Chapter 11 11A Distance between two points

Once the coordinates of two points are known the distance between them
can easily be found.
Coordinate geometry Example 1

Find the distance between each pair of points.

The number plane (Cartesian plane) is divided into four quadrants by
a A(1, 2) and B(4, 2) b A(1, –2) and B(1, 3)
two perpendicular axes called the x-axis (horizontal line) and the y-axis
Solution
(vertical line). These axes intersect at a point called the origin. The position
of any point in the plane can be represented by an ordered pair of numbers a The distance AB = 4 – 1 = 3 y
A(1, 2)
(x, y). This ordered pair is called the coordinates of the point. Note: The distance AB is the
positive difference of the B(4, 2)
0 x
The point with coordinates (4, 2) has been plotted on the Cartesian x-coordinates of the two points.
plane shown. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0). b The distance AB = 3 – (–2) = 5 y
y B(1, 3)
4
x-coordinate
3
0 x
2 (4, 2)
A(1, –2)
1 y-coordinate
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
0
x
–1

–2 The above example treats the special cases when the line interval AB is
–3 either horizontal or vertical. To calculate the distance between two points
–4 when the line interval between them is neither vertical nor horizontal, we
use Pythagoras’ theorem.
Descartes (1596 – 1650) introduced coordinates to show how algebra
The distance between the points A(1, 2) and B(4, 6) is calculated below.
could be used to solve geometric problems.
AC = 4 – 1 = 3 and BC = 6 – 2 = 4. y
He solved many problems which up to then were very difficult or not B(4, 6)

able to be solved. In this chapter we graph points and lines and find By Pythagoras’ theorem,
A(1, 2)
how to determine whether lines are perpendicular or parallel. You AB2 = 32 + 42 C(4, 2)
= 9 + 16 0 x
will learn how to calculate the distance between two points and the = 25
coordinates of the midpoint of an interval.
so, AB = √25 = 5

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 1 2 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

The general case b AB2 = (–1 – 4)2 + (3 – (–6))2 y
2 2 A(–1, 3)
y
= (–5) + 9
We can obtain a formula for the length Q(x2, y2)
of any interval. Suppose that P(x1, y1) = 25 + 81
and Q(x2, y2) are two points. = 106 0 x
√106
9
AB = √106
Form the right-angled triangle PQX, P(x1, y1) X(x2, y1)
where X is the point (x2, y1). Then
x 5 B(4, –6)
PX = x2 – x1 or x1 – x2 and 0
QX = y2 – y1 or y1 – y2
depending on the position of P and Q. Example 3
By Pythagoras’ theorem:
Use the distance formula to find the distance between the points
PQ 2 = PX 2 + QX 2
a A(–4, –3) and B(5, 7) b A(7, –3) and B(0, –7)
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 [= (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2]
Solution
That is PQ 2 = (square of the difference of the x-values) +
(square of the difference of the y-values) a In this case, x1 = –4, x2 = 5, y1 = –3 and y2 = 7.
AB2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
Therefore QP = PQ = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
= (5 – (–4))2 + (7 – (–3))2
In practice, we sometimes work out the square of PQ and then take the = 92 + 102
square root. = 181
AB = √181
Example 2
b AB2 = (0 – 7)2 + (–7 – (–3))2
Find the distance between each pair of points. = 49 + 16
= 65
a A(1, –2) and B(4, 6) b A(–1, 3) and B(4, –6)
AB = √65
Solution
a AB2 = (4 – 1)2 + (6 – (–2))2 y B(4, 6)
Distance between the points
2 2
=3 +8
The distance between the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by
= 9 + 64 √73 8 the expression:
= 73 √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
0 x
AB = √73
A(1, –2) 3

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 3 4 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Exercise 11A 11B The midpoint of a line interval

Example 1 1 Find the distance between each pair of points. The coordinates of the midpoint of an interval can be found by averaging
a (2, 3) and (8, 3) b (5, 7) and (–1, 7) the coordinates of its endpoints.

c (–1, 2) and (–1, 12) d (–2, –7) and (–2, 8) Example 4

Example 2 2 Find the distance between each pair of points.
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the interval AB, given:
a (2, 3) and (8, 11) b (5, 7) and (8, 3)
a A(1, 2) and B(7, 2) b A(1, –2) and B (1, 3)
Example 3 c (–1, 0) and (4, 12) d (–2, –7) and (6, 8)
e (–1, –3) and (1, –1) f (–3, 3) and (3, 0)
Solution
a AB is a horizontal interval since the y
g (2, –3) and (6, –5) h (–6, –3) and (0, –1)
y-coordinates of A and B are equal. A(1, 2)
3 How far are the following points from the origin? M B(7, 2)
The coordinates of the midpoint x
a (2, 3) b (–5, 7) c (–1, 4) d (–4, –5) 0
of AB are (4, 2)
4 Which of the two points M(3, 6) and N(6, –4) is closer to P(–2, –1)? Note: 4 is the average of 1 and 7, that is, 4 = 1 + 7
2
5 Show that the point A(8, 4) is equidistant (that is, the same distance)
b The midpoint of AB has coordinates 1, 1 . y
from the points B(–4, –1) and C(13, 16). 2 B(1, 3)
1
6 Given the three points A(0, 0), B(3, 4) and C(6, 0): Note: is the average of 3 and –2, M
2
3 + (–2) 0 x
a calculate the distance AB b calculate the distance BC that is, 1 = A(1, –2)
2 2
c calculate the distance AC d identify the type of triangle ABC.
7 Given PQR with vertices P(–2, 6), Q(–18, 2) and R(–12, 12): When the line interval is not parallel to one of y
B(5, 8)
the axes, we can find the midpoint as follows. 8
a calculate the distance PQ b calculate the distance PR
c calculate the distance QR d identify the type of triangle PQR. Let M be the midpoint of the interval AB.
M(x, y)
Triangles AMS and MBT are congruent y
8 The points A(5, 3), B(–17, –8) and C(–6, –19) are joined to form a T
triangles (AAS), and so AS = MT and MS = BT.
triangle. Prove that the triangle is isosceles.
Hence the x-coordinate of M is the average 2
9 The points A(–2, 1), B(1, 3) and C(7, –6) are joined to form a triangle. A(1, 2) S
of 1 and 5.
Prove that the triangle is right-angled.
x= 5+1 =3 0 1 x 5 x
10 Calculate the perimeter of PQR with vertices P(3, 1), Q(8, 6) and 2

R(10, 0). Similarly, the y-coordinate of M is the average of 2 and 8.

11 Show that the points A(0, –5), B(5, 0), C(6, 7) and D(1, 2) are the y= 2+8 =5
2
vertices of a rhombus.
The coordinates of the midpoint are (3, 5).

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 5 6 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

The general case Finding an endpoint given the midpoint and the other midpoint
We can find a formula for the midpoint of y Q(x2, y2)
y2 Example 6
any interval. Suppose that P(x1, y1) and
Q(x2, y2) are two points and let M(x, y) be
M(x, y) If M(3, 6) is the midpoint of line interval AB and A has
the midpoint of the interval PQ.
y
T coordinates (–1, 1), find the coordinates of B.
PM = MQ, so the triangles PMS and MQT
are congruent (AAS), and so PS = MT and Solution
y1
MS = QT. P(x1, y1) S Let the coordinates of A be (x1, y1) = (–1, 1) y B(x2, y2)

Hence the x-coordinate of M is the average 0 x1 x x2 x Let the coordinates of B be (x2, y2).
of x1 and x2: x2 + (–1) y2 + 1 M(3, 6)
= 3 and =6
x x 2 2
x= 1+ 2
2 x2 – 1 = 6 and y2 + 1 = 12 A(–1, 1)
The y-coordinate of M is the average of y1 and y2. 0 x
x2 = 7 and y2 = 11
y1 + y2
Therefore, y= Thus B has coordinates (7, 11).
2

Midpoint of an interval
Exercise 11B
The midpoint of an interval with endpoints P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
. The coordinates are found by calculating the average 1 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line interval AB with endpoints:
2 , 2 Example 4,5

of x1 and x2 and the average of y1 and y2.

a (2, 3) and (8, 3)
c (–1, 2) and (–1, 12)
Example 5
e (2, 3) and (8, 11)
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line interval joining g (–1, 0) and (4, 12)
the points (6, 8) and (–3, 2). i (–1, –3) and (1, –1)
Solution k (2, –3) and (6, –5)
b (5, 7) and (–1, 7)
d (–2, –7) and (–2, 8)
f (5, 7) and (8, 3)
h (–2, –7) and (6, 8)
j (–3, 3) and (3, 0)
l (–6, –3) and (0, –1)

The midpoint M has coordinates, y (6, 8) Example 6 2 M is the midpoint of the line interval AB. Find the coordinates of B
6 + (–3) 8 + 2 given the coordinates of A and M are:
, = 3, 5
2 2 2
3, 5
M 2 a A(1, 6) and M(10, 6) b A(1, 6) and M(–10, 6)
(–3, 2) c A(–1, 4) and M(–3, 2) d A(2, –6) and M(1, 8)
0 x
e A(3, –1) and M(–2, 10) f A(5, –6) and M(–2, –4)

