DDT- used in insecticides
 Carbon Monoxide- used in car exhaust
 Hydrogen Cyanide- used in gas chamber poison
 Formaldehyde- used in preserving dead bodies
 Tar- used in road material
 Butane- used in cigarettes lighter
 Ammonia- used in cleaning products
 Acetone- used in nail- polish remover
COCAINE
A strong stimulant mostly used as recreational drug. It is commonly snorted,
inhaled as smoke or dissolve and injected into veins- powder form
STREET NAME; C, Coke, Powder, Blow
ERYTHROXYLUM COCA (Coca Plant)
EFFECTS;
 Restlessness
 Irritability
 Anxiety
 Panic
 Paranoia
 Muscle twitching
SHABU
A central nervous system stimulant that is easily synthesized and the major
drug of abuse in the country
STREET NAME; Shabs, Bato, Kempit, Bagnos, Alta, Item, Butang, Noak,
Sinaw
INGREDIENTS;
 Alcohol
 Gasoline additives
 Ether starting fluid
 Benzene
 Paint Thinner
 Freon
 Acetone
 Camp stove fuel
 Ammonia
 Red phosphorous
 Lye
 Drain cleaner
 Muriatic Acid
 Battery Acid
 Lithium from Batteries
 Sodium metal
 Ephedrine
 Cold tablets
  Diet Aids
 Iodine
 Bronchodilators
 Phenyl Acetone
EFFECTS;
 Increase in blood pressure
 Faster heart beat and pulse rate
 Involuntary muscle twitching
 A sense of well being
 Feels energetic/ alert
 Less hunger
 Slurred speech
HALLUCINOGENS
Any one of a large number of natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that
produce marked distortions of the senses and change in perception. Drug
capable of provoking changes in sensation, thinking, self-awareness and
emotion.

MARIJUANA
It is the psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used primarily for medical
or recreational purpose.
STREET NAME; MJ, Mary Jone, Flower, Brownies, Damo, Pot, Tea, Joint,
Dope, Pansit, Gulay, Butoy, Weed, Kambubud, Momay, Power
EFFECTS;
 Hallucination/ illusion
 Dry mouth and throat
 Forgetfulness/irritability to think
 Impaired reflexes coordination and concentration
 Faster heart beat and pulse rate
TYPES;
 Cannabis Indica
 Kush- is a strain of Cannabis Indica. The origins of KUSH cannabis are
frm landrace plants mainly in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India
 Trichomes
 Black Widow
 Purple Haze
  Blue Berry Kush
 White Rhino
 Jack Frost
 Northern Lights
EFFECTS;
 Drowsiness
 Paranoia
 Change in percetion
 Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
 Short term memory loss.
INHALANTS
Chemicals which is used for sniffing to get high
EXAMPLES;
 Rubber Contact Cement
 Sealant
 Gasoline
 Glue
EFFECTS ;
 Slurred speech
 Lack of coordination
 Euphoria
 Dizziness
DEPRESSANTS
Also called as “downers”. Any drug chemical that decrease the activity of any
bodily function. The term is used to refer to drugs that reduce the activity of
the central nervous system.
EXAMPLE; Valium, Mogadon, Tranquilizers and Alcohol
ECSTACY
Is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception (awareness of surrounding
objects and conditions)
STREET NAME; XTC, Beans, Adams, X
SHORT TERM EFFECTS;
 Hyperthermia
 Sweating, chills
  Raised blood pressure
 Elevated anxiety
 Nausea, blurred vision
 Muscle tension
 Tremors
 Fainting
 Seizures
PROLONGED EFFECTS;
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Sleep problems
 Memory problems
 Suppressed appetite
GAMMA- HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID
Also known as liquid ecstasy and fantasy. Colorless, odorless and salty tasting
liquid. It was originally developed as an anesthetic but was dropped after a few
years because of the unwanted side effects
STREET NAME;
 G
 Liquid Ecstasy
 Goergia Home Boy
 Grievous Bodily Harm
 Gamma G
 Sommatomax
 Growth Hormone Booster
 Soap
 Easy Lay
 Vita G
EFFECTS;
 Induced state of Euphoria
 Increased level of sociability and sexual desire
 Nausea, vomiting and muscle stimulants
 Convulsions and breathing problem
FLY HIGH
A mix components of ecstacy, shabu and Cialis
STREET NAME; Party, Green Apple, Superman
EFFECTS;
Loss of appetite
3-4 days of no sleep
Insatiable appetite foe sex
More potent and deadly
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE
 Bloodshot Eyes
 Dilated Pupil
 Wearing sunglasses contantly at inappropraite time/ places
 Injection Marks
 Stealing Items can be Readily sold for cash
 Association with known drug user
 Change from formal capabilities work habits efficiency etc.
 Change is mood, depending on drug taken
 Changes in appearance; Poor Physical Appearance including inattention
to dress and personal hygiene

