Chapter 4 By Pythagoras’ theorem,

AB 2 = AX 2 + BX 2
= 22 + 42
= 20
Lines and linear equations AB = √20
= 2√5.
The length of interval AB is 2√5.
In Euclidean Geometry the most elementary facts are that two points
The general case
determine a line and that two lines either meet or are parallel. y
We can use the above idea to obtain a Q(x2, y2)
This chapter continues the development of coordinate geometry begun formula for the distance between any two
points. Suppose that P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)
in ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary


are two points.
P(x1, y1) X(x2, y1)
Each point is represented by an ordered pair (x, y) and each line is the
Form the right-angled triangle PQX, where
points that satisfy a linear equation ax

by

c = 0. 0 x
X is the point (x2, y1). Then

The gradient of a line allows us to answer most questions about PX = x2 – x1 or PX = x1 – x2 and QX = y2 – y1 or QX = y1 – y2

depending on the position of P and Q.
parallelism and perpendicularity. In principle, every question in
geometry can be answered using coordinate geometry. By Pythagoras’ theorem,
PQ2 = PX 2 + QX 2
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 [= (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2]
4A Distance between two points and midpoint That is,
of an interval PQ2 = (square of the difference of the x-values) +
(square of the difference of the y-values).
The distance formula Therefore
Consider the points A(4, 1) and B(2, 5) in the y B(2, 5) PQ = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
number plane. The length of the interval AB
can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem. This is In practice, we sometimes work out the square of PQ and then take the
called the distance between the points A and B. square root.
A(4, 1) Example 1
Form the right-angled triangle ABX as shown, X(2, 1)
where X is the point (2, 1). Then 0 x
Find the distance between each pair of points.
BX = 5 – 1 and AX = 4 – 2
a A(1, 2) and B(–2, 4) b A(–2, 3) and B(–4, –3)
=4 = 2.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 125 126 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
Solution The midpoint formula
a b The coordinates of the midpoint of an interval can be found by taking the
y y
A(–2, 3) average of the coordinates of the two points. This can be proved by using
B(–2, 4) congruent triangles.
2
A(1, 2) When the line interval is parallel to one of y
3 6 0 x B(5, 8)
the axes, a different procedure is required. 8

0 x Let M be the midpoint of the interval AB.

M(x, y)
B(–4, –3) 2 Triangles AMS and MBT are congruent y
T
triangles (AAS), and so AS = MT and
AB 2 = (–2 – 1)2 + (4 – 2)2 AB 2 = [–4 – (–2)]2 + (–3 – 3)2
MS = BT.
= (–3)2 + 22 = (–2)2 + (–6)2 2
Hence the x-coordinate of M is the average of A(1, 2) S
=9+4 = 4 + 36
= 13 = 40 1 and 5. x
0 1 x 5
AB = √13 AB = √40 x= 5+1 =3 (x is halfway between
2
= 2√10 1 and 5 on the x-axis).

Similarly, the y-coordinate of M is the average of 2 and 8.

Example 2 y= 2+8 =5 (y is halfway between

2
2 and 8 on the y-axis).
Use the distance formula to find the distance between each pair of points. The coordinates of the midpoint are (3, 5).
a A(2, 3) and B(5, 7) b A(1, 2) and B(–1, –3) y
The general case y2
Q(x2, y2)
c A(2, 4) and B(5, 4) d A(3, 5) and B(3, –4)
We can find a formula for the midpoint
Solution of any interval. Suppose that P(x1, y1) and
y
M(x, y)
Q(x2, y2) are two points and let M(x, y) be T
a AB 2 = (5 – 2)2 + (7 – 3)2 b AB 2 = (–1 – 1)2 + (–3 – 2)2 the midpoint of the interval PQ.
= 32 + 42 = (–2)2 + (–5)2
y1
= 25 = 4 + 25 Triangles PMS and MQT are congruent P(x1, y1) S
AB = 5 = 29 triangles (AAS), and so PS = MT and
MS = QT. 0 x1 x x2 x
AB = √29
x1 + x2
c AB 2 = (5 – 2)2 + (4 – 4)2 d AB 2 = (3 – 3)2 + (–4 – 5)2 Hence the x-coordinate of M is the average of x1 and x2. Therefore, x =
2
= 32 + 02 = 02 + (–9)2 y1 + y2
=9 = 81 The y-coordinate of M is the average of y1 and y2. Therefore, y =
2
AB = 3 AB = 9 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
The coordinates of M are , .
2 2

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 127 128 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Example 3 e A(–2, –6), B(3, 2) f A(1, 6), B(10, 12)
g A(–2, 1), B(10, 6) h A(–3, 4), B(4, 3)
Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of interval AB, where A
and B have coordinates (–2, 6) and (3, –7) respectively. i A(–3, –4), B(3, 4)
Example 3 3 Find the midpoint of the interval AB.
Solution
a A(–1, 2), B(3, 6) b A(2, 8), B(–1, 2)
x-coordinate of M = –2 + 3 = 1
2 2 c A(2, 4), B(6, 8) d A(–2, –6), B(–4, –8)
6 + (–7)
y-coordinate of M = = –1 e A(–1, 5), B(2, 7) f A(–12, 16), B(2, 8)
2 2
1 1 4 a Find the midpoint M of the interval AB, where the coordinates of
The coordinates of M are , – .
2 2
A are (6, 2) and the coordinates of B are (6, 8).
b Let C be the point (10, 5). Find the distance between:
Distance between two points and midpoint of an interval i A and C ii A and B
Consider two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2). c Describe triangle ABC.
t
5IF
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
QPJOUT
P and Q is given by the expression 5 a The distance between two points A(2, u) and B(–3, 4) is 5.
√(x2
o
x1)2

y2
o
y1)2 . Find the value of u.
x1

x2 y1

y2
t
5IF
NJEQPJOU
M of the interval PQ has coordinates 2 , 2 . b The distance between two points P(4, –2) and Q(v, –5) is √34 .
Find the possible values for v. Draw a diagram to illustrate the result.
Exercise 4A c The distance between two points A(3, –2) and B(w, 4) is 10.
Find the possible values for w. Draw a diagram to illustrate the result.

Example 1 1 Find the distance between the labelled points in each diagram. 6 The triangle ABC has vertices A(0, 0), B(3, 0) and C(3, 4).

a b c a Find the distance between A and C.

y y y
(2, 4) (2, 3) b Find the midpoint M of AC.
(–1, 2) c Find the length of:
(3, 2)
(3, 1) x i AM ii BM iii CM
0
0 x 0 x
7 a M(4, 2) is the midpoint of the interval AC, where C has coordinates
(12, 3). Find the coordinates of A.
(2, –4) b M(10, –2) is the midpoint of the interval AC, where A has
Example 2 2 Find the distance between the points A and B. coordinates (–2, 6). Find the coordinates of C.

a A(1, 2), B(0, 0) b A(3, 4), B(0, 0) 8 Show that PQR is a right-angled triangle where the coordinates of
P, Q and R are (3, 3), (3, –1) and (6, 3) respectively.
c A(–1, 6), B(4, 8) d A(–2, 8), B(6, 4)

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 129 130 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
9 Show that the triangle with vertices X(–3, 1), Y(0, 2) and Z(–2, 4) Alternatively,
is isosceles. gradient of interval AB rise
= run
10 Show that the points A(–1, –5), B(4, 0), C(5, 7) and D(0, 2) are the
= 7–1
vertices of a rhombus. 2–6
6
11 A, B, C and D are the points (0, –5), (–4, –1), (4, 3) and (–8, –9) =
–4
respectively. Show that AB and CD bisect each other. = –3
2
12 The points A(–5, 0), B(–3, –4), C(2, 1) and D(0, 5) are the vertices of a
Notice that in this case, the y-value decreases as the x-value increases.
quadrilateral. Show that ABCD is a parallelogram. This means the gradient is negative.
y B(x2, y2)
In general, provided x2 ≠ x1:
4B Gradient
rise
gradient of line interval AB = run y2 – y1
y2 – y1 (rise)
Gradient of an interval = x2 – x1
rise y B(5, 6) y y y y
The gradient of an interval AB is defined as run Since x2 –– x1 = x1 –– x2 , it does not matter A(x1, y1) x2 – x1
where rise is the change in the y-values as you 2 1 1 2
0 (run) x
move from A to B and run is the change in the which point we take as the first and which
x-values as you move from A to B. rise point we take as the second.
y B
For the points A(2, 1) and B(5, 6): A(2, 1) If the run is zero (the line interval is vertical),
rise run as shown by the interval AB, and the interval
gradient of interval AB = run x P Q
0 does not have a gradient.
6–1
= A
5–2 If the rise is zero (the line interval is
5 0 x
= horizontal), as shown by the interval PQ,
3
and the gradient of the interval is zero. Gradient of PQ is zero
Notice that as you move from A to B along the interval, the y-value Gradient of AB is not defined
increases as the x-value increases. This means the gradient is positive.
Gradient of a line
In the diagram to the right:
rise y A(2, 7) run = 4 The gradient of a line is defined to be the gradient of any interval within
gradient of interval AB = run
the line.
= 1–7 Any two intervals on a line have the same gradient.
6–2
–6 y
= rise = 6 rise = –6 Q
4
= –3
2
P
B Y
B(6, 1)
x A
0 run = –4
X
0 x