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 7 8 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

3 In each of the following, M is the midpoint of the interval AB. 9 ABC has vertices A(2, 1), B(4, 5) and C(6, 1).
Fill in the missing entries. a Find the coordinates of the midpoints M and N, of sides AB
A B M and BC repectively.
a (1, 6) (5, 10) b P(4, 1) is the midpoints of side AC. Show that BC = 2MP
b (3, 6) (9, 12) and AB = 2 PN.
c (–3, –4) (1, –1)
10 ABC has vertices A(1, 6), B(1, 10) and C(a, 8). The area of ABC
d (2.3, 6.1) (8.5, 3.2)
is 16. Find the values of a.
e (–1.6, –2.4) (0.4, –1.9)
f (–3.6, 4) (0, 3) 11 ABC has vertices A(0, 0), B(0, 6) and C(10, 6). Let M, N and P
be the midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively.
4 Consider the three points A(2, 1), B(6, 3) and C(8, –1). Let M and N
a Find the coordinates of M, N and P.
be the midpoints of AB and AC respectively.
b Find the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of MNP.
a Find the coordinates of M y
B(6, 3) 12 ABCD is a quadrilateral, with vertices A(1, 0), B(4, 8), C(11, 12) and
M
b Find the coordinates of N
A(2, 1) D(–1, 10). M, N, O and P are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and
c Calculate the distance BC 0 N x DA respectively. Find the lengths of the sides of quadrilateral MNOP
C(8, –1)
d Calculate the distance MN and describe this quadrilateral.

e How does the distance BC compare to the distance MN?

f What word describes ABC and AMN? 11C The gradient of a line
5 Parallelogram PQRS has vertices P(1, 6), Q(5, 12), R(3, 3) and S(–1, –3).
Gradient of an interval y B(5, 6)
a Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the diagonal PR.
rise
The gradient of an interval AB is defined as run
b Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the diagonal SQ.
where rise is the change in the y-values as you
rise
c What well known property of a parallelogram does this demonstrate? move from A to B and run is the change in the
x-values as you move from A to B. A(2, 1)
6 Use the midpoint rule to find the coordinates of three more points that
lie on the line passing through the points (0, 0) and (2, 3). For the points A(2, 1) and B(5, 6): run
0 x
rise
7 Find the coordinates of three more points that lie on the line passing gradient of interval AB = run
through the points (–1, –2) and (1, 3). = 6–1
5–2
8 ABC has vertices A(–2, 1), B(–1, 3) and C(7, –1). =5
3
a Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AC.
Notice that as you move from A to B along the interval the y-value
b Find the distance BM. increases as the x-value increases. This means the gradient is positive.
c Show that M is equidistant from A, B and C.
Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 9 10 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B
In the diagram to the right: Any two intervals on a line have the same gradient.
rise run = 4
gradient of interval AB = run y A(2, 7) y
Q
= 1–7
6–2
P
= –6 rise = 6 rise = –6
B Y
4
A
= –3 X
2
0 x
rise B(6, 1)
gradient of interval BA = run 0 run = –4 x Suppose AB and PQ are two intervals on the same straight line.
Draw right-angled triangles ABX and PQY with sides AX and PY
= 7–1
2–6 parallel to the x-axis and sides BX and QY parallel to the y-axis.
= 6
–4
Triangle ABX is similar to triangle PQY since the corresponding angles are
= –3 equal. Therefore:
2
Notice that in this case the y-value decreases as the x-value increases. QY
= BX (Ratios of sides in similar triangles.)
This means the gradient is negative. PY AX

That is, the intervals have the same gradient.

In general, provided x2 ≠ x1: y B(x2, y2)
rise Example 7
gradient of line interval AB = run
y y y2 – y1
= x2 –– x1 (rise) Find the gradient of the interval joining the points (1, 2) and (5, 10).
2 1
y y y y
Since x2 –– x1 = x1 –– x2 , it does not matter Solution
2 1 1 2
A(x1, y1) x2 – x1
which point we take as the first and which
0 (run) x For the points (1, 2) and (5, 10), y (5, 10)
point we take as the second.
y y
y B
gradient = x2 –– x1
If the run is zero (the line interval is vertical), 2 1 10 – 2 = 8
as shown by interval AB, the interval does not = 10 – 2 (1, 2)
P Q 5–1
have a gradient.
8 5–1=4
A = x
4 0
If the rise is zero (the line interval is
0 x =2
horizontal), as shown by interval PQ,
the gradient of the interval is zero. Gradient of PQ is zero
Gradient of AB is not defined
Example 8
Gradient of a line
The gradient of a line is defined to be the gradient of any interval within Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points (2, 1)
the line. and (4, –7).

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 11 12 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Solution Exercise 11C
y y
gradient = x2 –– x1
2 1
Example 7 1 Find the gradient of each interval AB.
= –7 – 1
4–2 a A(6, 3), B(2, 0) b A(–2, 6), B(0, 10)
= –4
c A(–1, 10), B(6, –4) d A(2, 3), B(–4, 5)
2 Find the gradient of the following lines.
Example 9 a b c
y y y
A line passes through the point (5, 7) and has gradient 2 . Find: (1, 3) (0, 2)
3
0 x
a the x-coordinate of the point on the line when y = 13 (–2, 0)
0 x
b the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = –1. x
0 (2, –4)
Solution
d e f
a 13 – 7 = 2 y (x, 13) y y (2, 3) y
x–5 3
6 (–4, 0)
=2 13 – 7 0 x (–1, 1)
(–1, 3)
x–5 3
(5, 7)
18 = 2(x – 5) (0, –2) x x
x–5 0 0
9 =x–5
x = 14 (3, –2)

0 x
Example 8 3 Find the gradient of the line passing through each pair of points.
7–y y
b =2 (5, 7)
5 – (–1) 3 a (0, 0) and (6, –2) b (0, 0) and (–2, –3)
3(7 – y) = 12 (–1, y)
7–y
c (3, 4) and (7, –4) d (–2, –5) and (–4, –1)
7–y=4 5 – (–1)
e (4, –3) and (–1, 7) f (–2, 9) and (3, –1)
y=3 0 x
Example 9 4 a A line passes through the point (2, 4) and has gradient 2.
Find the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = 3.
Gradient of a line b A line passes through the point (4, 8) and has gradient 1 .
2
t
5IF
gradient of an interval AB connecting two points A(x1, y1) and Find the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = 8.
y –y
B(x2, y2) is x2 – x1 , provided x2 ≠ x1 c A line passes through the point (–1, 6) and has gradient –1.
2 1

t
5IF
HSBEJFOU
PG
B
MJOF
JT
EFGJOFE
BT
UIF
HSBEJFOU
PG
BOZ
JOUFSWBM
XJUIJO
UIF
MJOF Find the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = 4.

t
"
WFSUJDBM
MJOF
EPFT
OPU
IBWF
B
HSBEJFOU

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 13 14 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

5 A line passes through the point (1, 3) and has gradient 3. Find: 8 A line passes through the point (3, 6) and has gradient 2. Find where
a the x-coordinate of the point on the line when y = 12 the line crosses the x-axis and the y-axis.

b the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = 3 9 A line passes through the point (2, 6) and crosses the y-axis at the
point (0, 4). At what point does it cross the x-axis?
c the x-coordinate of the point on the line when y = 0
d the y-coordinate of the point on the line when x = –2. 11D The equation of a straight line
6 a A line passes through the point (2, 1) and has gradient 3 .
4
Copy and complete the following table of values. When we plot points which satisfy the equation y

x –2 2 6
y = 2x + 1 we find that they lie in a straight line. (2, 5)
(1, 3)
y –5 1 10 Can we find the equation of the line given suitable
(0, 1)
geometric information about the line? The following
b A line passes through the point (1, 3) and has gradient 1 . (–1, –1) 0 x
2 shows that this can be done given the gradient of the
Copy and complete the following table of values. line and the y-intercept.
x –3 1
y –4 3 6
The line y = 3x + 2

c A line passes through the point (2, –6) and has gradient –2. Consider the line with gradient 3 and y-intercept 2. This passes through
the point A(0, 2). Let B(x, y) be any point on this line.
Copy and complete the following table of values.
rise y
x –4 0 2 Gradient of interval AB = run
y 10 0 –6 y–2 B(x, y)
= x–0
y–2
7 Copy and complete the following table (Each part refers to a straight = x A(0, 2)
line. You may need to draw a diagram): 0 x
We know the gradient of the line is 3.
x-intercept y-intercept gradient y–2
Therefore x
=3
a –1 2
y – 2 = 3x
b –2 3 (A line has y = 3x + 2
x-intercept a
1
c 4 2 and y-intercept b So the coordinates (x, y) of B satisfy the equation y = 3x + 2. Conversely
if it passes suppose B(x, y) satisfies y = 3x + 2 then
2
d –2 3 through the
points (a, 0) y – 2 = 3x,
e –5 –1 and (0, b).)
y–2
= 3.
x–0
f 8 –2
So B lies on the line with gradient 3 and has y-intercept 2.
g 10 5
We summarise this by saying the equation of the line is y = 3x + 2.