REPUBLIC ACT 9165 COMPREHENSIVE

DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
SECTION 2; Declaration of Policy
It is the policy of the state to safeguard the integrity of its territory and
wellbeing of its citizenry, particularly the YOUTH from the harmful effects of
dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well being
ARTICLE 2; UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES
SECTION 5;
Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and
transportation of dangerous drugs and or controlled precursors and essential
chemicals.
PENALTY; Life Imprisonment to Death
FINE; 500,000 to 10,000,000
SECTION 11; POSSESION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
10 grams or more of opium, morphine, heroin, marijuana resin, marijuana
resin oil, MDMA (ecstasy) and LSD
500 grams or more of marijuana
50 grams or more of methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
PENALTY; Life Imprisonment to Death
FINE; 500,000 TO 10,000,000
Possessions of 10 grams or more but less than 50 grams of Shabu
EXAMPLE 1;
Possessions of 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of Shabu or 300 grams
or more but less than 500 grams of marijuana.
PENALTY; 2O years and 1 day to life
FINE; 400,000 TO 500,000
EXAMPLE 2;
Possessions of less than 5 grams of Shabu or less than 300 grams of
marijuana.
PENALTY; 12 years and 1 day to 2o years
FINE; 300,000 to 400,000

SECTION 15; USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

1ST OFFENSE; A penalty of 6 months to 18 months’ rehabilitation
2nd OFFENSE;
PENALTY; 6 years and 1 day to 12 years
FINE; 50,000 to 200,000

SECTION 16; CULTIVATION OR CULTURE OF PLANTS

CLASSIFIED AS DANGEROSUS DRUGS
PENALTY; Life Imprisonment to Death
FINE; 500,000 to 10,000,000
 UNDERSTANDING GEOHAZARDS & CLIMATE
CHANGE
UNDERSTANDING GEOHAZARDS
GEOGHAZARD- a natural phenomenon that can potentially trigger a disaster
COMMON GEOLOGIC HAZARD IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Earthquake
 Tsunami
 Volcanic eruption
 Mass wasting
 Flooding
HAZARD VS. DISASTER
HAZARD- wlay naapektuhan. A phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
DISASTER= If naay napinsala or naapektuhan. A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community causing the widespread human material,
economic, or environmental losses, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
Vulnerable Society= can be replaced with anything from globe to a family unit.
ELEMENTS AT RISKS;
 People
 Property
 Economic activities
 Public services
 Other values
WHY PHILIPPINES IS GEOHAZARD- PRONE?
1. GEOLOGIC SETTING; complex, tectonically active region
 Numerous active faults and trenches
 Numerous volcanic belts and active volcanoes.
COMPLEX GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION RESULTED IN VARRYING
GEOMORPHOLOGY;
 Steep mountains terrains= (prone to landslides and erosion and
favorable for fast water flow downstream)
  Vast Plains= (prone to flooding)
 Coastal Areas= (prone to coastal erosion, storm surge and tsunami)
2. CLIMATIC (METEOROLOGIC) SETTING; lies in a tropical region along the
typhoon belt in the Pacific.
AVERAGE OF 20 TROPICAL CYCLONES PER YEAR
 Water saturation induces landslides
 Tropical cyclones bring about strong winds, floods, storm surges and
other Hydrometeorological hazards.
 Tropical weather favors fast rock weathering and erosion.
NATURAL DISASTERS;
Earthquake, Hurricane, Lightning, Fire, Tsunami, Tornadoes, Volcanic
Eruption, Blizzards, Floods, Heat, Drought, Mass Wasting