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 131 132 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
Suppose AB and PQ are two intervals on the same straight line. The two triangles are congruent by the AAS test. Hence PX = AY
Draw right-angled triangles ABX and PQY with sides AX and PY AY PX
and so = . The gradients are equal.
parallel to the x-axis and sides BX and QY parallel to the y-axis. BY QX
Conversely, if the gradients are equal, then PX = AY.
Triangle ABX is similar to triangle PQY as the corresponding angles are
equal by parallel lines. Therefore: The triangles are congruent by the SAS test.
QY BX
= Hence the corresponding angles PQX and ABY are equal and the lines are
PY AX
parallel.
That is, the intervals have the same gradient.
The proof does not work for lines which are parallel to one of the axes.
Example 4
Example 5
Find the gradient AB.
a A(3, –2), B(2, –6) b A(–1, –3), B(–2, 6). Show that the line passing through the points A(6, 4) and B(7, 11)
is parallel to the line passing through P(0, 0) and Q(1, 7).
Solution
Solution
a Gradient = –6 – (–2) b Gradient = –3 – 6
2–3 –1 – (–2) Gradient of AB = 11 – 4 Gradient of PQ = 7 – 0
–6 + 2 –9 7–6 1–0
= = 7 7
–1 –1 + 2 = =
=4 = –9 1 1
=7 =7
The two lines have the same gradient and so they are parallel.
Parallel lines
If two non-vertical lines are parallel then they have the same gradient. Perpendicular lines
If two lines have the same gradient then they are parallel.
Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their gradients is –1 (or
In the diagram below, two lines are drawn and the right-angled triangles if one is vertical and the other horizontal). Conversely, if two lines are
PQX and ABY are added, with QX = BY. perpendicular, then the product of their gradients is –1.
y
Draw two lines passing through the origin, with y
P A
one of the lines having positive gradient and the Q
Q B
other negative gradient. P
A
0 X Y x
Form right-angled triangles OPQ and OAB,
with OQ = OB. O B x
If the lines are parallel, then ∠PQX = ∠ABY (corresponding angles).
AB
Gradient of the line through O and A =
BO

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 133 134 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 OQ
Example 6
Gradient of the line through O and P = –
PQ
OQ AB Show that the line through the points A(6, 0) and B(0, 12) is:
Product of gradients = – ×
PQ BO
a perpendicular to the line through P(8, 10) and Q(4, 8).
OQ AB
=– × (since OB = OQ) b perpendicular to the line through M(–4, –8) and N –1, –6 1 .
PQ OQ 2
AB
= –
PQ Solution
If the lines are perpendicular, then y a Gradient of AB = 12 – 0 Gradient of PQ = 10 – 8
0–6 8–4
∠POQ = ∠AOB. Q
P
(90 – a) A = –2 = 2
4
Therefore triangles OPQ and OAB are = 1
a 2
congruent (AAS), so PQ = AB and the a 1
product of the gradients is –1. x Gradient of AB × gradient of PQ = –2 ×
O B 2
= –1
Conversely, if the product of the gradients
Hence the lines are perpendicular.
is –1, then AB = PQ since by the above, the
AB 1
product of the gradients = – . –8 – –6 2
PQ b Gradient of MN = –4 –(–1)
This implies that the triangles OBA and OQP are congruent (SAS). 3
–2
Therefore ∠POQ = ∠AOB and ∠AOP = 90˚ – a + a = 90˚. = –3
y If we are given two lines anywhere in = –3 × –1
lʹ1 2 3
the plane, we can draw lines through
= 1
the origin parallel to the original 2
two lines. The gradients of the new Hence MN is parallel to PQ and perpendicular to AB.
lines are equal to the gradients of the
lʹ2
l1 original lines. Hence the result also
holds for any two lines. Gradient of non-vertical lines
x t
5IF
gradient of an interval AB connecting two points A(x1, y1) and
O Lines l1 and lʹ1 have the same gradient y –y
B(x2, y2) is 2 1 .
and lines l2 and lʹ2 have x2
o
x1
l2
the same gradient. t
5IF
gradient of a line is defined as the gradient of any interval within
If lines l1 and l 2 are perpendicular then the product of their gradients the line.
is –1. Thus the product of the gradients of the lines lʹ1 and lʹ2 is –1, so lʹ1 t
5XP
MJOFT
BSF
parallel if they have the same gradient. Conversely, if
is perpendicular to lʹ2. two lines are parallel, then they have the same gradient.
t
5XP
MJOFT
BSF
perpendicular
JG
UIF
QSPEVDU
PG
UIFJS
HSBEJFOUT
JT
o

(or if one is vertical and the other horizontal). Conversely, if two lines
BSF
QFSQFOEJDVMBS
UIFO
UIF
QSPEVDU
PG
UIFJS
HSBEJFOUT
JT
o

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 135 136 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Exercise 4B 9 ABCD is a rectangle. y
B(3, 6)
a Find the gradient of interval AB.
A(2, 4)
1 Find the gradient of each interval. C
Example 4 b Find the gradient of interval CD.
0 x
a A(6, 3), B(2, 0) b A(–2, 6), B(0, 10) c A(–1, 10), B(6, –4) c Find the gradient of interval AD. D

d A(2, 3), B(–4, 5) e A(6, 7), B(–2, –3) f A(10, 0), B(0, 10) 10 a Plot the four points A(0, 0), B(3, 0), C(5, 2) and D(2, 2).
g A(10, 0), B(0, –10) h A(4, 3), B(6, 3) i A(4, –3), B(–5, 10) b Use gradients to show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
2 Find the gradient of the line passing through each pair of points. c Find the midpoint of DB and explain why it is the same as the
a P(2, 6), Q(3, 10) b P(3, 7), Q(4, –6) midpoint of AC.

c E(–6, 10), F(10, 11) d A(–4, –5), B(4, 6) 11 The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are the points (–4, –2), (3, 9),
(8, 1) and (2, –3) respectively. E, F, G and H are the midpoints of AB,
Example 5 3 Show that the line passing through A(1, 6) and B(2, 7) is parallel to the
BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that EF is parallel to GH and EH
line passing through X(–1, 6) and Y(2, 9).
is parallel to FG.
4 The line passing through the points (1, 4) and (3, a) has gradient 2.
12 A(3, 6) and B(4, 7) are two adjacent vertices of a square ABCD.
Find the value of a.
a Find the length of each side of the square.
5 The line passing through the points (–4, 6) and (b, 2) has gradient 1 .
2
Find the value of b. b Find the gradient of AB. c Find the gradient of CD.

6 Copy and complete. 13 Find the gradients of the intervals AB and BC, where A, B and C have
coordinates (1, 5), (2, 7) and (4, 11) respectively. Hence state whether
Coordinates of A Coordinates of B Gradient of AB
the points lie on the same line (are collinear) or not.
a (2, 1) (5, 13) …
b (–1, 3) (0, –1) … 14 In each part, find the gradients of intervals AB and BC, and state
c (–1, 2) (2, …) 2 whether A, B and C are collinear or not.
1 a A(3, 6), B(–1, 4), C(4, 11) b A(3, 8), B(2, 5), C(1, 2)
d (–4, 10) (2, …) –
2
2 c A(4, 11), B(–1, –4), C(2, 5) d A(4, 5), B(–1, –6), C(3, 7)
e (…, 5) (7, 9)
3
15 ABCD is a parallelogram. y B(5, 10)
f (…, –4) (1, –13) –3
a Find the gradient of interval AB.
Example 6 7 Show that the line passing through the points A(5, 60) and B(–1, 12) is A(1, 6)
b Find the gradient of interval CD.
perpendicular to the line passing through P(7, 10) and Q(23, 8).
c Find the coordinates of D. C(10, 1)
8 Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to a line with gradient:
0 x
d Find the coordinates of the midpoints
a 6 b –1 c 3 d –4
2 2 5 of AC and BD. D
e 2 f –1 g –7
5