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 15 16 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Example 10 Vertical lines

Find the equation of the line with gradient 2 and y-intercept 5. All points on a vertical line have the same x-coordinate, y
but the y-coordinate can take any value. For example, (6, 3)
Solution the equation of the vertical line through the point (6, 0)
(6, 0) is x = 6. 0 x
Let B(x, y) be any point on this line. y (6, –2)
y–5 B(x, y) In general, the equation of the vertical line through
Gradient of interval AB = x – 0
A(0, 5) P(a, b) is x = a.
y–5
= x Because a vertical line line does not have a gradient, its equation does not
0 x
We know the gradient of the line is 2. fit the form y = mx + c.
y–5
Therefore =2
x Example 11
y – 5 = 2x
y = 2x + 5 The gradient of a line is –6 and the y-intercept is 2.
Find the equation of the line.

The equation y = mx + c Solution

Consider the line with gradient m and y-intercept c. If passes through the The equation of a straight line can be written as y = mx + c.
point A(0, c). Let B(x, y) be any point on this line. The equation of the line is y = –6x + 2.
y–c
Gradient of interval AB = x – 0 y
y–c B(x, y)
= x Example 12
We know the gradient of the line is m. A(0, c)
0 x Write down the gradient and y-intercept of the line with equation
y–c
Therefore x
=m y = 3x – 4.
y – c = mx
y = mx + c Solution

That is, the line in the cartesian plane with gradient m and y-intercept c
has equation y = mx + c. Conversely, the points whose coordinates
satisfy the equation y = mx + c always lie on the line with gradient m
and y-intercept c.
The gradient of the line is 3 and the y intercept is –4.
Checking whether a point lies on the graph
We check whether the coordinates of the points satisfy the equation of
the line.

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 17 18 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Example 13 Finding the coordinates of a point on the line by substitution

Check whether or not each of the following points lie on the line We can find the unknown coordinate of a point on a line by substituting
with equation y = 2x + 3. into the equation of the line.

a (3, 9) b (–2, 7) c (–1, 1) d (4, 11) e (– 2 , 0)

3 Example 14
Solution
a Find the y-coordinate for the point on the line y = 6x – 7 with the
a For x = 3, 2x + 3 = 6 + 3 x-coordinate:
=9 i –1 ii 0 iii 20
This agrees with the given y-value, so the point (3, 9) lies on the
b Find the x-coordinate for the point on the line y = 6x – 7 with the
line y = 2x + 3.
y-coordinate:
b For x = –2, 2x + 3 = –4 + 3 i 11 ii 0 iii 23
= –1
This does not agree with the given y-value, so the point (–2, 7) Solution
does not lie on the line y = 2x + 3.
a i y = 6 × (–1) – 7 ii y = 6 × 0 – 7 iii y = 6 × 20 – 7
c For x = –1, 2x + 3 = –2 + 3 = –6 – 7 = –7 = 113
=1 = –13
The y-coordinate The y-coordinate The y-coordinate
This agrees with the given y-value, so the point (–1, 1) lies on
is –13. is –7. is 113.
the line y = 2x + 3.
b i For y = 11, ii For y = 0, iii For y = 23,
d For x = 4, 2x + 3 = 8 + 3
= 11 6x – 7 = 11 6x – 7 = 0 6x – 7 = 23
6x = 18 6x = 7 6x = 30
This agrees with the given y-value, so the point (4, 11) lies on
x=3 x= 7 x= 5
the line y = 2x + 3. 6
The x-coordinate The x-coordinate The x-coordinate
e For x = – 2 , 2x + 3 = – 4 + 3
3 3 is 3. is 7 . is 5.
6
= 12
3
This does not agree with the given y-value, so the point – 2 , 0
3
does not lie on the line y = 2x + 3.

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 19 20 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Example 15 Example 16

The graph of y = 4x + 3 is shown opposite. y y = 4x + 3 Rewrite each equation in the form y = mx + c and hence find the
Find the values of a, b and c. value of the gradient and y-intercept of the line.
(1, c)
a 2x + 3y = 6 b –2x + 8y = 15
(0, a)
(b, 0) Solution
(0, 0) x
a 2x + 3y = 6
so 3y = 6 – 2x
Solution
that is, y = 2 – 2x
3
When the x-coordinate is 1, the y-coordinate is c.
Thus y = – 2x + 2
3
c=4×1+3
=7 The gradient of the line is – 2 and the y-intercept is 2.
3
When the x-coordinate is 0, the y-coordinate is a.
b –2x + 8y = 15
a =4×0+3 so 8y = 15 + 2x
=3
y = 2x + 15
When the y-coordinate is 0, the x-coordinate is b. 8 8

4b + 3 = 0 Thus, y = x + 15
4 8
4b = –3
The gradient of the line is 1 and the y-intercept is 15 .
4 8
b = –3,
4
That is, a = 3, b = – 3 and c = 7.
4
Exercise 11D

Equation of a straight line Example 11 1 Write down the equation of the line that has:
t
&WFSZ
OPOWFSUJDBM
MJOF
JO
UIF
$BSUFTJBO
QMBOF
IBT
FRVBUJPO
y = mx + c
a gradient 2 and y-intercept 3 b gradient 3 and y-intercept 4
where m is the gradient of the line and c the y-intercept.
c gradient –2 and y-intercept 1 d gradient –1 and y-intercept 3
t
$POWFSTFMZ
UIF
QPJOUT
XIPTF
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TBUJTGZ
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y = mx + c
always lie on the line with gradient m and y-intercept c. e gradient 2 and y-intercept 1 f gradient – 3 and y-intercept 0
3 4
Example 12 2 Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each of the following lines.
Draw a graph of each line by first plotting two points.
a y = 2x + 1 b y = 3x + 4 c y = –2x + 5
d y = –3x + 1 e y = –3x – 4 f y = –2x – 6

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 21 22 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 11 The graph of y = –3x + 6 is shown opposite. y = –3x + 6
g y = 1x – 4 h y = 2x + 1 i y = –2x Find the values of a, b and c.
y
2 3
(–1, c)
j y = –4x k y = 1 – 3x l y = 2 – 5x
(0, a)
Example 13 3 Check whether or not each of these points lies on the line with
equation y = 2x – 1.
(b, 0)
a (3, 9) b (–2, –5) c (–1, –3) d (4, 10) (0, 0) x
4 Check whether or not each of these points lies on the line with
equation y = –2x + 3. Example 16 12 Rewrite in the form y = mx + c and then write down the gradient and
a (3, 9) b (–2, 7) c (–1, 5) d (4, –5) y-intercept.

5 Check whether or not each of these points lies on the line with a 2x + y = 10 b 10x + 2y = 4 c 3x – 2y = 6
equation y = –6x. d 4x – 3y = 12 e 5y – 2x = 9 f 3x – 4y = 6
a (0, 0) b (1, 6) c (–1, 6) d (4, –10) g x = 2y – 4 h x = 3y + 1 i x = –2y
Example
14a 6 Find the y-coordinate of the point on the line y = 3x – 4 with
j x = –4y k y + 3x = 0 l x – 2y = 0
x-coordinate:
13 a Express the equation ax + by = d, where a, b and d are constants
a 2 b 0 c –2
(b ≠ 0) in the form y = mx + c.
7 Find the y-coordinate of the point on the line y = –3x + 4 with
b Write down the gradient and y-intercept of the line represented by
x-coordinate:
the equation ax + by = d.
a 5 b –2 c 0
Example
14b 8 Find the x-coordinate of the point on the line y = 2x + 6 with
11E Graphing straight lines
y-coordinate:
a 10 b 0 c –4
Two point method
9 Find the x-coordinate of the point on the line y = –2x – 8 with
y-coordinate: Two points determine a straight line. To draw a line we use the equation to
find the coordinates of two points on the line.
a 10 b 0 c –3
10 The graph of y = 2x + 3 is shown opposite. y = 2x + 3
Example 15
y
Example 17
Find the values of a, b and c. (1, c)
Draw the graph of
(0, a)
a y = 2x + 3 b y = 3x

(b, 0)
(0, 0) x

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 23 24 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Solution b When x = 0, 3y + 6 = 0 y
3y = –6
a Substitute x = 0, so y = 2 × 0 + 3 y y = –2 –3 0 x
=3 (1, 5)
When y = 0, 2x + 6 = 0 –2
Substitute x = 1, so y = 2 × 1 + 3 2x = –6
(0, 3)
=5 x = –3

Two points are (0, 3) and (1, 5).