MASS WASTING
A movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth, down a slope, when shear
stress exceeds shear strengthen in material.
TYPE VERY SLOW (<cm/ FAST VERY FAST
year) (1mm/day to 10 (> 4km/hour)
km/hr.)
Flow Creep Earth or Mudflow Debris Avalanche
Slip Debris Slide or Slump Debris Slide or
Slump
Fall Rockfall

CREEP- Slowest form of mass movements

FLOW- (Earth Flow, Mudflow, Debris Flow)
SLUMP- downward rotation of rock or regolith occurs along a curved surface
ROCK AND DEBRIS SLIDE –occur when a places of rock on a steep slope
becomes dislodged and falls down the slope. Debris falls are similar except they
involve a mixture of soil, regolith and rocks
DEBRIS AVALANCHE- extremely rapid downward movement of rocks, soil,
mud and other debris mixed with air and water

FACTORS IN MASS WASTING

 Climate
 Moisture
 Steep slopes
  Weak rocks
 Existing Failure Surfaces
ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTORS
- Landslides triggered and/or exacerbated by human activity are on the
rise.
EXACERBATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES;
 Water Leakage from Utilities
 Overloading of Slope Surfaces
 Cutting of Hills, Poor Roads and Subdivision
 Deforestation
HOW LANDSLIDE IMPACTS THE ENVIRONMENT;
 Loss of habitat
 Property damage
 Loss of life