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 137 138 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
4C Gradient-intercept form and the general form Horizontal lines
for the equation of a line All points on a horizontal line have the same y
y-coordinate, but the x-coordinate can take any value. (0, 5) (2, 5)
Gradient-intercept form Thus, the equation of the horizontal line through the
point (0, 5) is y = 5. The equation of the horizontal
In earlier work, we have seen that the equation y = mx + b represents a line line through the point (2, 5) is also y = 5.
with gradient m and y-intercept b. This is called the gradient-intercept form
of the equation of a line. In general, the equation of the horizontal line through
P(a, b) is y = b. 0 x
Conversely, every non-vertical line has an equation of the form y = mx + b.
A horizontal line has gradient 0 because all y-values
For an illustration of this, consider the y are the same. Here the gradient-intercept form becomes
line with gradient 3 and y-intercept 2. y = b or y – b = 0.
Let A(x, y) be any point on this line. A(x, y)
Vertical lines
Gradient of interval AB = rise
run
B(0, 2) All points on a vertical line have the same y
y–2 (6, 2)
= x-coordinate, but the y-coordinate can take any
x–0
y–2 0 x value. Thus, the equation of the vertical line (6, 0)
= 0 x
x through the point (6, 0) is x = 6.
We know the gradient of the line is 3. Therefore
In general, the equation of the vertical line
y–2 (6, –3)
=3 through P(a, b) is x = a or x – a = 0. Note that
x
because this line does not have a gradient, it
y – 2 = 3x cannot be written in the form y = mx + b.
y = 3x + 2.
The equation of the line is y = 3x + 2. The form of the equation for a vertical or a horizontal line sometimes
seems strange. It becomes clearer if we realize that the equation x = a is
Example 7 shorthand for the statement {(x, y): x = a}. This is read as the ‘set of points
(x, y) such that x = a’. Similarly, the equation y = b is shorthand for the
a The gradient of a line is –6 and the y-intercept is 2. Find the statement {(x, y): y = b}. This is read as the ‘set of points (x, y) such that y = b’.
equation of the line.
The general form
b The equation of a line is y = –7x + 3. State the gradient and
y-intercept. The equations y = 2x – 3, x = 6 and 2x – 3y = 6 can be written as –2x + y + 3 = 0,
x – 6 = 0 and 2x – 3y – 6 = 0 respectively.
Solution
The general form for the equation of a line is ax + by + c = 0, where a, b
a The equation of the line is y = –6x + 2. and c are constants, and either a ≠ 0 or b ≠ 0. The general form includes
b The gradient is –7 and the y-intercept is 3. all the possible cases.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 139 140 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Example 8 A non-vertical line which passes through the origin has an equation of
the form y = mx. A second point on the line can be determined from the
Write in general form: equation by substituting a non-zero value of x into the equation.

a y = –2x + 4 b y = –4x + 2
3 5 3 Example 10
Solution
Sketch the graph of:
a y = –2x + 4 b y = –4x + 2
3 5 3 a y = 2x + 4 b y = –3x + 8
3y = –2x + 12 15y = –12x + 10
c 2x + 3y + 12 = 0 d 3x + 2y = 10
2x + 3y – 12 = 0 12x + 15y – 10 = 0
e x=4 f y = –3x

Solution
Example 9
a y = 2x + 4 y
Write the equation of each line in gradient-intercept form, and When x = 0, y = 4. (0, 4)
state its gradient and y-intercept. When y = 0, 2x + 4 = 0
a 2x + y + 6 = 0 b 3x – 2y + 7 = 0 x = –4
2
(–2, 0)
Solution = –2.
0 x

a 2x + y + 6 = 0 b 3x – 2y + 7 = 0
b y = –3x + 8 y
y = –2x – 6 3x + 7 = 2y
When x = 0, y = 8. (0, 8)
gradient = –2 y = 3x + 7
2 2 When y = 0, –3x + 8 = 0
3
y-intercept is –6 gradient = –3x = –8
2 8
y-intercept is 7 x= 8 3, 0
2 3 x
0
x = 22.
3

Sketching linear graphs c 2x + 3y + 12 = 0 y

(–6, 0)
A line can be sketched if the coordinates of two points are known. When x = 0, 3y + 12 = 0 x
0
3y = –12
For lines which are not parallel to one of the axes and do not pass through y = –4.
the origin, a useful procedure to sketch the line is to find the intercepts with
the axes. Find the x-intercept by putting y = 0, and find the y-intercept by When y = 0, 2x + 12 = 0
(0, – 4)
putting x = 0. 2x = –12
x = –6.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 141 142 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 d 3x + 2y = 10 y Gradient-intercept form and the general form for the
When x = 0, 2y = 10 (0, 5) equation of a line
y = 5. t
5IF
gradient-intercept form for the equation of a line is y = mx

b,
When y = 0, 3x = 10 where m is the gradient and b is the y-intercept.
x = 10 10 t
5IF
general form for the equation of a line is ax

by

c = 0, where
3
3, 0
= 31. 0 x a, b and c are constants, and a ≠ 0 or b ≠ 0.
3

e x=4 f y = –3x
y y
Exercise 4C

(–1, 3)
Example 7 1 Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each line.
a y = 4x + 2 b y = –2x + 5 c y = –7x + 10 d y = – 4 x + 2
3 11 3
0 4 x 0 x
2 For each part, write the equation of the line with the given gradient
and y-intercept.
a gradient = 8, y-intercept is 3 b gradient = 11, y-intercept is 5
Given one coordinate of a point, the equation of a line can be used to find
the other coordinate. c gradient = –6, y-intercept is –7 d gradient = – 3 , y-intercept is 15
5
e gradient = –4, y-intercept is 3 f gradient = –5, y-intercept is 2
Example 11
g gradient = – 1 , y-intercept is 5 h gradient = – 3 , y-intercept is 2
2 4 5
The following points lie on the line with equation 5x – 4y = 20. 3 Sketch the graph of each of these lines.
Find the value of each pronumeral.
a y=1 b y=2 c y = –2 d y = –3
a (0, a) b (b, 0) c (d, –6) d ( f, 10)
e x=2 f x=4 g x = –1 h x = –3
Solution i y+3=0 j y–1=0 k x+3=0 l x–1=0

a 5 × 0 – 4a = 20 b 5b – 4 × 0 = 20 Which of these lines have a gradient and what is it?

a = –5 5b = 20 Example 8 4 Express each equation in general form.
b=4
a y = –2x + 6 b y = – 2 x + 11 c y = – 3 x – 2 d y = 4x + 1
3 5 3 7 6
c 5d – 4 × (–6) = 20 d 5f – 4 × 10 = 20 e y = –2x – 8 f y = – 3 x + 10 g y= 1
x–4 h 3
y = – x + 11
4 5 4
5d + 24 = 20 5f – 40 = 20
5d = –4 5f = 60 i y = –2x – 4 j y= x– 3
2
k x= 1
y+4 l 3
x = 4y – 3
5 5 5 10 3 4 3
d= –4 f = 12
5

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 143 144 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
Example 9 5 Express each equation in gradient-intercept form.
12 The following points lie on the line with equation y = – 1 x – 4. Find the
a 3x – 2y = 6 b 5x + 2y + 10 = 0 c 3y – 2x + 12 = 0 2
value of each pronumeral.
d 6y – x + 18 = 0 e 15y – 2x + 18 = 0 f 2x – 3y + 12 = 0
a (0, a) b (b, 0) c (1, c) d (d, –6) e (4, e) f ( f, 10)
g 5x + 4y + 20 = 10 h 6x – 4y – 24 = 0 i 3x – 5y + 15 = 0
6 Find the gradient and y-intercept in each case. 13 A line has equation y = –4x + c. The point (6, 10) is on the line. Find
the value of c.
a 2y – 3x = 12 b 4x + y + 24 = 0 c 3x + 8y + 48 = 0
14 A line has equation 2x – by + 7 = 0. The point (6, –5) is on the line.
d 4x – 7y + 56 = 0 e 11x + 4y = 44 f 10x – 5y = –20
Find the value of b.
g 3x – 7y + 42 = 0 h 2x – 7y = 14 i –10x – 2y = –40
15 A line has equation ax – 3y + 15 = 0 and gradient 4. Find the value of a.
Example 7 Find the x- and y-intercepts in each case.
10a,b,c,d
16 A line has equation 3x – by + 10 = 0 and gradient – 1 . Find the value of b.
a y = 2x – 10 b y = 3x – 11 c y = 5x + 15 2

d 3x + 8y = 48 e 4x – 12y + 5 = 0 f 2x – 3y + 36 = 0
g 5x – 4y + 80 = 0 h 3x – 7y – 42 = 0 i 5x – 2y + 11 = 0 4D Point-gradient form
8 Sketch the graph of each equation by first finding the intercepts with
the axes. Equation of a line given the gradient and a point on the line
a y = –2x + 12 b 3y = –2x + 24 c 6x –3y = 18 Suppose we know the gradient m of a line y P(x, y)
d y = x + 18 e y = 2x – 11 f 3x – 7y = 20 and a point A(x1, y1) on the line. Let P(x, y)
be a general point on the line. Then y – y1
g 4x –7y = 28 h 7x – 2y = 11 i 8x – 4y + 20 = 0
y – y1 (rise)
Example 9 a Give the equation of the line parallel to the y-axis and passing m= x – x1
10e,f
through the point (1, 5). A(x1, y1)
and so
b Give the equation of the line parallel to the x-axis and passing y – y1 = m(x – x1). 0 x
through the point (–2, 5). x – x1
c Give the equation of the line parallel to the y-axis and passing This equation is called the point-gradient (run)
through the point (–4, –7). form of the line.