0 x
Horizontal lines
b When x = 0, y = 0. y
(1, 3) On a horizontal line, all points have the same y
When x = 1, y = 3. y-coordinate, but the x-coordinate can take any (–2, 5) (0, 5) (1, 5)
Two points are (0, 0) and (1, 3). 0 x value. For example, the equation of the horizontal
line through the point (0, 5) is y = 5.
0 x
The equation of the horizontal line through the
point (a, b) is y = b.
Intercept-intercept method
We sometimes find the points where the line crosses the axes.
Vertical lines
The x-intercept is found by substituting y = 0 and the y-intercept Recall that on a vertical line, all points have the same y
is found by substituting x = 0. x-coordinate, but the y-coordinate can take any value. (3, 1)
For example, the equation of the vertical line through (3, 0)
This method does not work if the line is parallel to an axis or passes
the point (3, 0) is x = 3. 0 x
through the origin, since such lines have only one intercept. (3, –1)
The equation of the vertical line through the point
Example 18 (a, b) is x = a.

Using the intercept-intercept method, sketch the graph of: Graphing straight lines
a y = 3x – 4 b 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 t
5XP
QPJOUT
EFUFSNJOF
B
TUSBJHIU
MJOF
5P
ESBX
B
MJOF
XF
VTF
UIF

equation of the line to find the coordinates of two points on the line.
Solution
t
*G
UIF
MJOF
JT
OPU
QBSBMMFM
UP
POF
PG
UIF
BYFT
PS
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
UIF
PSJHJO

a When x = 0, y = –4 y
the x-intercept and y-intercept can be found and the graph drawn.
When y = 0, 3x – 4 = 0 0 4 x
t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
UIF
IPSJ[POUBM
MJOF
UISPVHI
UIF
QPJOU
a, b) is y = b.
3
3x = 4
t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
UIF
WFSUJDBM
MJOF
UISPVHI
UIF
QPJOU
a, b) is x = a.
x= 4 –4
3

The two points (0, –4) and 4 , 0 lie on the line.

3

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 25 26 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Exercise 11E 11F Equation of a line using the gradient and a point
Example y
17a 1 Sketch the graph of each line by calculating the y-intercept and finding Let A(x1, y1) be a given point. Consider the P(x, y)

one other point. line through A with gradient m. Let P(x, y) be

a general point on the line x ≠ x1. y – y1
a y = 2x + 1 b y = 3x + 2 c y = 3x – 2 (rise)
y y
Then m = x –– x1
d y = 4x + 5 e y = 4 – 2x f y=3–x 1
A(x1, y1)
g y = 1x + 1 h y = 2x + 2 i y = –2x + 3 and y – y1 = m(x – x1). x – x1
2 3 0 (run) x
Example
17b 2 Sketch the graph of: This is the equation of the straight line which
passes through the point A(x1, y1) and has gradient m.
a y = 4x b y = 2x c y = 3x
d y = 1x e y = –2x f y = –x Example 19
2
g x + 2y = 0 h 2x + y = 0 i 2y – 3x = 0
y y Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (–2, 3)
j 3x + y = 0 k x– =0 l –x=0
3 2 4 with gradient –4.
Example 18 3 Sketch the graph of each line by calculating the coordinates of the
x- and y-intercepts. Solution
a 2x + y = 4 b x + 3y = 6 c 3x + 4y = 12 We use y – y1 = m(x – x1)
d 2x + 3y = 6 e x + 2y = 1 f 3x + y = 2 The equation of this line is:

g x–y=4 h x–y=1 i 3x – y = 3 y – 3 = –4(x – (–2))

that is, y – 3 = –4x – 8
j x – 2y = 4 k 4x – 2y = 8 l 3x – 4y = 12
y = –4x – 5
y
m 3y – x = 4 n 2y – 3x = 4 o x+ =1
2 3
y 3y 2y
p x– =1 q 2x – =2 r x+ =2
3 4 3 4 4 3 Example 20
4 Sketch the graph of:
Find the equation of the line that passes through the point A(1, 3)
a y=3 b x = –1 c x+2=0 and B(4, 8).
d y–5=0 e 4–y=0 f 7+x=0
Solution
Gradient of interval AB = 8 – 3
4–1
=5
3

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 27 28 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 2 The line l has equation y = 3x + 5.
Now, using y – y1 = m(x – x1), (x1, y1) = (1, 3) and m = 5 a What is the y-intercept of l ?
3
y – 3 = 5 (x – 1)
3 b What is the gradient of l?
y – 3 = 5x – 5 c Find the equation of the line that has the same y-intercept as l
3 3
y= x+ 4
5 but has a gradient of 1 .
3 3 2
d Find the equation of the line that has the same gradient as l but
Note: The point B(4, 8) could be used instead of A(1, 3).
has a y-intercept of –2.
3 A line passes through the points A(1, 3) and B(4, 12).
Equation of a line using the gradient and a point a Find the gradient of AB.
t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
UIF
MJOF
XIJDI
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
B
QPJOU
A(x1, y1) b Using the gradient and the point A, find the equation of line AB.
and has gradient m is
c Using the gradient and the point B, find the equation of line AB.
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
4 Find the equation of the line through each pair of points A and B.
t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
UIF
MJOF
JT
EFUFSNJOFE
JG
UIF
DPPSEJOBUFT
PG
UXP
QPJOUT

on the line are known. For the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), x2 ≠ x1, a A(5, 3) and B(2 , –1) b A(4, 1) and B(6 , 7)
y –y c A(1, 2) and B(2 , 4) d A(–1, 6) and B(2 , –3)
m = x2 – x1
2 1
e A(–2, 4) and B(1 , –6) f A(–1, –2) and B(3 , 4)
and the equation is y – y1 = m(x – x1).
In the following questions, draw a sketch showing all relevant points and lines.

Exercise 11F 5 Consider the interval AB with endpoints A(–1, –4) and B(3, 8).
a Find the gradient of AB.

Example 19 1 Find the equation of the line that: b Find the coordinates of C, the midpoint of interval AB.

a passes through the point (1, 3) and has gradient 1 c Find the equation of the line that passes through C with gradient – 1 .
2
b passes through the point (2, 4) and has gradient 3 d What are the coordinates of the point D, where the line intersects
the y-axes.
c passes through the point (–1, 1) and has gradient 4
e How far is the point C from point D?
d passes through the point (–2, –4) and has gradient 3
6 Consider the interval AB with endpoints A(1, –2) and B(2, 5).
e passes through the point (–1, 3) and has gradient 1
2
a Find the equation of the line that passes through A with gradient 2.
f passes through the point (2, –2) and has gradient 2
3
b Find the coordinates of D, the point where the line crosses the y-axes.
g passes through the point (–1, 0) and has gradient – 1
3
c Find the gradient of the line BD.
h passes through the point (–1, –4) and has gradient – 2 .
5 d Find the equation of the line BD.

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 29 30 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

7 A hiker wishes to hike from his base camp B to a water supply located In the diagram, the line through P meets the x-axis at Q. The line through
at point W. Relative to a fixed origin, the coordinates of B and W are A meets the x-axis at B. XP and AY are perpendicular to the x-axis.
(5, 8) and (10, 20) respectively. All distances are measured in kilometres. A
y
a How far is W from B? P

b What is the gradient of the line interval BW?

Q B
c The hiker walks in a straight line from B to W. Find the equation 0 X Y x
of the line BW.
Proof that lines are parallel implies equal gradients
d What are the coordinates of the point halfway between B and W?
8 The quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(1, 2), B(5, 6), C(8, 0) If the lines are parallel then PQX = ABY (corresponding angles).
and D(6, –2).
Triangles QPX and BAY are similar by the AAA test.
a Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB.
Therefore PX = AY (corresponding sides in similar triangles).
b Find the coordinates of N, the midpoint of CD. QX BY

c Find the gradient of MN. That is, the gradients are equal.

d Find the equation of the line MN. Proof that equal gradients implies lines are parallel
e Find the coordinates of P, the midpoint of AC. If the gradients are equal, PX = AY .
QX BY
f Find the equation of the line that passes through P with gradient 3. PX QX
Thus, = .
AY BY

11G Parallel and perpendicular straight lines Thus the triangles are similar by the SAS test.

Hence the corresponding angles PQX and ABY are equal and the lines
Parallel lines are parallel.

If two lines l1 and l2 are parallel then corresponding Example 21

angles are equal. l1 l2

Conversely, if corresponding angles are equal then Show that the line passing through the points A(6, 4) and B(7, 11)
a a
the lines are parallel. is parallel to the line passing through P(0, 0) and Q(1, 7).

We are now going to show that two lines are parallel Solution
if they have the same gradient, and conversely, if they
Gradient of AB = 11 – 4
have the same gradient, they are parallel. 7–6
=7

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 31 32 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Form right-angled triangles OPQ and OAB with OQ = OB.
Gradient of PQ = 7 – 0
1–0 Gradient of the line through O and A = AB
BO
=7 OQ
Gradient of the line through O and P = –
PQ
The two lines have the same gradient and so they are parallel.
OQ
Product of gradient = – × AB
PQ BO
OQ AB
=– × (since OQ = OB)
Example 22 PQ OQ
AB
=–
PQ
Find the equation of the line that is parallel to the line with
equation y = –2x + 6 and which passes through the point A(1, 10). Proof that if two lines are perpendicular then the product of their gradients is –1

Solution If the lines are perpendicular, y

POQ = AOB because when Q
The gradient of the line y = –2x + 6 is –2. 90˚ – a A
each of these lines is added to P
Therefore the line through the point A(1, 10) parallel to y = –2x + 6 AOQ, the result is 90˚. a
has equation: a
Therefore triangles OPQ and OAB are B x
O
y – 10 = –2(x – 1) congruent (AAS).
y – 10 = –2x + 2
y = –2x + 12 So PQ = AB and the product of the
gradients, – AB , is –1.
PQ

Perpendicular lines Proof that if the product of the gradients is –1 then the lines are perpendicular.