FLOOD
“Too much water at the wrong place”. Natural river process in response to
changes in drainage basin inputs
CAUSES OF FLOODING;
Geology, relief, vegetation, meteorological, catchment change, land use,
attempt at management, catchment size, state of grounds/ antecedents
conditions.
TYPES OF FLOODING
According to Location;
 River flooding (river floodplains)
 Coastal flooding (shorelines)
 Urban flooding
According to duration
 Flash flooding (upstream floods)
 Sheet flooding (downstream floods)
FLASHFLOODS- A short duration with relatively high peak discharge
  Natural- river basins with circular shape
 Induced- artificial damming of a river (eg, due to a landslide event)
breaching of dike)
SHEET FLOOD- Covers a large area and is not concentrated in a well- defined
channel. A floodwater does not easily subside.
FLOODING IS EXACERBATED BY;
 Deforestation and denudation
 Siltation of rivers and streams
 Clogging of waterways and poor drainage in urban areas
 Improper construction of houses and building
 Poor selection of settlements site.
HOW FLOODING IMPACTS, THE ENVIRONMENT
 Disease
 Loss of habitat
 Houses, buildings and other structures destroyed
 Household wastes get into the water system
 Power outages
HOW DO THESE NATURAL HAZARDS IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT?
EARTHQUAKE- a sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by the release
of stress collected along faults or by volcanic activity
Liquefaction- is define as the transformation of a granular material from a
solid to a liquefied state as a consequence of increased pore-water pressure
and reduced effective stress
HOW EARTHQUAKE IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT?
 Collapsing building
 Property damage
 Mud slide
 Fires
 Flood
 Loss of power
BLIZZARD- a violent snowstorm with winds blowing at a minimum speed of
35 miles per hour and visibility of less than one- quarter mile for three hours.
HOW BLIZZARD IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT;
 Flooding when snows melt
 Tress fall
  Power outage
 Hypothermia
STORMS- If winds reach 74 mph, then they are called;
Hurricane- (the Northern Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean East of
the dateline, or the South Pacific Ocean East of 160E.)
Typhoon- (Northwest Pacific Ocean west of dateline)
Severe Tropical Cyclone- (Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 16OE or southeast
Indian ocean east of 90E)
Severe cyclonic storm- (the Northern Indian Ocean)
Severe cyclone- (The Southwest Indian Ocean)
HOW STORMS IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT
 Erosion
 Houses, building and other structures destroyed
 Heavy flooding of inland areas
 Tornadoes
 Loss of power
 Illuminated water supply
FIRE- burning mass of material. Maybe a secondary hazard to earthquake.
WILDF FIRE- are unplanned fires that burn in natural areas like forests,
grasslands or prairies. These dangerous fires spread quickly and can devastate
not only wildfire and natural areas, but also communities.
LIGHTNING- a brilliant electric spark discharge in the atmosphere, occurring
within a thundercloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground.
TSUNAMI- an unusually large sea waves produced by a seaquake or undersea
volcanic eruption.
VOLCANIC- a vent in the earth’s crust through which lava, steam, ashes, etc.
are expelled, either continuously or at irregular intervals
DROUGHT- a long period of abnormally low rainfall, especially one that
adversely affects growing or living conditions.
TORNADO- A violently rotating column of air extending from a cumulonimbus
cloud to the earth, ranging in width from a few meters to more than a kilometer
and whirling at speeds between 40 and 316 mi per hour.
 Session 2: Climate Change
WEATHER
 Local and Temporary
 Conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
 Weather can change very rapidly from day to day and from year to year
 Weather scientists, called meteorologists, try to foresee what’s going to
happen next.
 Changes involve shifts in temperatures, precipitation, winds, and clouds
CLIMATE
- Regional and Long Term
- Average weather pattern in one place.
- Influenced by slow changes in the ocean, the land, the orbit of the Earth
and the energy output of the sun.
- Fundamentally controlled by the balance of energy in
- the Earth and its atmosphere
- Every place has its own climate. Whether Arctic cold, tropical warm or
something between. Averaging them all together makes global climate.
- Earth's global climate is CHANGING because the planet is warming up
fast--faster than at any time scientists know about from their studies of
Earth's entire
- history
GREENHOUSE GASSES: Water vapor, Carbon dioxide
(CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Ozone (03)
 The GHGs are produced by natural processes such as: water cycle,
growth and death of plants and animals, decaying of wood and other
biodegradable materials, volcanic activities
 Importance of GHGs: absorbs harmful UV rays, which harm plants and
animals and even humans. Also, without the greenhouse effect, the
Earth's average surface temperature would be some 30° C colder or
approximately -15 ° C and possibly not warm enough to sustain life.
GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS ON:
 Health: whether-rated mortality, infectious diseases, air-quality
respiratory illnesses
 Agriculture: Crop yields, irrigation demands
 Forest: forest composition, geographic range of forest, forest health &
productivity
 Water resources: water supply and quality, competition for water
  Coastal areas: erosion of beaches, inundation of coastal lands, additional
costs, to protect coastal communities
 Species and natural areas: loss pf habitat and species, cryosphere:
diminishing glaciers
EFFECTS:
- Extreme weather conditions: More intense el Niño, intensified tropical
cyclones, intensified rain flow, river flow, and flooding
- Melting of sea ice
- Sea levels rise
- Other species are affected
- Impact on water resources
- Increase in tropical vector borne disease
MITIGATING GEOHAZARDS
1. Structural Mitigation
- aimed at controlling the hazard
- "PAKAPITIN - Anchor"
- "SALUHIN - Contain"
- "PADAANIN - Divert"
- "TAPALAN - Cover"
- "IWASAN - Avoid"
- "BAWASAN - Reduce"
- Measures: channel modifications, levees, dikes, dams, Floodwalls
2. NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 Land use planning (floodplain zoning)
 Community awareness & preparedness using flood hazard maps Climate
Policy
 Climate Mitigation: Limit increase of global temperature (reduce
disaster risks associated with climate change). Reduce emission of
greenhouse gasses
CLIMATE ADAPTATION: Modify environmental infrastructure (reduce
inevitable effects of climate change in society)
Climate Alarms
Some Behavioral Solutions Applicable in the
Philippines
- reduce food waste, compositing, mass transit, telepresence, plant-rich diet,
ridesharing, bicycle infrastructure, walkable cities, solar rooftop and water,
clean cook stoves, tree intercropping, methane digesters, led lighting, nutrient
management, farmland irrigation