Example 10 Sketch the graph of:

10e,f Example 12
a x=3 b y = 2x c y = –2x
d y=4 e y = –4x f y = 1x Find the equation of the line that is parallel to the line with
4
equation y = –2x + 6 and
Example 11 11 The following points lie on the line with equation 3x – 12y = 30.
a passes through the point A(1, 10).
Find the value of each pronumeral.
b passes through the point B(–1, 0).
a (0, a) b (b, 0) c (1, c) d (d, –6) e (4, e) f ( f, 10)

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 145 146 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Solution Equation of a line given two points y
B(x2, y2)

The gradient of the line y = –2x + 6 is –2. In Section 4B, we saw that the gradient
y2 – y1
a Therefore the line through the point A(1, 10) parallel to m of a line passing through two points (rise)
y –y
y = –2x + 6 has equation A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by m = x2 – x1 .
2 1
A(x1, y1)
y – 10 = –2(x – 1) We can now find the equation of a line,
y – 10 = –2x + 2 given the coordinates of two points on 0 x

y = –2x + 12 or 2x + y – 12 = 0 the line. x2 – x1

(run)

b The line through the point B(–1, 0) parallel to y = –2x + 6 has

Example 14
equation
y – 0 = –2(x + 1) Find the equation of the line passing through (2, 6) and (–3, 7).
y = –2x – 2
or 2x + y + 2 = 0 Solution
Gradient of line = 7 – 6
–3 – 2
Give the equation of the line in gradient-intercept form or general form,
= –1
whichever you prefer. 5
We use (x1, y1) = (2, 6).
Example 13 The point-gradient form with m = – 1 and (x1, y1) = (2, 6) gives:
5

Find the equation of the line l that is perpendicular to the line y–6= – 1 (x
– 2)
5
with equation y = 2 x – 3 and passes through the point P(1, 6). 5y – 30 = –(x – 2) (Multiply both sides by 5.)
3
5y – 30 = –x + 2
Solution
Hence x + 5y – 32 = 0 is the general form of the line.
2 2
The gradient of y = x – 3 is .
3 3 (Check that m = – 1 and (x1, y1) = (–3, 7) gives the same answer.)
5
2
× – 3 = –1, so the gradient of l is – 3 .
3 2 2

Since it passes through the point (1, 6) the equation of the line is The point-gradient form
y–6 = – 3 (x – 1) t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
B
MJOF
given the gradient m and one point A(x1, y1)
2
2y – 12 = –3(x – 1) (Multiply both sides of on the line, is:
the equation by 2.) y
o
y1 = m(x
o
x1)
2y – 12 = –3x + 3 t
5IF
FRVBUJPO
PG
B
MJOF given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) on
3x + 2y – 15 = 0 or y = – 3 x + 15 the line, is:
y –y
2 2
y
o
y1 = m(x
o
x1), where the gradient m = 2 1
x2
o
x1

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 147 148 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Exercise 4D c Find the equation of the line AB.
d Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the interval AB.
Example 12 1 a Find the equation of the line with gradient 6 that passes through the 5 a Find the equation of the line with gradient –4 that passes through
point (5, 6). the point (0, –6).
b Find the equation of the line with gradient 2 that passes through the b Find the equation of the line with gradient –4 that passes through
point (–1, 8). the point (3, 8).
c Find the equation of the line with gradient –4 that passes through c Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (–4, 8)
the point (2, 6). and (–6, –2).
d Find the equation of the line with gradient 1 that passes through d Find the equation of the line that is parallel to the line y = –2x + 3
2
the point (–1, 8). and passes through the point with coordinates (–1, –10).
e Find the equation of the line with gradient –2 that passes through Example 14 6 Find the equation of the line that passes through the two given points
the point (2, 6). in each case.
f Find the equation of the line parallel to the line y = –3x + 8 and a (0, –4) and (4, 0) b (–3, 0) and (0, –9) c (2, 4) and (–6, 12)
passing through the point (1, 8).
d (6, 3) and (7, 3) e (1, 4) and (1, 8) f (0, –3) and (4, 6)
g Find the equation of the line with gradient 0 that passes through
g (2, 3) and (2, 5) h (5, 4) and (7, 4)
the point (–3, 6).
7 Show that the points A(1, 1), B(3, 11) and C(–2, –14) all lie on the
h Find the equation of the line parallel to the line x = –4 and passing
same line (are collinear) and find the equation of this line.
through the point (–7, 11).
8 Show that the points A(1, –4), B(3, –3) and C 4, –2 1 are collinear and
Example 13 2 a Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line y = –3x + 6 2
find the equation of this line.
and passing through the point (–2, 8).
9 ABCD is a parallelogram with vertices A(4, 4), y
b Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line x + 2y = 6 C(8, 9)
B(2, 6) and C(8, 9). Find:
and passing through the point (1, 2). D
a the equation of the line BC B(2, 6)
1
3 a Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line y = x –6
2 A(4, 4)
and passing through the point (–1, 2). b the equation of the line AB

b Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 2x – y = 6 c the equation of the line AD 0 x

and passing through the point (6, –3). d the gradient of the line CD
4 a Find the midpoint of the interval AB, where the coordinates of e the distance AB
A and B are (2, –1) and (3, 6), respectively.
f the distance CD
b Find the gradient of the line that passes through points A and B.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 149 150 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
10 A(1, 1), B(1, 6), C(6, 6) and D(6, 1) are the vertices of a square ABCD. Therefore x – 1 = 2x – 3 y

a Find the midpoint of: x + 2 = 2x 3

x = 2. 2 y=x–1
i AC ii BD.
1 (2, 1)
b Find the gradient of AC and BD, and hence show that AC is Substituting into either equation
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
perpendicular to BD. gives y = 1. –1
–2
11 The vertices of a quadrilateral have coordinates A(1, 6), B(3, 14), The coordinates of the point of –3 y = 2x – 3
C(15, 16) and D(13, 8). Find: intersection are (2, 1).
a the gradient of the line AB The solution of the simultaneous equations y = x – 1 and
b the coordinates of the midpoint of AC y = 2x – 3 is x = 2 and y = 1.
c the coordinates of the midpoint of BD
d the distance AB Note that the process outlined above can be done without the graph.

e the equation of the line AB. Lines that are parallel and lines that coincide
Show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
The solution of two simultaneous linear equations does not always
correspond to the intersection of the lines at a single point.
4E Review of simultaneous linear equations Parallel lines y
4
The equations 2x + 3y = 12 and
In this section, we revise the standard methods for solving simultaneous
2x + 3y = 6 represents parallel lines. 2x + 3y = 12
linear equations. The solutions are the coordinates of the point of 2x + 3y = 6
There are no solutions to this pair 2
intersection of the two lines.
of simultaneous equations since the
lines do not meet. 0 3 6 x
Solving a pair of simultaneous equations means finding the values of
x and y that satisfy both equations.
Lines that coincide
Example 15
Sometimes we have two equations which y

Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines represent the same line. The equations 10
y = x – 1 and y = 2x – 3 and sketch the lines on the one set –4x – 6y = –20 and 2x + 3y = 10 represent 3
– 4x – 6y = –20
of axes. the same line. This can be checked by and 2x + 3y = 10
showing that the lines have the same
Solution intercepts. We say that there are infinitely 5
0 x
many solutions to this pair of equations
At the point (x, y) of intersection of the graphs, the y-coordinates since every point on the line satisfies
of both graphs are the same. both equations.
(continued on next page)

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 151 152 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
Solution by substitution Solution
We recall that to solve a pair of simultaneous equations which involve Using equation (1), 2x – 5 can be substituted for y into equation (2),
pronumerals x and y, we make either x or y the subject of one of the giving:
equations and substitute into the other equation. This method of solving
a pair of simultaneous equations is called the substitution method. 2x – 5 = 3x + 2
–5 = x + 2
x = –7
Example 16
Using equation (1) gives:
Solve this pair of equations for x and y. y = 2 × (–7) – 5
x = 2y – 3 (1) = –19
2x – 3y = 7 (2) Thus the solution is x = –7, y = –19.
That is, the corresponding lines meet at (–7, –19).
Solution
Substitute for x into equation (2), using equation (1): Solution by elimination
2(2y – 3) – 3y = 7
The other standard method for solving simultaneous equations is called the
4y – 6 – 3y = 7
elimination method. This method relies on combining the two equations so
y–6 =7 that one of the pronumerals is eliminated.
y = 13
Using equation (1) gives: Example 18
x = 2 × 13 – 3
Solve this pair of equations for x and y.
= 23
3x + y = 13 (1)
Thus the solution is x = 23, y = 13. x–y =3 (2)
That is, the corresponding lines meet at (23, 13).
Solution
Adding equations (1) and (2) gives:
Note: You should always check your answers by substituting into both of
the original equations. 4x = 16 (3)
x=4
Example 17 Substituting into equation (1) gives:
12 + y = 13
Solve this pair of equations for x and y. y=1
y = 2x – 5 (1) Therefore the solution is x = 4, y = 1.
y = 3x + 2 (2)
That is the corresponding lines meet at (4, 1).