We are now going to show that if two lines are perpendicular, then the If the product is –1, then AB = PQ, since the product of the gradients = – AB .
PQ
product of their gradients is –1 (or one is vertical and the other horizontal).
The converse is also true. That is, if the product of the gradients of two So the triangles OAB and OPQ are congruent (SAS).
lines is –1, then they are perpendicular.
Therefore POQ = AOB and AOP = 90˚ – a + a = 90˚.
We first consider the case where both lines pass through the origin.
So, the lines are perpendicular.
Draw two lines passing through the origin, y
with one of the lines having positive gradient Lines which do not meet at the origin
Q
and the other negative gradient. P
If we are given two lines anywhere in the plane, we can draw lines through
A
the origin parallel to the original two lines. The gradients of the new lines
x are equal to the gradients of the original lines.
O B

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 33 34 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Lines l1 and lv1 have the same
gradient and lines l2 and lv2 have
the same gradient.
If lines l1 and l 2 are perpendicular
then the lines lv1 and lv2 are
perpendicular and vice versa.
If the product of the gradient of lines
O
l 1 and l 2 is –1 then the product of the
gradients of the lines lv1 and lv2 is –1
and vice versa.
Hence the result also holds for any two lines.
Example 23
y
lv1 Parallel and perpendicular lines
t
5XP
OPOWFSUJDBM
MJOFT
BSF
parallel if they have the same gradient.
Conversely, if two non-vertical lines are parallel, then they have the
same gradient.
lv2
l1 t
5XP
MJOFT
BSF
perpendicular if the product of their gradients is –1
(or if one is vertical and the other horizontal). Conversely, if two lines
x are perpendicular, then the product of their gradients is –1 (or one
is vertical and the other horizontal).
l2
Example 24
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 3)
and is perpendicular to the line whose equation is y = 2x + 1.

Show that the line through the points A(6, 0) and B(0, 12) is Solution
perpendicular to the line through P(8, 10) and Q(4, 8).
The gradient of the line y = 2x + 1 is 2.
Solution Hence the gradient of a line perpendicular to this line is – 1 .
2
The required equation is y – 3 = – 1 (x – 1)
Gradient of AB = 12 – 0 2
0–6
2(y – 3) = –(x – 1)
= –2
2y + x = 1 + 6
Gradient of PQ = 10 – 8
8–4 2y + x = 7
=2
4
Thus the equation of the required line is 2y + x = 7 or y = – 1 x + 7 .
=1 2 2
2

Gradient of AB × gradient of PQ = –2 × 1
2
= –1 Exercise 11G
Hence the line AB is perpendicular to the line PQ.
1 The equations of eight lines are given below. State which lines are
parallel.
a y = 2x – 3 b 3x + y = 7 c y = 4 – 2x
d x = 1y + 1 e y = 1x – 3 f 2y – x = 7
2 3
g 3y + x = 8 h y = –2x + 5

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 35 36 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Example 22 2 Find the equation of the line that: 7 The equations of eight lines are given below. State which of them are
a is parallel to the line y = 2x – 3 and passes through the point (1, 5) perpendicular.

b is parallel to the line y = 3x – 1 and passes through the point (–1, 2) a y = 2x – 4 b 4y + 3x = 7 c y=x+2

c is parallel to the line y = 4 – x and passes through the point (–2, –1) d 3y – x = 5 e y=4–x f 2y + x = 7

d is parallel to the line x + 2y = 7 and passes through the point (1, –4) g 3y – 4x = 8 h y = –3x + 5

e is parallel to the line y – 3x = 4 and passes through the point (0, –3) Example 24 8 Find the equation of the line that:

f is parallel to the line 2y + x = 3 and passes through the point (4, –2). a is perpendicular to the line y = 2x – 3 and passes through
the point (1, 4)
3 If y = (a + 2)x + 7 is parallel to y = 3x – 4, find the value of a.
b is perpendicular to the line y = 3x – 1 and passes through
4 If y = (2a – 3)x + 1 is parallel to y = 3x – 4, find the value of a. the point (–1, 2)
5 If y = (3a + 2)x – 1 is parallel to y = ax – 4, find the value of a. c is perpendicular to the line y = 4 – 2x and passes through
6 In each part, lines l1 and l2 are perpendicular. In the table, the gradient the point (–2, –1)
of l is given, find the gradient l2. d is perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 7 and passes through
gradient of l1 gradient of l2
the point (2, –3)

1 e is perpendicular to the line y – 3x = 4 and passes through

a 2 the point (1, –3)
b 2
f is perpendicular to the line 2y + x = 3 and passes through
4 the point (4, –2).
c 3
3
9 ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(1, 2), B(3, 5), C(7, –1) and
d
D(5, –5). You should draw a diagram showing all points and lines.
3
e –
4 a Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB.
f –2
b Find the coordinates of N, the midpoint of BC.
g –5 c Calculate the gradient of MN.
h –1 d If P is the midpoint of CD and Q is the midpoint of DA, find the
2
5 gradient of PQ.
i 4
2
e What can be concluded about the intervals MN and PQ?
j 3
f Find the gradients of QM and PN.
g What type of quadrilateral is MNPQ?

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 37 38 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

10 If y = (a + 1)x + 7 is perpendicular to y = 2x – 4, find the value of a. b the altitude through B
11 If y = (2a + 3)x + 1 is perpendicular to y = 2x – 4, find the value of a. c the altitude through A.
12 If AB is the interval with endpoints A(2, 3) and B(6, 11): 17 A(5, 6) and B(6, 7) are adjacent vertices of a square ABCD.
a find the gradient of AB a Find the length of each side of the square.
b find the coordinates of C, the midpoint of AB b Find the gradient of AB.
c find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to AB and passes c Find the gradient of BC.
through C. This line is the perpendicular bisector of AB. d The coordinates of C are (7, c). Find the value of c.
d what is the y-intercept of this perpendicular bisector? e Find the coordinates of D.
13 ABC is a triangle with vertices A(–1, –3), B(4, 2) and C(12, –6).
By calculating gradients, show that ABC is right-angled.
11H Equation of a circle
14 ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(2, –2), B(5, 2), C(9, –1) and
D(6, –5). Show that the diagonals AC and BD are perpendicular.
Circles with centre the origin
15 The coordinates of the vertices of PQR are P(1, –2), Q(3, 6) and
Consider a circle in the coordinate plane y
R(7, 0). Find:
with centre the origin and radius r.
a the coordinates of S, the midpoint of PQ P(x, y)
If P(x, y) is a point on the circle, of radius r, r
b the gradient of SR then its distance from the origin is r and by
c the equation of the line SR. This line is called a median. It passes Pythagoras’ theorem, x2 + y2 = r2. O x

through a vertex and the midpoint of the side opposite that vertex.
Conversely, if a point P(x, y) satisfies the
d the equations of the other two medians of the triangle. equation x2 + y2 = r2 then its distance from
O(0, 0) is r and it lies on a circle with centre
e the gradient of PQ
the origin and radius r.
f the equation of the line through S that is perpendicular to PQ.
This line is called the perpendicular bisector of the side PQ. The circle with centre O(0, 0) and radius r has equation:
g the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the side QR x2 + y 2 = r 2
h the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the side PR.
Example 25
16 In triangle ABC, the altitude through A is the line through A
perpendicular to BC. If the coordinates of the vertices of ABC
Sketch the graph of the circle x2 + y2 = 25 and verify that the
are A(0, 1), B(4, 7) and C(6, –1), find the equation of: points (3, 4), (–3, 4), (3, –4) and (–4, –3) lie on the circle.
a the altitude through C

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 39 40 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Solution Exercise 11H
The circle has centre the origin and radius 5. y
Example 25 1 State whether the point with the given coordinates is on the circle
The point (3, 4) lies on the circle as (–3, 4) (3, 4)
32 + 42 = 52 5 x2 + y2 = 16 or not:

The point (–3, 4) lies on the circle as x

a (4, 0) b (4, 4) c (0, –4)
O
(–3)2 + 42 = 52 d (2√2, 2√2) e (2, 2) f (2√2, –2√2)
(–4, –3) (3, –4)
The point (3, –4) lies on the circle as g (–2, 2) h (2, 2√3) i (√5, √11)
32 + (–4)2 = 52
2 State whether the point with the given coordinates is on the circle
The point (–4, –3) lies on the circle as x2 + y2 = 100 or not:
(–4)2 + (–3)2 = 52
a (8, 8) b (10, 10) c (5√2, 5√2)
d (10, 0) e (0, –10) f (–5√2, 5√2)
Example 26 g (5, 5√3) h (7, √51) i (–5√3, 5)

