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Autophagy Cancer Other Pathologies Inflammation Immunity Infection and Aging Volume 8 Human Diseases 1St Edition Hayat Full Chapter
Autophagy Cancer Other Pathologies Inflammation Immunity Infection and Aging Volume 8 Human Diseases 1St Edition Hayat Full Chapter
VOLUME 8
Edited by
M. A. Hayat
Distinguished Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
Kean University
Union, New Jersey
The men and women involved in the odyssey of deciphering the molecular
mechanisms underlying the complexity of the autophagy process that
governs our lives.
Mitophagy and Biogenesis
But the work isn’t over and the job isn’t done
Unless Paris is tagged with ubiquitin too
Then repression is lifted from PGC1
So biogenesis starts and mitos renew!
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Life in the Balance, Longevity the Goal
Self-eating, recycling, cash-for-your clunkers:
Trade up to the mitochondrial equivalent Prius
The road to rejuvenation is paved with destruction
For clearing the rubble precedes reconstruction
But remember that life’s circular dance
Depends on opposite forces in balance
Excess destruction, too much biogenesis
Brings heart failure, cancer, or neurodegeneries
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Autophagy and Cancer
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Some Thoughts on
Autophagy and Immunity
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Autophagy: If and When
Roberta A. Gottlieb
What Happened When
Autophagy Didn’t
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Sugar Isn’t Always Sweet
Roberta A. Gottlieb
Mitochondrial Mysteries
xxxi
Foreword
xxxiii
Preface
xxxv
xxxvi Preface
1 network plays a key role in controlling the the future anti-cancer drug development.
mammalian autophagic process in response Based on the evidence that omega-3 DHA
to physiological and pathological stress, and EPA conjugates exert antiproliferative
its structure and function are detailed. It is effects in breast cancer cells by inducing
explained that Sirt1 deacetylase regulates autophagy and apoptosis, the use of these
autophagy machinery via multiple mecha conjugates as preventive agents against
nisms. The crosstalk between apoptosis and these cancer cells is recommended.
autophagy regulates cell survival or cell It is known that tumors hide from the
death in response to stress signals at cell or immune response, and activate a counterat
organism level. tack or develop resistance to immune cells.
Although autophagy is an important It is explained in this volume that hypoxia-
protective mechanism against a range of induced autophagy allows tumor cells
stress conditions, including starvation, to negate an effective immune response
cells undergoing cell death often display and escape from immune surveillance. It
autophagic features, leading to the coining is suggested that autophagy represents a
of the term, “autophagic cell death,” the rel conceptual realm for new immunothera
evance of which is under debate. Therefore, peutic strategies aiming to block immune
it is important to discuss the recent escape. Plant-derived chemicals (phytoag
advances regarding the role of autophagy in ents) have become an important resource
cell death in this volume. of therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
The role of autophagy in cancer is Several phytoagents that induce oxidative
exceedingly complex, and varies accord stress, stimulating protective autophagy,
ing to tumor type, stage, and genetic con are discussed. This type II programmed cell
text. Regarding cell survival, tumor cells death complements apoptotic cell death to
themselves activate autophagy in response enhance the killing of cancer cells.
to cellular stress and/or increased meta By bringing together a large number of
bolic demands related to rapid cell prolif experts (oncologists, physicians, medical
eration. Autophagy-related stress tolerance research scientists and pathologists) in the
can enable cell survival by maintaining field of autophagy, it is my hope that sub
energy production that can support tumor stantial progress will be made against the
growth and therapeutic resistance. Tumors terrible diseases that afflict humans. It would
are often subjected to metabolic stress due be nigh impossible for a single author to
to insufficient vascularization. Under these cover the current state of knowledge of this
circumstances, autophagy is induced in cells exceedingly complex process of autophagy.
located in these hypoxic regions where it The participation of multiple authors allows
enables their survival. Aggressive tumors for the presentation of different points of
have increased metabolic demands because view on controversial aspects of the role of
of their rapid proliferation and growth and autophagy in health and disease.
exhibit augmented autophagy needed for This volume was written by 52 con
their survival. An attempt is made in this tributors representing 14 countries. I am
volume to explain the inter-conversation grateful to them for their promptness in
between cytoprotective and cytotoxic roles accepting my suggestions. Their practical
of autophagy in cancer. It is important to experience highlights the very high qual
focus on the dual role of autophagy in tum ity of their writings, which should build
origenesis and chemotherapy, and discuss and further the endeavors of the readers in
Preface xxxvii
this important medical field. I respect and I am grateful to Dr. Roberta Gottlieb,
appreciate the hard work and exceptional M.D., for composing the poems that
insight into the role of autophagy in disease describe the process of Autophagy with
provided by these contributors. appropriate humor and also for contrib
It is my hope that subsequent volumes uting the Foreword. I greatly appreciate
of this series will join this volume in assist thoughtful help extended to me by Linda
ing in the more complete understanding Versteeg-Buschman, the senior editor at
of the complex process of autophagy and Elsevier, before and during the publication
eventually in the development of therapeu of this series. I offer thanks to Dr. Dawood
tic applications. There exists a tremendous Farahi and Phillip Connelly, for recogniz
urgent demand by the public and the sci ing the importance of medical research and
entific community to develop better treat publishing through an institution of higher
ments for major diseases. In the light of the education. I am thankful to Elizabeth Shust
human impact of these untreated diseases, and my students for their contributions to
government funding must give priority the final preparation of this volume.
to researching cures over global military June 2015
superiority. M. A. Hayat
Contributors
xxxix
Contributors xli
Rui Gomes Center for Neuroscience and Gérald Guillebaud Medical Biology
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Department, Université du Québec à
Coimbra, Portugal Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
Ana Delgado Pavón Centro Andaluz Diana Filipa Silva CNC-Center for
De Biología del Desarrollo-CSIC, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University
Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Spain
Contributors lv
PRADELIO
El tiempo que holgares,
Filena, en ver mis ojos de
agua llenos,
ó los tuyos alzares
en mi favor serenos,
el ganado y la vida tendré en
menos.