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 153 154 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Example 19 Now y can be eliminated by adding the two equations.
(1) + (3): 13x = 65
Solve this pair of equations for x and y. x=5
2x + 3y = 14 (1) Substituting into equation (1) gives:
2x – y = 6 (2)
5 – 3y = 2
Solution –3y = –3
y=1
Subtracting the two equations will eliminate x and produce a
single equation involving only y. Hence the solution is x = 5, y = 1 and the corresponding lines
meet at (5, 1).
(1) – (2): 4y = 8
y=2
Substituting y = 2 into equation (1) gives: In the next example, it is necessary to find two new equivalent equations in
order to eliminate a pronumeral.
2x + 6 = 14
2x = 8
Example 21
x=4
Hence the solution is x = 4, y = 2. Solve this pair of equations for x and y.
That is, the corresponding lines meet at (4, 2). 3x + 5y = 1 (1)
5x + 3y = 7 (2)
Sometimes it is necessary to multiply both sides of an equation by a factor
to enable a pronumeral to be eliminated. Remember that the new equation Solution
formed is equivalent to the first. This is shown in the following example.
We choose to eliminate x, so we proceed as follows.

Example 20 (1) × 5: 15x + 25y = 5 (3)

(2) × 3: 15x + 9y = 21 (4)
Solve this pair of equations for x and y. (3) – (4): 16y = –16
x – 3y = 2 (1) y = –1
4x + y = 21 (2) Substituting into equation (1) gives:
3x – 5 = 1
Solution 3x = 6
We make the coefficients of y the same. Then we have: x= 2

x – 3y = 2 (1) The solution is x = 2, y = –1 and the corresponding lines meet

(2) × 3: 12x + 3y = 63 (3) at (2, –1).

(continued on next page) Check that (2, –1) satisfies both equations (1) and (2).

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 155 156 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Review of simultaneous linear equations g 2x + y = 4 h 4x – y = 5 i x + 2y = 0
3x + 2y = 7 3x + 4y = –1 2x + 3y = 1
t
"
QBJS
PG
TJNVMUBOFPVT
FRVBUJPOT
IBT
FJUIFS
POF
[FSP
PS
JOGJOJUFMZ

many solutions. These cases occur when the two lines: meet at a point, j x + 2y = 2 k 2x – 3y = 7 l 5x + 2y = 8
are parallel or coincide. 3x + 5y = 3 3x + 2y = 4 2x + 3y = 5
t
"
QBJS
PG
TJNVMUBOFPVT
FRVBUJPOT
DBO
CF
TPMWFE
VTJOH
FJUIFS
UIF
m 5x + 4y = 20 n 7x – 5y = 15 o 2x – 3y = –9
substitution method or the elimination method. 2x + 5y = 10 3x – 4y = 13 3x – 2y = –1
t
*O
UIF
substitution method, make x or y the subject of one equation p 2x + 3y = 2 q 2x – 3y = –12 r 2x + 5y = –35
and substitute into the other equation. 3x + 7y = –7 x + 2y = 6 3x – 2y = 8
t
*O
UIF
elimination method, add or subtract the two equations
4 For each pair of equations, solve for x and y.
(or suitable multiples of them) to eliminate one pronumeral.
a y = 5x – 1 b 7x – 9y = 63 c 4x + 7y – 24 = 0
2x – 7y = 35 5x + 8y = 40 6x + 9y – 17 = 0
Exercise 4E
d x = 3 – 4y e 7x – 11y = 48 f 1x – 2y = 4
2 3
2
7y – 3x = 21 5x – 6y = 27 x + 3y = 7
Example 15 1 For each pair of equations, sketch the graphs and find the coordinates 3 4
of the point of intersection. g y = 2x – 8 h y = 3x – 2 i x + 7y = 0
5
a y = 3x + 1 b y = 3 – 2x c y = 2x + 1 y = –2x + 3 2x + 3y = 4 3x – 4y = 24
7
y = 2x + 2 y=x–3 y = 5x + 3
j 3x – 7y – 42 = 0 k x = 3y – 5 l y = 1x + 7
Example 4
16,17 2 For each pair of equations, solve for x and y using the substitution
2x – 3y – 18 = 0 2x – 3y = 21 y = –3x – 4
method. 5

a y = 3x b x = 2y c y = 2x + 1 5 The line y = 2x intersects the line y = x + 6 at the point A. Find the

2x – 3y = 9 3x + 2y = 6 x – 3y = 4 equation of the line that passes through A and has gradient 3.
d x = 1 – 3y e y = 3x + 1 f y = 1 – 2x 6 The line y = 2x – 4 intersects the line y = –3x + 6 at the point B.
4x – 3y = 12 y = 2x + 5 y = 5x + 2 Find the equation of the line that passes through B and is:
y
g y= x + 2 h x= +2 a parallel to the x-axis b parallel to the y-axis.
2 3 3
2x + 3y = 4 7x – 5y = 10 7 The line y = x intersects the line y = 2x + 1 at the point A, and
Example
18,19,20,21 3 For each pair of equations, solve for x and y using the elimination intersects the line y = –3x + 12 at the point B. The line y = 2x + 1
method. meets the line y = –3x + 12 at the point C. Find the coordinates of
the vertices of triangle ABC.
a x–y=3 b 3x + y = 5 c x+y=1
2x + y = 9 5x – y = 3 2x + y = 4 8 The line that passes through the points A(0, 2) and B(1, 4) meets the
line that passes through the points C(1, 8) and D(–1, 10) at the point
d 2x + 3y = 4 e 2x – 3y = 4 f 3x + 2y = 5 E. Find the equations of the lines AB and CD and hence find the
5x + 3y = 1 2x + y = 12 3x + 5y = 26 coordinates of E.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 157 158 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
9 ABCD is a rhombus. y 14 Show that the straight lines 2x – 3y = 7, 3x – 4y = 13 and
B(4, 8) C(9, 8) 8x – 11y = 33 meet at a point.
a Find the equation of:
15 Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the
i AC ii BD
A(1, 4) D(6, 4) origin and the point of intersection of the lines:
b Use the results of a to find the
a x – y – 4 = 0 and 7x + y + 20 = 0
coordinates of the point of 0 x
y y
intersection of AC and BD. b xa + = 1 and x + a = 1
b b
c Show that the point of intersection is the midpoint of both 16 The line ax – by + 3 = 0 is parallel to the line 3x + 2y – 4 = 0 and
AC and BD and that AC is perpendicular to BD. passes through the point (1, –2). Find a and b.

y 17 Given three points A(0, 5), B(8, 7), and C(4, 1), calculate the coordinates
10 A(0, 4), B(4, 0) and C(0, −4) are the vertices of A(0, 4) of the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the lines
triangle ABC.
B(4, 0) AB and BC.
a Find the equation of the perpendicular 0 x
18 In the quadrilateral ABCD, the points A, B and D are at (3, 3), (0, 1)
bisector of interval:
C(0, – 4)
and (6, 2) respectively. The line BD bisects the line AC at right-angles
i AB ii BC. at the point M.
b Find the coordinates of the intersection of the two perpendicular a Find the equation of BD and of AC.
bisectors found in part a. b Calculate the coordinates of M.
11 The line with equation y = mx + 3 intersects the line with equation c Calculate the length AM.
3x + 4y + 12 = 0 at the point (1, – 15 ). Find the value of m.
4 d Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
12 The diagram opposite shows a y C(12, 12)
parallelogram ABCD in which A is
the point with coordinates (8, 3), B 4F Solving word problems using simultaneous
D
is the point with coordinates (2, 7) B(2, 7) equations
and C is the point with coordinates
(12, 12). X is a point on BC such A(8, 3) In this section, we look at how simultaneous equations can be used to solve
that AX is perpendicular to BC. 0 x problems expressed in words.
Find:
When solving a problem expressed in words:
a the equation of the line AD b the equation of the line AX
r
JOUSPEVDF
QSPOVNFSBMT
c the coordinates of X d the distance AX
r
USBOTMBUF
BMM
UIF
SFMFWBOU
GBDUT
JOUP
FRVBUJPOT
e the distance BC f the area of the parallelogram.
r
TPMWF
UIF
FRVBUJPOT
BOE
DIFDL
ZPVS
TPMVUJPOT
13 Find a and b if ax – 10y = 8 and 6x + by = 12 represent the same line. r
XSJUF
B
DPODMVTJPO
JO
XPSET

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 159 160 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Example 22 4 A stallholder at a local market sells articles at either $2 or $5 each. On
a particular market day, he sold 101 articles and took $331 in revenue.
The attendance at an evening performance of a local theatre How many articles were sold at each price?
production was 420 people and the box office receipts were $3840.
5 The sum of two numbers is 36 and their difference is 9. Find the two
Admission costs were $12 for each adult and $4 for each child.
How many of each type of ticket were sold? numbers.
6 A belt and a wallet cost $126 while 7 belts and 3 wallets cost $639.
Solution
Calculate the cost of each item.
Let c be the number of child tickets sold and a be the number of 7 Find two numbers given that their sum is 48 and the smaller number
adult tickets sold. is equal to one-fifth of the larger number.
c+a = 420 (1)
8 Four times Brian’s age exceeds Andrew’s age by twenty years and one-
4c + 12a = 3840 (2)
third of Andrew’s age is less than Brian’s age by two years. Find their ages.
(1) × 4: 4c + 4a = 1680 (3)
9 A ball of string of length 150 m is cut into eight pieces of one length
(2) – (3): 8a = 2160
and 5 pieces of another length. The total length of three of the first
a = 270
pieces exceeds that of two of the second pieces by 2 m. Find the length
Substituting in equation (1) gives:
of the pieces.
c + 270 = 420
10 A manufacturer of lawn fertiliser produces bags of fertiliser in two
c = 150
sizes, Standard and Jumbo. To transport bags to retail outlets, he uses
270 adult tickets and 150 child tickets were sold. a van with a carrying capacity of 1 tonne. He discovers that he can
transport either 110 Standard bags and 60 Jumbo bags or 50 Standard
bags and 100 Jumbo bags at any one time. Find the weight of each
Exercise 4F type of bag.
11 Ten thousand tickets were sold for a concert. Some tickets sold for
Solve each of these problems by introducing two pronumerals and forming
$80 each and the remainder for $60 each. If the total receipts were
a pair of simultaneous equations.
$640 000, how many tickets of each price were sold?
Example 22 1 The sum of two numbers is 112 and their difference is 22. Find the two 12 The cooling system of Ennio’s car contains 7.5 L of coolant, which is
numbers. 33 1 % antifreeze. How much of this solution must be drained from the
3
2 In a game of netball, the winning team won by 9 goals. In total, 83 system and replaced with 100% antifreeze so that the solution in the
goals were scored in the game. How many goals did each team score? cooling system will contain 50% antifreeze?