Sketch the graphs of the circles with the following equations. 3 State whether the point with the given coordinates is on the circle
x2 + y2 = 75 or not:
a x 2 + y2 = 9 b x2 + y2 = 14
a (5√3, 0) b (5, 5√2) c (–5√2, 5)
Solution d (0, –5√3) e (6, √39) f (5, 5)
2 2 2
a x + y = 3 is the equation of a circle y g (25, 3) h (8, √11) i (–√11, 8)
with centre the origin and radius 3. 3
Example 26 4 Sketch the graph of the circle, labelling x- and y-intercepts:
a x2 + y2 = 16 b x2 + y2 = 3 c x2 + y2 = 25
–3 O 3 x
d x2 + y2 = 20 e x2 + y2 = 10 f x2 + y2 = 36
–3 g y2 = 8 – x2 h x2 = 15 – y2 i y2 = 11 – x2
5 Write down the equation of the circle with centre the origin and radius:
b x2 + y2 = 14 is the equation of a circle y
with centre the origin and radius √14 . √14 a 11 b √7 c 2√3 d 5√3
6 Find the equation of the circle with centre the origin and which passes
through the point:
–√14 O √14 x
a (1, 1) b (2, 1) c (3, 1) d (1, 7)
–√14
e (5, 12) f (7, 24) g (√2, √2) h (√7, √7)
i (–1, 6) j (–2, –7) k (–12, 5) l (2√3, 2√3)

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 41 42 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

7 Find the equation of the circle with centre the origin and diameter: 12 A circle is inscribed in the equilateral triangle ABC. y
A
a 6 b 12 c 7 d 11 a Give reasons why AXO is similar to AYB.
3
e 25 f 40 g 21 h 3 b Find OX and find the equation of the circle. 3
2 4
y X
8 The point A(3, 4) lies on the circle
x2 + y2 = 25. ABCD is a rectangle with B A(3, 4) 3 O 3 x
axes of symmetry the x- and y-axes.
Find the coordinates of B, C and D. C 3 Y 3 B
O x

C D

9 A circle shown has equation x2 + y2 = 25. y

A
a Find the distance AB.
b Find the area of square ABCD.
D O B x

10 The circle has equation x2 + y2 = 25. y

B
a Find the gradient AB.
b Find the equation of line AB. (–4, 3) (3, 4)

c Find the distance AB. A

C O x
d Find the area of square ABCD.

(–3, –4) (4, –3)

D
2 2
11 ABC is inscribed in the circle x + y = 12 y
A
a Find the value of a.
b Find AB.
O x
c Find BC. B(a, –√3 )
C(–a, –√3 )
d What type of triangle is ABC?

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 43 44 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Review exercise c
y (5, 6)
d
y

(–2, 5)
(–2, 2)

0 x 0 x
1 Find the distance between the two points: (5, –2)

a (–3, 4) and (–3, 13) b (–4, –7) and (–4, –8)

5 Find the gradient of the line passing through the two points.
c (3, 5) and (8, 5) d (–5, 2) and (1, 2)
a (0, 0) and (4, –3) b (–3, –2) and (–5, –6)
e (–2, –6) and (3, 6) f (–2, –7) and (13, 1)
6 A line passes through the point (2, 3) and has gradient 4. Find for
g (3, 4) and (9, 12) h (6, 4) and (9, –1) (x, y) a point on the line:
i (1, –5) and (7, –2) j (–5, –1) and (3, 0) a x when y = 11 b y when x = 5.
k (–3, –1) and (2, –2) l (–4, 4) and (4, 0) 7 A line passes through the point (4, 12) and has gradient 2. Find where
2 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the interval AB with endpoints: the line crosses the x-axis and y-axis.

a (–3, 4) and (–3, 13) b (–4, –7) and (–4, –8) 8 A line passes through the point (1, 5) and crosses the y-axis at the
point (0, 3). At what point does it cross the x-axis?
c (3, 5) and (8, 5) d (–5, 2) and (1, 2)
9 Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each of the following lines.
e (–2, –6) and (3, 6) f (–2, –7) and (13, 1)
a y = 3x + 2 b y = –3x + 4 c y = 4x – 1
g (3, 4) and (9, 12) h (6, 4) and (9, –1)
d y = –5x – 3 e y = 1x – 7 f y = –2x + 6
i (1, –5) and (7, –2) j (–5, –1) and (3, 0) 4 5
g y = –8x h y = 2 – 9x i y = 3 + 2x
k (–3, –1) and (2, –2) l (–4, 4) and (4, 0)
10 Write down the equation of the line that has:
3 Find the gradient of each interval AB.
a gradient 3 and y-intercept 5 b gradient –1 and y-intercept 4
a A(5, 4), B(1, 0) b A(–5, 3), B(0, 12)
c gradient 3 and y-intercept –2 d gradient – 1 and y-intercept 0
4 Find the gradient of each of the following lines. 4 7

a b 11 Rewrite in the form y = mx + c and then write down the gradient and
y y y-intercept.
(2, 5)
(–5, 0) a 3x + y = 12 b 9x + 4y = 6 c 2x – 3y = 8 d 4y – 3x = 9
0 x
(0, –3) e x = 7y – 2 f x = –9y g y + 2x = 0 h x – 11y = 0
0 x
12 Find the equation of the line that:
a passes through the point (2, 4) and has gradient 1

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 45 46 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 b passes through the point (–2, 0) and has gradient 4 20 The graph of y = 2x – 7 is shown opposite. y (d, 7)

c passes through the point (3, –1) and has gradient 1 Find the values of a, b, c, and d.
2
d passes through the point (–2, –5) and has gradient – 2 .
5
(b, 0)
13 Sketch the graph of each of the following lines by using the 0 x
(1, c)
y-intercept and gradient. (0, a)
a y = 4x – 3 b y = 5 – 6x c y = 1x + 2
3
14 Sketch the graph of each of the following lines by finding the 21 The graph of 3x + 2y = 12 is shown opposite. y
coordinates of the x- and y-intercepts. Find the values of a, b, c, and d. (0, b)
a 3x + y = 4 b x + 2y = 5 c 4x + 5y = 13 (2, c)
d 3x + 4y = 6 e x–y=5 f 5x – y = 9 0 (a, 0) x
(d, –2)
g x – 6y = 4 h 5x – 3y = 9 i 2y – x = 8
y 3y
j 3y – 4x = 5 k x + =1 l 2x – = 2 22 The interval AB has end points A(1, 7) and B(–1, –11).
3 4 5 7
15 Sketch the graph of: a Find the gradient AB.
a y=2 b x = –5 c x+7=0 b Find the distance between points A and B.
d y–4=0 e 9–y=0 f 6+x=0 c Find the equation of line which passes through A and B.
16 The equations of six lines are given below. Which pairs of lines d Find coordinates of the midpoint of interval AB.
are parallel? e Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB.
a 4y + x = 8 b –3x + y = 6 c y = 5 – 3x 23 ABC is isosceles with AC = BC. The coordinates y
d x = 1y + 2 e y = 5 – 1x f y = –3x + 10 of C, B and A are (3, 1), (1, 3) and (4, a) respectively. A
3 4 B
17 Find the equation of the line parallel to the line y = 3x – 4 and Find the values of a.
passing through the point (2, 6). C
0 x
18 The equations of six lines are given below. State which pairs of lines
are perpendicular. 24 The line through the points A(0, 7) and B(11, –6) is parallel to the line
through the points C(6, 12) and D(–11, d). Find the value of d.
a y = 5x – 1 b 5y + 2x = 7 c 5y – 2x = 8
25 Find the equation of the line with x-axis intercept 6 and y-axis
d 2y – x = 5 e y = –2x + 5 f 5y + x = –2 intercept 11.
19 Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the line with
equation y = 2x – 4 and passes through the point (3, 8).

