Structures and functions of organelles

Cell wall: The outer covering of cells that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cell. The cell wall is a
rigid covering that protects the cell; plant cell needs protection against variation in temperature, high wind
speed, atmospheric moisture, etc. They are exposed to this variation because they cannot move.
Cell membrane: Is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the content of the cell from its
external environment. It Controls materials that get in and out of the cell.
Nucleus: controls reproduction and the activities of the cell.
Cytoplasm: it contains different sub-cellular structures in which chemical processes take place.
In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm is contained all materials (organelles) located in within the cell, excluding
the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain any organelles is referred to as the cytosol.
Mitochondrion: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, the mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) is the
double-membrane organelle where the process of cellular respiration takes place.
Chloroplast: Specific/unique to plant cells, chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles that can
convert light energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) to carbohydrates in a process called
photosynthesis.
Ribosome: Ribosomes are the sites where protein synthesis occurs. Because protein synthesis is essential
for all cells, ribosomes are found in almost in every cell, Endoplasmic Reticulum: is a series of
interconnected membranous tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids. Most cells
contain two types of endoplasmic reticulum: the rough and the smooth.