3 A father is 28 years older than his daughter. In six years’ time, he will 13 Meagan has 27 coins in her piggy bank, made up of 10-cent and
be three times her age. Find their present ages. 20-cent coins. The value of these coins is $4. How many of each coin
does she have?

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 161 162 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
14 A motorist travelled a total distance of 432 km and had an average
speed of 80 km/h on highways and an average speed of 32 km/h while Review exercise
passing through towns. If the journey took 6 hours, find how long the
motorist spent travelling on highways.
15 A car leaves Melbourne at 8 am, travelling at 80 km/h. It is followed at 1 Find the distance between the points A and B.
10 am by another car travelling on the same road at 110 km/h. At what
time will the second car overtake the first? a A(1, 6), B(3, –2) b A(1, 5), B(7, 5) c A(–1, 6), B(–1, –6)

16 One alloy of iron contains 52% iron and another contains 36% iron. d A(–2, –8), B(–1, –3) e A(2, 7), B(–3, 10) f A(–1, 6), B(7, 10)
How many tonnes of each alloy should be used to make 200 tonnes of 2 Find the midpoint of the interval AB.
40% iron alloy? a A(1, 6), B(2, –4) b A(2, 3), B(–4, 6) c A(1, –10), B(–2, 10)
17 Two aeroplanes pass each other in flight while travelling in opposite d A(–1, –3), B(10, 13) e A(–2, 6), B(–1, 7) f A(3, –4), B(6, –2)
directions. Each aeroplane continues on its flight for 45 minutes
after which the aeroplanes are 840 km apart. The speed of the first 3 Find the gradient of the line that passes through each pair of points.
aeroplane is 3 of the speed of the other aeroplane. Calculate the a (1, 2) and (5, 18) b (2, 3) and (4, 9) c (–2, 1) and (1, 10)
4
average speed of each aeroplane. d (1, –2) and (3, 0) e (3, 5) and (7, 7) f (–3, –4) and (0, –2)
18 Six model horses and seven model cows can be bought for $250. g (–1, 11) and (3, 1) h (–1, –2) and (1, –7) i (0, 2) and (5, 0)
Thirteen model cows and eleven model horses can be bought for $460. j (0, –6) and (–2, 0) k (3, 5) and (7, 5) l (6, –3) and (2, –3)
What is the cost of each model animal?
4 The line passing through the points (–1, 6) and (4, b) has gradient –2.
19 If 1 is added to the numerator of a fraction a , it simplifies to 1 . If 1 is Find the value of b.
b 5
subtracted from the denominator, it simplifies to 1 . Find the fraction a .
7 b 5 Write down the gradient and y-intercept for each equation.
20 A traveller walks a certain distance. If he had gone 1 km/h faster, he
a y = 2x + 4 b y = 3x + 5 c y=x–4 d y = 2x – 1
would have walked it in 4 of the time. If he had walked 1 km/h slower,
5
he would have taken 2 1 hours longer on the road. Find the distance. e y = 1x + 1 f y = 2x + 2 g y = –2x + 5 h y = –x + 6
2 3
2
i y=2–x j y = 4 – 3x k 3x + y = 4 l 2x + y = 1
m 2x – 3y = 6 n 3x + 4y = 12 o y = 2x p y = 3x
q y = –3x r y = –4x s –3x + 2y = 0 t 2y = –3x + 6
6 Sketch the graph of each equation by finding the x- and y-intercepts.
a x+y=4 b x+y=3 c 2x + y = 2 d x + 3y = 6
e 2x + 3y = 12 f 3x + 4y = 12 g 2x – y = 4 h x – 3y = 3
i 3x – 2y = 6 j 4x – y = 8 k x – 1y = 6 l 3 x – y = 12
2 2

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 163 164 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
7 Sketch the graph of each equation. 14 Show that the points (2, 0), (5, 3), (3, 6) and (0, 3) are the vertices of
a y = 2x – 3 b y = 3x – 2 c x + 2y = 4 d 2x – y = 1 a parallelogram. Find the equation of its sides.

e 2x – 5y = 10 f y – 3x = 6 g x = 2y + 1 h x = 3y – 2 15 Show that the points (1, 4), (–4, –1) and (2, 3) are the vertices of a
i y=4–x j y = 1 – 3x k x=2 l x = –1 right-angled triangle.
y+1 16 a Prove that the points (3, –2), (7, 6), (–1, 2) and (–5, –6) are the
m y–3=0 n y = –2 o y = 2(x + 1) p x =
3
y 3y vertices of a rhombus.
q x + =1 r x –y=1 s 2x – =1 t 1 x – 2y = 3
2 3 4 3 2 2
b Find the length of the diagonals of a rhombus.
8 a Find the equation of the line with gradient –6 that passes through
the point (1, 5). 17 Find the two numbers whose sum is 138 and whose difference is 88.

b Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the line with 18 Six stools and four chairs cost $580 but five stools and two chairs
equation 3x + 2y = 8, and which passes through the point (–1, 4). cost $350. Find the cost of each chair and each stool.

9 Find the equation of the line that passes through the points: 19 Three points have coordinates A(1, 2), B(3, 10) and C(p, 8).
Find the values of p if:
a (5, 6) and (–4, 10) b (3, 4) and (–2, 8) c (–2, 6) and (1, 10)
10 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations. a A, B and C are collinear. b AC is perpendicular to AB.

a 5x + 3y = 15 b x
+
y
=1 20 Find the perimeter of the rectangle shown below.
3 5
x+y+2
x – y= 6 3x + 5y = 15
11 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations.
2y x+2
a y = 3x + 2 b y = 2 – 3x c y=5–x
y=x–4 y = 10 + x y = 10 – 2x 2x + 1

y
d 3x – y = 2 e x =6– f 2y – 5x = –4 21 Prove that the lines 2y – x = 2, y + x = 7 and y = 2x – 5 are concurrent.
3 3 3
3x y (That is, they intersect at only one point.)
y + 3x = 4 – 3 = 2y 5x + = 21
4 2 2
12 The vertices of are ABC are A(3, 4), B(8, 10), C(5, –1).
a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of
i AB ii BC
b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the
two perpendicular bisectors.
13 The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is 3y = 2x –1.
The coordinates of A are (1, 4). Find the coordinates of B.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 165 166 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
Challenge 3 For the interval AB, the coordinates of A and B are (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) respectively.

exercise a If M is a point on AB such that AM : MB = 3 : 1, find the

coordinates of M.
b If N is a point on AB such that AN : NB = 3 : 2, find the coordinates
of N.
4 The point P divides the interval AB in y B(x2, y2)
1 Water is flowing from a tank at V (litres) the ratio m : n. That is AP : PB = m : n. P(x, y)
a constant rate. The graph shows Find the coordinates of P.
60
the volume of water (V litres) in the A(x1, y1)

tank after t hours. x

0
a What is the volume of water in the 0 12 t (hours)
5 O(0, 0), B(0, b) and C(c, 0) are the vertices of a y
tank initially? B
right-angled triangle, with the right angle at O. (0, b)
b At what rate is water flowing from the tank? a Find the coordinates of the midpoint, M, of BC.
C
c Write down a rule connecting V and t. b Find the distances: O (c, 0) x
d How many litres of water will be in the tank after 7 hours? i OM ii MB iii MC
e i What would be the rule connecting V and t if there were initially 6 OABC is a parallelogram. y
120 L of water in the tank and water flowed out at 6 L per hour? A(a, b) B(a + c, b)
a Find the equations of:
ii How long would it take the tank to empty under these conditions? i OB ii AC
x
2 Tom begins in Mildura and travels a distance of 300 km to Broken b Find the coordinates of the midpoints of: O C(c, 0)

Hill at a constant speed of 80 km/h. Steve, beginning at the same time, i OB ii AC

travels at a constant speed of 100 km/h from Mildura to Broken Hill
Note that the diagonals of the parallelogram bisect each other.
with a 30-minute rest after travelling 150 km.
7 OABC is a rhombus, with vertices O(0, 0), y
a Let d be the distance (in km) from Mildura, and t the time (in hours) A(a, b), B(a + c, b) and C(c, 0). A(a, b)
B(a + c, b)
after Tom and Steve leave Mildura. On a single set of axes, draw
a Find the gradients of the lines:
graphs to illustrate the journeys of Tom and Steve (d against t).
i OB ii AC
b From the graphs, find: O C(c, 0) x

i when and where Tom overtakes Steve b2

b Show that (gradient of OB) × (gradient of AC) = .
a2 – c2
ii when and where Steve overtakes Tom c Find the length of OA.
iii how much further Tom has to travel to Broken Hill at the time d Use the fact that OA = OC to show that c2 = a2 + b2, and hence that
Steve arrives at Broken Hill. OB is perpendicular to AC.