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 47 48 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

Challenge 7 Let ABC be any triangle. Take the x-axis to be along BC and the
y-axis through the midpoint O of BC perpendicular to BC. Prove

exercise
that AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AO 2 + 2OC 2 (This result is known as Apollonius’
theorem).
8 Use coordinate geometry to prove that the y
B(u, v)
line joining the midpoints of two sides of
a triangle is parallel to the third side, and
half its length. Assume that the base of the x
1 For the points A(–1, 3) and B(4, 2), find the coordinates of the point P A(0, 0) C(c, 0)
triangle is on the x-axis with one vertex at
on the interval AB such that AP : PB equals: the origin.
a 1:1 b 2 : 1 (P is closer to B) 9 Use coordinate geometry to prove that the y
D C
c 2 : 3 (P is closer to A) diagonals of an isosceles trapezium ABCD
2 Show that the points (1, –1), (–1, 1), (–√3, –√3) are the vertices of an are equal in length. Choose coordinates
equilateral triangle. appropriately. x
A B

3 Show that the points A(1, –1), B(7, 3), C(3, 5), D(–3, 1) are the vertices
of a parallelogram and find the length of the diagonals.
4 If (3, –1), (–4, 3), (1, 5) are the three vertices of a parallelogram and the
fourth lies in the first quadrant, find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.
5 Find the equation of the line whose intercepts are twice those of the
line with equation 2x – 3y – 6 = 0.
10 Use coordinate geometry to prove that the medians of any triangle are
concurrent. Hint: On each median find the coordinates of the point M
which divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1.
11 The semicircle shown is drawn with centre O at the origin and radius a.
P(x, y) is a general point on the semicircle.
y

6 ABCD is a rhombus. A has coordinates (1, 1) y P(x, y)

C(2, c) a
and the coordinates of B are (b, 2). The gradient
of AB is 1 . D
B(b, 2) A(–a, 0) O B(a, 0) x
2
A(1, 1)
a Find the value of b.
0 x a Show x2 + y2 = a2.
b Find the length of AB.
b Show that PA is perpendicular to the line PB.
C has coordinates (2, c) where c is a positive integer.
c Show that PA2 + PB2 = 4a2.
c Find the value of c. d Find the gradient of BC.
e State the gradient of:
i CD ii AD.
f Find the coordinates of D.

Chapter 11 Coordinate geometry 49 50 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 Answers to exercises Exercise 11C
1 a 3 b 2 c –2 d –1
4 3
2 a 3 b 1 c –2 d –1 e 2 f –5
2 3 4
Chapter 11 answers 3 a –1 b 3 c –2 d –2 e –2 f –2
3 2
Exercise 11A 4 a 6 b 10 c 1 5a 4 b 9 c 0 d –6
1 a 6 b 6 c 10 d 15 6 a b c x
x –6 –2 2 6 14 x –13 –3 1 7 –6 –4 –1 0 2
2 a 10 b 5 c 13 d 17 e 2√2 f 3√5 g 2√5 h 2√10 y –5 –2 1 4 10 y –4 1 3 6 y 10 6 0 –2 –6

3 a √13 b √74 c √17 d √41 4 MP = √74, NP = √73, so N is closer to P. 7 a 2 b 6 c –8 d 3 e –5 f 4 g –1

2
5 AB = AC = 13 6a 5 b 5 c 6 d Isosceles 8 (0, 0) 9 (–4, 0)
7 a 4√17 b 2√34 c 2√34 d Isosceles
Exercise 11D
8 AB = 11√5, AC = 11√5, BC = 11√2, so the triangle is isosceles.
1 a y = 2x + 3 b y = 3x + 4 c y = –2x + 1
9 AB = √13, BC = 3√13, AC = √130 , AB 2 + BC 2 = 13 + 117 = 130 and AC 2 = 130 ,
So AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2, and by the converse of Pythagoras’ theorem the triangle d y=3–x e y = 2x + 1 f y = –3x
3 4
is right-angled. 2 a gradient is 2, y-intercept is 1 b gradient is 3, y-intercept is 4
10 10√2 + 2√10 11 ABCD is a rhombus since AB = BC = CD = DA = 5√2 y y
(1, 7)
(1, 3)
Exercise 11B 1 4

d –2, 1
0 x
1 a (5, 3) b (2, 7) c (–1, 7) e (5, 7) f (6.5, 5)
2
0 x
g (1.5, 6) h (2, 0.5) i (0, –2) j (0, 1.5) k (4, –4) l (–3, –2)
c gradient is –2, y-intercept is 5 d gradient is –3, y-intercept is 1
2 a (19, 6) b (–21, 6) c (–5, 0) d (0, 22) e (–7, 21) f (–9, –2)
y y
3 a (3, 8) b (15, 18) c (5, 2) d (5.4, 4.65) e (2.4, –1.4) f (3.6, 2)
1
4 a (4, 2) b (5, 0) c 2√5 d √5 e BC = 2MN f Similar 5
0 x
(1, 3) (1, –2)
5 a (2, 4.5) b (2, 4.5) c The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
0 x
6 (1, 1.5) midpoint, (4, 6) where (2, 3) is the midpoint of (0, 0) and (4, 6); (–2, –3)
where (0, 0) is the midpoint of (2, 3) and (–2, –3); other answers are possible. e gradient is –3, y-intercept is –4 f gradient is –2, y-intercept is –6
y y
7 (0, 0.5) midpoint of (–1, –2) and (1, 3); (3, 8) where (1, 3) is the midpoint of (–1, –2) and
(3, 8); (–3, –7) where (–1, –2) is the midpoint of (1, 3) and (–3, –7); other answers are possible. 0 x 0 x

–4
8 a (2.5, 0) b √85 c As M is midpoint of AC then AM = CM = √85 and –6
2 2 (1, –7)
BM = √85 (1, –8)
2
9 a M(3, 3), N(5, 3) b MP = √5, BC = 2√5; PN = √5, AB = 2√5 g gradient is 1 , y-intercept is –4 h gradient is 2 , y-intercept is 1
2 3
10 a a = 9 or –7 11a M(0, 3), N(5, 6), P(5, 3) b 5 , 9 5, 9 5, 3 y y
2 2 2 2 2
1 (1, 1 3 )
0 x
12 M 5 , 4 , N 15 , 10 , O(5, 11), P(0, 5); OP = MN = √61; NO = MP = √29 ; 1
0 x
2 2 2 –4 (1, –3 2 )
MNOP is a parallolgram.

Answers to exercises 325 326 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 i gradient is –2, y-intercept is 0 j gradient is –4, y-intercept is 0 Exercise 11E
y y
1 a b c
y y y

0 x x 1 2
0
(1, –2) 1
–2 0 2 x
(1, –4) 3
0 x 2
–3
–2
0 x
k gradient is –3, y-intercept is 1 l gradient is –5, y-intercept is 2
y y d e f
y y y
1
2 5
0 x 4
(1, –2) 3
0 x 5
–4
(1, –3)
0 x 0 2 x 0 3 x

g h i
3 a no b yes c yes d no 4a no b yes c yes d yes y y y

5 a yes b no c yes d no 6a 2 b –4 c –10 2 3

7 a –11 b 10 c 4 8a 2 b –3 c –5 1
1
12
9 a –9 b –4 c –5 10 a = 3, b = – 3 , c = 5 –2 0 x –3 0 x
0 x
2 2
11 a = 6, b = 2, c = 9
2 a b c
12 a y = –2x + 10, gradient is –2, y-intercept is 10 y y y
(1, 4)
b y = –5x + 2, gradient is –5, y-intercept is 2 (1, 3)
(1, 2)

c y = 3 x – 3, gradient is 3 , y-intercept is –3 0 x 0 x 0 x
2 2

d y = 4 x – 4, gradient is 4 , y-intercept is –4 d e f
3 3 y y y

e y = 2 x + 9 , gradient is 2 , y-intercept is 9 (2, 1)

5 5 5 5 0 x
0 x
f y = 3 x – 3 , gradient is 3 , y-intercept is – 3 0 x (1, –2)
(1, –1)
4 2 4 2

g y = 1 x + 2, gradient is 1 , y-intercept is 2
2 2 g h i
y y y
h y = 1 x – 1 , gradient is 1 , y-intercept is – 1
3 3 3 3 (2, 3)
0 x 0 x
i y = – 1 x, gradient is – 1 , y-intercept is 0 0 x
2 2 (2, –1)
(1, –2)
j y = – 1 x, gradient is – 1 , y-intercept is 0
4 4
j k l
y y y
k y = –3x, gradient is –3, y-intercept is 0
(1, 4)
0 x
l y = 1 x, gradient is 1 , y-intercept is 0
(3, 2)
2 2 (1, –3)
0 x 0 x

13 a y = –ax + d b gradient is – a , y-intercept is d

b b b b

Answers to exercises 327 328 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

3 a b c 4 a b c
y y y y y y
3
4
2 3
0 x –1 0 x –2 0 x
0 2 x 0 6 x 0 4 x
d e f
y y y
d e f
y y y
5
4
2
2
1 0 x 0 x –7 0 x
0 3 x 2 2
3
0 1 x 0 x
Exercise 11F
g h i
y y y
1 a y=x+2 b y = 3x – 2 c y = 4x + 5 d y = 3x + 2
0 1 x
0 x 0 x e y= x + 7 f y = 2x – 10 g y = –x – 1 h y = – 2x – 22
4 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 5
–4 –1 –3 2 a 5 b 3 c y = 1x + 5 d y = 3x – 2
2
3 a 3 b y = 3x c y = 3x
j k l
y y y 4 a y = 4x – 11 b y = 3x – 11 c y = 2x
3 3
d y = –3x + 3 e y = – 10x – 8 f y = 3x – 1
0 x 0 x 0 x 3 3 2 2
4 2 4
–2
–3 5 a 3 b (1, 2) c y = –1x + 5 d 0, 5 e √5
–4 2 2 2 2
6 a y = 2x – 4 b (0, –4) c 9 d y = 9x – 4
2 2
m n o
y y y 7 a 13 km b 12 c y = 12 x – 4 d (7.5, 14)
5 5
4 2 8 a (3, 4) b (7, –1) c –5
3 4
3
d y = – 5x + 31 e (4.5, 1) f y = 3x – 12.5
– 43 4 4
0 2 x
–4 0 x 0 x Exercise 11G
p q r 1 a and d, c and h.
y y y
0 3 x 3 2 a y = 2x + 3 b y = 3x + 5 c x+y=–3
0 x 0 x d x + 2y = –7 e y = 3x – 3 f y = –1x
3 8 2
–4 3 a=1 4 a=3 5 a = –1
–8
3
6 a –2 b –1 c –3 d –1 e 4
2 4 3 3
f 1 g 1 h 2 i –4 j –3
2 5 5 2
7 a and f, b and g, c and e, d and h
8 a x + 2y – 9 = 0 b x + 3y – 5 = 0 c x – 2y = 0
d y = 3x – 9 e x + 3y + 8 = 0 f y = 2x – 10