Viendo de dónde viene
el bien ó el mal que tu beldad
me ha hecho,
obligado me tiene
con un constante pecho
á agradecer el daño y
provecho.
Tu alta gentileza,
tu valor, tu saber, amé
primero,
subíme á más alteza
de un querer verdadero,
ámote mucho y mucho más te
quiero.
El quererte y amarte
proceden de mirarte y
conocerte,
cada cual por su parte;
el amarte es por suerte,
pero por albedrío el bien
quererte.
Mis llamas, mis prisiones,
son los jardines donde me
recreo;
tus gustos, tus razones,
espejo en que me veo,
y en tu contento vive mi
deseo.
Á ser sólo dotada,
como otras, de caduca
hermosura,
quizá fueras amada
de la misma hechura;
mas tu beldad de todo me
asegura.
Ansí ciega y assombra
mi gran amor, que á todos
escurece,
y el mundo es una sombra,
y cuanto en él parece
del sol que en mis entrañas
resplandece.
Págame en mi moneda
mi amor (si tanto amor puede
pagarse),
ó á lo menos no pueda
con pesares aguarse
la fe más pura que podrá
hallarse.
No son estos recelos
por no entender mi hado
venturoso,
y tampoco son celos
de indicio sospechoso:
sólo mi valor me trae medroso.
Tú, mi dulce señora,
primera causa de mi buena
andanza,
por la fe que en mí mora,
si en la tuya hay mudanza,
haz que socorra engaño á mi
esperanza.
FILARDO
Poco precia el caudal de
sus intentos
el que no piensa en el
contrario estado;
el capitán que duerme
descuidado
poco estima su vida y sus
intentos.
El que no teme á los
contrarios vientos,
pocos tesoros ha del mar
fiado;
pocos rastros y bueyes
fatigado
el que no mira al cielo por
momentos.
Poco ha probado á la
fortuna el loco
que en su privanza no temiere
un hora
que se atraviesse invidia en la
carrera;
Finalmente de mí y por mí,
señora,
creed que el amador que teme
poco,
poco ama, poco goza y poco
espera.
PRADELIO
Si no te he dicho, Deseo,
en la estimación que estás,
sabe que te tengo en más
que á los ojos con que veo;
y no es demasiada fiesta,
que una prenda tan valida,
no es mucho que sea tenida
en lo menos que me cuesta.
Aunque tú quedaste en
calma
sin viento que te contraste,
bien sabes que me anegaste
la luz del cuerpo y del alma,
y visto parte por parte,
pues solo suples la falta,
de todo lo que me falta,
por todo debo estimarte.
Yo voy ciego, y voy sin guía,
por la mar de mis enojos,
y tú das lumbre á mis ojos
más que el sol á medio día;
no puede imaginación
engastar perla de Oriente
que esté tan resplandeciente
como tú en mi corazón.
Voy á remo navegando,
es la imán mi voluntad,
y sola tu claridad
el norte que va mirando
el débil barquillo abierto,
sin merecimiento en él,
y en el naufragio cruel
eres mi seguro puerto.
No espero jamás bonanza
en la vida ni en la muerte,
mas bástame á mí tenerte
en lugar de la esperanza;
bien sé que en ti se turbó
el sossiego más sereno,
mas no hay ninguno tan bueno
por quien te trocase yo.
Vengan penas desiguales,
y por caudillo desdén,
que sola serás mi bien,
aunque les pese á mis males.
Tú, en la esperanza más dura,
tú sola, en el día malo,
tienes de ser mi regalo,
mi consuelo y mi blandura.
¿No fuiste engendrado,
dime,
de aquellos ojos beninos
por quien quedarán indinos
los que el mundo en más
estime?
Y en mi pecho concebido,
y en la vida alimentado,
hijo que tanto ha costado,
¿no es razón que sea
querido?
Juzguen el justo caudal
que hago de ti por vicio;
digan que en este edificio
eres arena sin cal;
llamen tu hecho arrogancia,
sin esperanza á do fueres,
que yo que entiendo quién
eres
confessaré tu importancia.
¡Oh, cuánto me has de
costar
en cuanto no me acabares!
mas cuanto más me costares,
tanto más te he de estimar;
los daños de aquesta historia,
bravos son considerados;
vistos no, que van mezclados
contigo, que eres mi gloria.
El rato que considero
la gracia, la gentileza,
la discreción, la belleza,
por quien á tus manos muero,
no sólo el dolor terrible
passo sin dificultad,
pero con facilidad
te sufro en ser impossible.
Quizá dirán devaneas
muchos que saben de Amor.
¿Qué es cosa y cosa, amador,
deseas ó no deseas?
Responderles he que sí
y que el mal que Amor me
hace,
de mi desventura nace,
y el bien y el honor, de ti.
Pues, ilustre Deseo mío,
¿quién te torcerá el camino,
si veniste por destino,
y vences por albedrío?
Eres una dulce pena,
eres un contento esquivo,
eres la ley en que vivo,
y en la que Amor me condena.