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 167 168 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
8 AE, BF and CD are the y c Find the equation of the line which is perpendicular to AC and
B(x2, y2)
medians of ABC. They are passes through B (the altitude from B to AC).
concurrent at the point X. D X E
We also have d Show that the three altitudes of the triangle intersect at 0, ml
p .
A(x1, y1) F
C(x3, y3) That is the altitudes are concurrent.
BX = 2XF
CX = 2XD 12 a Show that the area of a triangle ABC with vertices A(x1, y1),
0 x
AX = 2XE B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) is ± 1 (x1y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3).
2
Show that X has coordinates: b Show that the area of a quadrilateral whose vertices taken in order
1
(x + x2 + x3), 1 (y1 + y2 + y3) are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4) is ± 1 (x1y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4
3 1 3 2
+ x4 y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x4y3 – x1y4).
9 The line l has equation ax + by + c = 0. y
13 Two lines have equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0.
c
Show that OM = . l
√a2 + b2 a Show that the lines are parallel if a1b2 = a2 b1.
M
b Show that the lines are perpendicular if a1a2 + b2 b1 = 0.
14 a Show that the line passing through the point (x1, y1) and parallel
O x
to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by = ax1 + by1.
10 A(2, 6), B(8, 11) and C(4, 4) are the vertices of ABC. b Show that the line passing through the point (x1, y1) and
Line BC intersects the x-axis at P. perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay = bx1 – ay1.
Line CA intersects the x-axis at Q. 15 Show that the three lines:
Line AB intersects the x-axis at R. a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
Q
Show that BP × C × AR = 1. a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0
PC QA RB
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are concurrent if
11 We shall prove the altitudes of y
a triangle are concurrent. a1(b2 c3 – b3c2) + a2(b3c1 – b1c3) + a3(b1c2 – b2c1) = 0.
A(0, p)
For triangle ABC, we choose a set
of axes with the origin O on BC so
that BOA is a right-angle. B(–m, 0) m l C(l, 0)
O x
Let OA = p, OB = m and OC = l,
so that the coordinates of A, B and C
are (0, p), (–m, 0) and (l, 0).
a Find the gradient of lines AB and CA.
b Find the equation of the line which is perpendicular to AB
and passes through C (the altitude from C to AB).

Chapter 4 Lines and linear equations 169 170 ICE-EM Mathematics Secondary 4A
 Chapter 4 answers c both gradients = 3, points are collinear
11 13
d gradient of AB = 5 , gradient of BC = 4 , points not collinear
Exercise 4A
1 1
15 a 1 b 1 c (6, –3) d 52, 32
1 a √10 ≈ 3.16 b 4 c 7
2 a √5 ≈ 2.24 b 5 c √29 ≈ 5.39 d 4√5 ≈ 8.94 e √89 ≈ 9.43 Exercise 4C
f √117 ≈ 10.82 g 13 h 5√2 ≈ 7.07 i 10 2
1 a gradient = 4, y-intercept is 2 b gradient = – 3 , y-intercept is 5
1
3 a (1, 4) b ( 2 , 5) c (4, 6) d (–3, –7) e 12 , 6 f (–5, 12) c gradient = –7, y-intercept is 10
4
d gradient = – 11 , y-intercept is 3
2

4 a (6, 5) b i 5 ii 6 c AC and BC are equal, so ABC is isosceles. 2 a y = 8x + 3 b y = 11x + 5 c y = –6x – 7 d y = – 35 x + 15

1
5 a u=4 b v = –1 or 9 c w = –5 or 11 6a 5 b M 12, 2 1
e y = –4x + 3 f y = –5x + 2 g y = –2x + 5 h y = – 34 x + 25
y
c i 2 12 ii 2 12 iii 2 12
–1 0 x 3 a b c
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y y y
–2
P(4, –2)
–3
(0, 2)
–4
(0, 1)
–5
(–1, –5) (9, –5)
0 x 0 x 0 x
7 a (–4, 1) b (22, –10) 8 PQ is perpendicular to PR. 9 XY = XZ
(0, –2)
10 AB = CD = DA = CA 11 (–2, –3) 12 AB = CD = √20 and BC = DA = √50
d e f
y y y
Exercise 4B
1 a 34 b 2 c –2 d – 13 e 54 (2, 0) (4, 0)
13 0 x 0 x 0 x
f –1 g 1 h 0 i –9
1 11 (0, –3)
2 a 4 b –13 c 16 d 8
3 Both gradients = 1 4 a=8 5 b = –12 g h i
y y y
6 a 4 b –4 c 8 d 7 e 1 f –2
1
7 Gradient of AB = 8, gradient of PQ = – 8 (–1, 0) (–3, 0)
0 x 0 x 0 x
8 a – 16 b 2 c – 23 d 54 e – 12 f 1 g 57

9 a 2 b 2 c – 12 (0, –3)

10 a y b gradient of AB = gradient of DC = 0, j k l
y y y
3 gradient of AD = gradient of BC = 1
2
D C
5
1
A B c 2, 1 (0, 1) (–3, 0) (1, 0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 x x x
0 0
0 x
12 a √2 b 1 c 1
13 gradient of AB = 2, gradient of BC = 2, points are collinear
1 7
14 a gradient of AB = 2 , gradient of BC = 5 , points not collinear
a, b, c, d, i and j have gradient = 0. e, f, g, h, k and l do not have a gradient.
b both gradients = 3, points are collinear

428 ICE–EM Mathematics Secondary 4A Answers to exercises 429

 4 a 2x + y – 6 = 0 b 2x + 3y – 33 = 0 c 9x + 15y + 10 = 0 10 a b c
y y y
d –24x + 42y – 7 = 0 e 2x + y + 8 = 0 f 3x + 4y – 40 = 0
g –x + 5y + 20 = 0 h 3x + 4y – 44 = 0 i 2x + 5y + 4 = 0 (3, 0) (1, 2) (–1, 2)
0 x
j –4x + 10y + 3 = 0 k 3x – y – 12 = 0 l 9x – 16y + 36 = 0 x x
0 0
3 5 2 1 2 6
5 a y = 2x – 3 b y = –2x – 5 c y = 3x – 4 d y = 6x – 3 e y = 15 x – 5
2 5 5 3 3 d e f
f y = 3x + 4 g y = –4x – 2 h y = 2x – 6 i y = 5x + 3
y y y
3 (–1, 4)
6 a gradient = 2 , y-intercept is 6 b gradient = –4, y-intercept is –24 (0, 4) (4, 1)
3
c gradient = – 8 , y-intercept is –6 d gradient = 47 , y-intercept is 8
11 0 x
e gradient = – 4 , y-intercept is 11 f gradient = 2, y-intercept is 4 0 x 0 x
3 2
g gradient = 7 , y-intercept is 6 h gradient = 7 , y-intercept is –2
5 9 3
i gradient = –5, y-intercept is 20 11 a a = –2 b b = 10 c c = –4 d d = –14 e e = –2 f f = 50
11 9
7 a x-intercept is 5, y-intercept is –10 b x-intercept is 3 , y-intercept is –11 12 a a = –4 b b = –8 c c = –2 d d=4 e e = –6 f f = –28
c x-intercept is –3, y-intercept is 15 d x-intercept is 16, y-intercept is 6 19
13 34 14 – 5 15 12 16 –6
5 5
e x-intercept is – 4 , y-intercept is 12 f x-intercept is –18, y-intercept is 12
Exercise 4D
g x-intercept is –16, y-intercept is 20 h x-intercept is 14, y-intercept is –6
1 1
11 11 1 a y = 6x – 24 b y = 2x + 10 c y = –4x + 14 d y = 2x + 82
i x-intercept is – 5 , y-intercept is 2
e y = –2x + 10 f y = –3x + 11 g y=6 h x = –7
8 a y b y c y 1 2 1
2 a y = 3x + 83 b y = 2x 3a y = –2x b y = –2x
5 5
(0, 12) x 4 a 2, 2 b 7 c y = 7x – 15 d y = – 17 x + 2 67
(0, 8) 0 (3, 0)
5 a y = –4x – 6 b y = –4x + 20 c y = 5x + 28 d y = –2x – 12
(6, 0) (12, 0) (0, –6)
0 x x 6 a y=x–4 b y = –3x – 9 c y = –x + 6 d y=3
0
9
e x=1 f y = 4x – 3 g x=2 h y=4
d y e y f y
1 1
7 y = 5x – 4 8 y = 2x – 42
x
(0, 18) 0 11
2
, 0 0 20 x 9 a y = 12 x + 5 b y = –x + 8 c y = 12 x + 2
3
, 0
d –1 e 2√2 f 2√2
(–18, 0) 0, 20
–7
x (0, –11) 1 1 1 1
0 10 a i 32, 32 ii 3 2 , 3 2 b mAC = 1, mBD = –1
g y h y i y 11 a mAB = 4 b (8, 11) c (8, 11) d 2√17 e y = 4x + 2

(7, 0) x (0, 5)
x 0 11
, 0
0 7

(0, –4) 0, – 11 – 52 , 0
2
0 x

9 a x=1 b y=5 c x = –4

430 ICE–EM Mathematics Secondary 4A Answers to exercises 431

 Exercise 4E 13 a a=4 b b = –15 14 The point is (11, 5).