Answers to exercises 329 330 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

 g h i
y y y
9 a (2, 3.5) b (5, 2) c –1 d –1 e They are parallel. 2√2 √15 √11
2 2
f Gradient of QM = –5, Gradient of PN = –5 g Parallelogram –2√2 2√2 –√15 √15 –√11 √11
O x O x O x
10 a = –3 11 a = – 7 y2 = 8 – x2 x2 + y2 = 15 x2 + y2 = 11
2 4 –2√2 –√15 –√11
12 a 2 b (4, 7) c x + 2y – 18 = 0 d 9
5 a x2 + y2 = 121 b x2 + y 2 = 7 c x2 + y2 = 12 d x2 + y2 = 75
13 gradient of AB = 1, gradient of BC = –1, gradient of AC = – 3 .
13
As (gradient of AB) × (gradient of BC) = –1, ABC is a right angle. 6 a x2 + y 2 = 2 b x2 + y 2 = 5 c x2 + y2 = 10 d x2 + y2 = 50
2 2
e x + y = 169 f x2 + y2 = 625 g x2 + y 2 = 4 h x2 + y2 = 14
14 gradient of AC = 1 , gradient of BD = –7.
7 i x2 + y2 = 37 j x2 + y2 = 53 k x2 + y2 = 169 l x2 + y2 = 24
As (gradient of AC) × (gradient of BD) = –1, AC Œ BD.
7 a x2 + y 2 = 9 b x2 + y2 = 36 c x2 + y2 = 49 d x2 + y2 = 121
15 a (2, 2) b –2 c 2x + 5y – 14 = 0 d 5x – 4y – 13 = 0, y = –7x + 27 4 4
5
e 4 f x + 4y – 10 = 0 g 2x – 3y – 1 = 0 h 3x + y – 11 = 0 e x2 + y2 = 625 f x2 + y2 = 400 g x2 + y2 = 25 h x2 + y 2 = 9
4 16 64
16 a 2x + 3y – 9 = 0 b y = 3x – 5 c x – 4y + 4 = 0 8 B(–3, 4), C(–3, –4), D(3, –4) 9a AB = 5√2 b 50

17 a √2 b 1 c –1 d c=6 e (6, 5) 10 a –3 b y = – 3 x + 25 c 10 d 100

4 4 4
11 a a=3 b 6 c 6 d equilateral
Exercise 11H
2 2
12 AXO is similar to AYB (AAA) b OX = √3; x + y = 3
1 a on the circle b not on the circle c on the circle
d on the circle e not on the circle f on the circle Review exercise
g not on the circle h on the circle i on the circle
1 a 9 b 1 c 5 d 6 e 13 f 17
2 a not on the circle b not on the circle c on the circle g 10 h √34 i 3√5 j √65 k √26 l 4√5
d on the circle e on the circle f on the circle
2 a –3, 17 b –4, –7 1
c 51, 5 d (–2, 2) e 1, 0 f 5 1 , –3
g on the circle h on the circle i on the circle 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
g (6, 8) h 7 ,1 i 4, –3 1 j –1, – 1 1
k – ,–1 1
l (0, 2)
3 a on the circle b on the circle c on the circle 2 2 2 2 2 2
d on the circle e on the circle f not on the circle 3 a 1 b 9 4a 5 b –3 c 4
d –1 5a – 3
b 2
5 2 5 7 4
g not on the circle h on the circle i on the circle
6 a 4 b 15 7 (–2, 0); (0, 4) 8 –1 1 , 0
4 a b c 2
y y y
4 √3 5 9 a 3, 2 b –3, 4 c 4, –1 d –5, –3 e 1 , –7
4
–4 4 –√3 √3 –5 5 f –2, 6 g –8, 0 h –9, 2 i 2, 3
O x O x O x 5
x2 + y2 = 16 x2 + y2 = 3 x2 + y2 = 25
10 a y = 3x + 5 b y = –x + 4 c y = 3x – 2 d y = –1x
–4 –√3 –5 4 7
9 3 9 3 2 8 2 8
11 a y = –3x + 12; –3, 12 b y = – x + ; – , c y= x– ; ,–
d e f 4 2 4 2 3 3 3 3
y y y
2√ 5 √10 6 d y = 3x + 9; 3, 9 e y = 1x + 2; 1, 2 f y = – 1 x; – 1 , 0
4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 9 9
–2√5 2√ 5 –√10 √10 –6 6 g y = –2x; –2, 0 h y = 1 x; 1 , 0
O x O x O x 11 11

–2√5 x2 + y2 = 20 –√10 x2 + y2 = 10 –6
2 2
x + y = 36 12 a y=x+2 b y = 4x + 8 c y = 1x – 5
d y = – 2 x – 29
2 2 5 5

Answers to exercises 331 332 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B

13 a b c 16 a and e; b, c and f 17 y = 3x 18 a and f; d and e 19 y = – 1 x + 19
y y y 2 2
(1, 1) 5 2 1
(1, 2 3 ) 20 a = –7, b = 7 , c = –5, d = 7 21 a = 4, b = 6, c = 3, d = 16
0 x 2 3
22 a 9 b 2√82 c y = 9x – 2 d (0, –2) e y = –1x – 2
–3
9
0 (1, –1) x 0 x
23 a = 1 + √7 24 353 25 11x + 6y = 66
11
14 a
y
b
y
c
y
Challenge exercise
5
2
13
5
1 a (1.5, 2.5) b 7, 7 c 1, 13 2 AB = BC = AC = 2√2
4 13 3 3 5
4
3 Gradient AB = Gradient CD = 2 ,
0 5 x 0 x 3
Gradient BC = Gradient AD = – 1 , AC = 2√10, BD = 2√26
0 4 x 2
3
4 (8, 1) 5 2x – 3y – 12 = 0
d e f y
y y 6 a 3 b √5 c 4 d –2 e i 1 ii –2 f (0, 3)
2
3
2 0 5 x
0 9 x
7 Let A = (a, b) and C = (c, 0). So B = (–c, 0).
5
AB 2 = (a + c)2 + b2 , AC 2 = (c – a)2 + b2, AO 2 = a 2 + b2 , OC 2 = c2
0 2 x –5
AB 2 + AC 2 = (a + c)2 + b 2 + (c – a)2 + b 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2 + c 2) = 2(AO 2 + OC 2) =
2AO 2 + 2OC 2
–9
8 Let M be the midpoint of line interval AB and let N be the midpoint of line interval BC.
g h i M = u , v , N = u + c , v ; Gradient AC = 0 = Gradient MN , ‘ AC || MN;
y y y
2 2 2 2
4 length = MN = c = 1 × length of AC
0 –8 2 2
4 x 0 9 x 0 x 9 Let B = (b, 0) and C = (c, d), so D = (b – c, d). Then, AC = BD = √c2 + d 2
–2 5
3
–3
10 Let Y be the midpoint of OC and y
A(a, b)
let M be the point on AY such that
j k l AM : MY = 2 : 1. M has coordinates a + c , b .
y y y 3 3 a+c b
X( 2
, 2)
5
4
0 x
Let X be the midpoint of AC and M
5
– 54 3 let N be the point on OX such that
_ 14 c
O(0, 0) Y( 2 , 0) C(c, 0) x
0 x 0 3 x 3
ON : NX = 2 : 1. N has coordinates a + c , b ,
3 3
and similarly for the third median.
15 a b c 11 a P has coordinate (x, y). By Pythagoras’ Theorem, x2 + y2 = a 2.
y x = –5 y x = –7 y
y
b gradient of PA = ; gradient of PB = y .
2 y=2 x+a x–a
2 2 2
Product of the gradients = 2y = a2 – x 2 = –1. PA is perpendicular to PB.
0 x –5 0 x –7 0 x x –a x –a
c Pythagoras’ Theorem applied to APB
d e f
y y x = –6 y
4 y=4 9 y=9

–6 0 x
0 x 0 x

Answers to exercises 333 334 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 3B