1 a y b y 15 a y = 3x b y=x 16a a = 9 b b = –6 17 21
5 5
,
26

5 5
9√37
4
(1, 4) 4
y = 3 – 2x 18 a BD : 6y – x = 6; AC : y + 6x = 21 b 120 ,
37 37
57
c d 9
3 3 37
2 2
1 1 Exercise 4F
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
1 2 3 4 –1
(2, –1) 1 45 and 67 2 46 and 37
–2 –2
y = 2x + 2 –3 –3 3 The daughter is 8 and the father is 36.
–4
y = x – 3 –4
1 1
y = 3x + 1 4 58 $2 items, 43 $5-items 5 13 2 and 22 2

c y 6 wallets $60.75, belts $65.25 7 8 and 40

y = 5x + 3
5
8 Andrew is 36 and Brian is 14 9 10 metres and 14 metres
4
3
y = 2x + 1
2
10 Standard: 5 kg, Jumbo: 7.5 kg
– 23 , – 13 1
11 8000 $60 tickets sold and 2000 $80 tickets sold 12 1.875 L
–4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
13 14 10-cent coins, 13 20-cent coins 14 5 hours 15 3:20 pm
–3
–4 16 50 tonnes of the 52% iron alloy, 150 tonnes of the 36% iron alloy
17 480 km/h and 640 km/h 18 model horse $30.00; model cow $10.00
9 27 3 3 7 9 13 8 2
2 a x = –7, y = – 7 b x = 2, y = 4 c x = –5, y = –5 d x = 5 , y = – 15 19 20 30 km
15
1 9 4 20 5 3
e x = 4, y = 13 f x = –7, y = 7 g x = 7 , y = 21 h x = 2, y = 2
Review exercise
3 a x = 4, y = 1 b x = 1, y = 2 c x = 3, y = –2 d x = –1, y = 2
1 a 2√17 b 6 c 12 d √26 e √34 f 4√5
e x = 5, y = 2 f x = –3, y = 7 g x = 1, y = 2 h x = 1, y = –1
3
14 9 2 a 2
,1 b –1, 4 12 c – 12 , 0 d 9
2
,5 e – 32 , 13
2
f 92 , –3
i x = 2, y = –1 j x = –4, y = 3 k x = 2, y = –1 l x = 11 , y = 11
1 2
60
m x = 17 , y = 17
10 5
n x = – 13 , y = – 13 o x = 3, y = 5
46
p x = 7, y = –4 3 a 4 b 3 c 3 d 1 e 2 f 3
5 5 2
6 24 g –2 h –2 i –5 j –3 k 0 l 0
q x = –7, y = 7 r x = – 30
19
, y = – 121
19
4 –4
28 173 864 35 97 38
4 a x = – 33 , y = – 33 b x = 101 , y = – 101 c x=–6,y= 3
5 a gradient = 2, y-intercept is 4 b gradient = 3, y-intercept is 5
63 30 9
d x = – 19 , y = 19 e x = 13 , y = – 51 f x = 552 , y = 60
13 59 59 c gradient = 1, y-intercept is –4 d gradient = 2, y-intercept is –1
385 19
g x = 24 , y = – 12 h x = 10
11
8
, y = 11 i x = 168
25
, y = – 24
25
1
e gradient = 2 , y-intercept is 1
2
f gradient = 3 , y-intercept is 2
31
j x = 0, y = –6 k x = 26, y = 3 l x = – 220
17
, y = 64
17
g gradient = –2, y-intercept is 5 h gradient = –1, y-intercept is 6

5 y = 3x – 6 6a y = 0 b x=2 i gradient = –1, y-intercept is 2 j gradient = –3, y-intercept is 4

11 27
7 A(–1,–1), B(3, 3), C 5 , 5 8 y = 2x + 2, x + y = 9, 73 , 20
3
k gradient = –3, y-intercept is 4 l gradient = –2, y-intercept is 1
2
m gradient = 3 , y-intercept is –2 n gradient = – 34 , y-intercept is 3
9 a i y = 12 x + 72 ii y = –2x + 16 b (5, 6)
27 o gradient = 2, y-intercept is 0 p gradient = 3, y-intercept is 0
10 a i y=x ii y = –x b (0, 0) 11 m=–4
1 q gradient = –3, y-intercept is 0 r gradient = –4, y-intercept is 0
12 a y = 2x – 1 b y = –2x + 19 c 26 , 43
5 5 3 3
14√5 s gradient = 2 , y-intercept is 0 t gradient = – 2 , y-intercept is 3
d ≈ 6.26 e 5√5 ≈ 11.18 f 70
5

432 ICE–EM Mathematics Secondary 4A Answers to exercises 433

 6 a b c 7 a b c
y y y y y y
2
, 0 (0, 2)
(0, 4) 3
(0, 3) 0 3 x 0 x
, 0 (4, 0)
(0, 2) 2 (0, –2) x
(4, 0) (3, 0) (1, 0) (0, –3) 0
0 x 0 x 0 x

d e d e f y
y y y y
(0, 6)
(0, 4) (5, 0)
0 1 x 0 x
(0, 2) 2
, 0
(0, –1) (0, –2)
(6, 0) (6, 0) (–2, 0)
0 x 0 x 0 x

f g g h i
y y y y y
2
0, 3
(1, 0) (0, 4)
(0, 3) 0 x (–2, 0)
0 (2, 0) x 0, – 12 0 x
(4, 0) (4, 0)
0 x (0, –4) x
0

j k l
y y y
h i j
y y y
(0, 1) (2, 0) (–1, 0)
0 (2, 0) x 1
(3, 0) , 0 0 x 0 x
3
0 x 0 (2, 0) x x
(0, –1) 0
(0, –3)
(0, –8) m n o
y y y
(0, 3)
k l (0, 2)
y y
(–1, 0)
(6, 0) (8, 0) x x x
x x 0 0 0
0 0
(0, –2)

p q r
y y y
(0, –12) (0, –12)
(4, 0)
0 1 x (0, 3) 0 x
3
, 0 (0, –1)
(0, –1) (2, 0)
0 x

434 ICE–EM Mathematics Secondary 4A Answers to exercises 435

 s t
y y
3
, 0 (0, 6)
2 x
0
0 x
0, – 32
0, – 23

8 a 6x + y = 11 b 2x – 3y + 14 = 0
9 a 4x + 9y = 74 b 4x + 5y = 32 c 4x – 3y + 26 = 0
1 7 7 7
10 a x = 4 8 , y = –1 8 b x = 18, y = 18

11 a x = –3, y = –7 b x = –2, y = 8 c x = 5, y = 0
156 42
d x = 1, y = 1 e x = 11 , y = 11 f x = 138
65
3
, y = – 13
5 139 3 69 701 273
12 a i y = – 6 x + 12 ii y = –11x + 11 b ,
74 74
57 14
13 ,–
13 13
14 y = x + 3; y = x – 2; 3x + 2y = 21; 3x + 2y = 6
1
15 The gradient of AC = –3 and the gradient of BC = 3 .
16 b 12√2, 4√2 17 113 and 25 18 Stool $30; Chair $100
5
19 a p= 2 b p = – 23 20 30 21 The point is (4, 3)

Challenge exercise
1 a 60 L b 5 L/hour c V = –5t + 60 d 25 L
e i V = –6t + 120 ii 20 hours
2 a d b i After 1 hour 52 12 minutes,
300 Steve 150 km from Mildura
200
Tom
1
ii After 2 2 hours, 200 km from Mildura
100
iii 20 km
0 1 2 3 4 t
3 a 14 (x1 + 3x2), 14 (y1 + 3y2) 1 1
b 5 (2x1 + 3x2), 5 (2y1 + 3y2)
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
4 m+n , m+n

a 2c , b2
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 b i √c + b ii √b + c iii √c + b
2 2 2
6 a i y= b x ii y = b (x – c)
a+c a–c
b i a+ c b
2 2
,
a+c b
ii 2 , 2

7 a i b ii b c √a2 + b2
a+c a–c
11 a p ; –p b y=–m ml
p x+ p c y = pl x + lm
p
m l

436 ICE–EM Mathematics Secondary 4A