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Research Trends in
Home Science
And
Extension
Volume - 12
Chief Editor
Prakash Singh
Professor, Registrar Department of Extension Education, NDUAT,
Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Post Graduate Teacher, Department of School Education, Government of
Haryana, Haryana, India
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Contents
Chapters Page No.

1. Empowerment and Status of Women in India 01-10
(Aysha Be, Dr. Vandana Verma and Dr. Ella Rani)
2. Women Workers in Unorganized Sectors in India: Role and

Problems Faced 11-25
(Amita Verma, Vandana Verma Trar, Ella Rani and Jyoti Dudi)
3. Water Soluble Vitamins: A Source Effect and use for Human 27-40
(Jige Sandipan Babasaheb)
4. Application of Textiles in Aerospace Technology 41-64

(Annu, Dr. Mona Verma, Dr. Neelam Saini and Harmandeep Kaur Toor)
5. A Review: Knowledge about Adolescent Health Problems and

Programmes in India 65-82
(Jyoti Sihag and Pinki Nagal)
6. Role of Diet in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) 83-92

(Dr. Deshmukh Kanchan Samish)
7. Quality of Life of Performing Artist in Odisha: A Study in

Health & Psychological Perspective 93-113
(Roja Ghosh and Dr. Sarita Mishra)
Chapter - 1
Empowerment and Status of Women in India
Authors
Aysha Be
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Extension Education and
Communication Management, I.C. College of Home Science
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar, Haryana, India
Dr. Vandana Verma
Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education and
Dr. Ella Rani
Page | 1
Page | 2
Chapter - 1
Empowerment and Status of Women in India
Aysha Be, Dr. Vandana Verma and Dr. Ella Rani
Abstract
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles and responsibilities that
civilizations have determined are appropriate for men and women. Equal
opportunities for employment, education, and personal development should
be available to men and women, as well as access to political and societal
power. Education is a key topic that requires attention. Girls continue to make
up a bigger percentage of out-of-school children than boys despite global
efforts to attain gender parity in education. In order to study gender and
empowerment in society, secondary data were used. The position of Indian
women is generally lower than that of men, and they are generally less
empowered. Despite all of the efforts made by the government and NGOs, the
situation is not satisfactory right now. The process of empowerment cannot be
aided by merely having access to jobs and education. These are the
instruments or enabling elements that enable the process to proceed more
quickly. Without a change in attitude toward the acceptance of uneven gender
roles by society and even women themselves, women will not be able to take
use of the opportunities made available to them by constitutional provisions,
laws, etc. We cannot argue that women are truly empowered in India until that
time.
Keywords: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Introduction
Women's empowerment is viewed as a long-term process that transforms
them into decision-makers who construct options, manage resources, and
make smart life decisions (Lee-Rife, 2010). Kabeer emphasised that having
access to resources alone is not enough for women; they must also be able to
recognise and make use of the resources. (Malhotra, Schuler and Boender,
2002). In comparison to men, women around the world have fewer
possibilities to participate in the economy, poorer access to primary and
secondary education, more dangers for health and safety and less political
Page | 3
representation. Women's rights must be protected, and they must be given the
chance to realise their full potential if gender equality is to be achieved as well
as a number of other international development objectives. Everybody gains
when women and girls are given the tools, they need to improve the well-being
and productivity of their families, communities, and nations. The socially
constructed roles and duties that civilizations believe are suitable for men and
women are referred to as gender. Men and women should have equal access
to political and societal influence as well as chances for employment,
education, and personal growth. An important area of attention is education.
Despite global efforts to achieve gender parity in education, girls continue to
make up a larger share of out-of-school children than boys. In order to
empower women, one must first increase their spiritual, political, social,
educational, gender, and economic strength. In India, a number of factors,
such as physical location (urban vs. rural), educational attainment, social
standing (caste and class), and age, have a significant impact on how
empowered women are. At the federal, state, and local (Panchayat) levels,
policies promoting women's empowerment are in place in a variety of fields,
including health, education, economic opportunity, gender-based violence,
and political engagement. However, there is a large gap between policy
developments and actual community practise. (Shettar and Rajeshwari, 2015).
The biggest economies in the world are falling behind in the development
of female leaders. A recent international analysis of nearly 22,000 companies
reveals that only a small minority have attained 30% on boards. Only Norway
exceeds the 30% threshold for women on business boards, according to recent
statistics from EY and The Peterson Institute for International Economics,
where senior women executives are at least 30% of the workforce. According
to World Bank data, 70% of the 1.2 billion people who live in poverty are
women. Women work more than 67% of the world's hours, but just 10% of
the world's income and 1% of the world's property belongs to them. Both men
and women are unaware of the realities of women's life, and this ignorance
continues from the home to the national level. Men and women live in separate
worlds despite sharing the same physical environment. (Panda, 2017). Women
can access and take control of material, intellectual, and human resources
through the process of empowerment. The redistribution of power that
undermines patriarchal ideology and masculine dominance is empowerment.
The process of holistic empowerment includes the political empowerment of
women. One important route for women is political participation. Today, we
have seen various Acts and Plans from the national and state governments to
empower Indian women. However, women are marginalised and
discriminated against in India on all societal levels, including those related to
Page | 4
social involvement, political participation, economic participation, access to
education, and reproductive healthcare. In India as a whole, women are
considered to be extremely impoverished economically. A small number of
women work in services and other fields. They therefore require economic
strength to compete on an equal footing with males. On the other side, it has
been established that women have lower literacy rates than men. (Chandra,
2017).
Literature review
Between 1971 and 1995, the labour force participation of women
increased by 15% in East Asia and Latin America, outpacing the growth of
males at a quicker rate. The salary gap between men and women has also
shrunk. In developing nations, women's life expectancy has increased by 20
to 25 years in the last 50 years (World Bank, 2011), however male life
expectancy has not increased as much.
The definitions of empowerment range from being specific and
straightforward to being vast and complex. They can be categorised along a
continuum between the wider structural and social transformation that
feminist political ecologists foresee and the specific development project
goals. One accusation levelled against the term is that it is being used as a
buzzword for neo-liberal ideas, particularly by development organisations that
use economic interventions as a way to achieve empowerment. (Batliwala,
2007)
Charmes and Wieringa (2003) conceive of women's empowerment in a
manner similar to Kabeer's; they see it as a development from awareness to
agency that is dependent on resources, education, political climate, and
subjective elements that affect the existence and consciousness of choice.
Mahmud et al. (2012) think of empowerment as a dynamic, multi-faceted
process that is greatly influenced by resources and environments. These
factors are age (demographic status), household wealth (economic status),
women's education (social standing), and media exposure (TV or radio). These
lead to four aspects of empowerment: self-worth, resource control, decision-
making, and mobility (although not simultaneously). The authors point out
that while empowerment processes cannot be observed directly, they can be
measured by indicators or proxies that must be appropriate for the given
situation.
Duflo E. (2011) National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge,
Women's Empowerment and Economic Development. The study contends
that equality between men and women may require ongoing policy
Page | 5
commitment to equality for its own sake since the interrelationships between
empowerment and development are likely too frail to be self-sustaining.
All south Asian nations, with the exception of Afghanistan, were ranked
higher for women than India in the 2013 UNDP report on Human
Development Indicators. It asserts that an Indian girl kid, ages 1 to 5, has a
75% higher mortality rate than a boy child. Every 20 minutes a woman is
raped, and 10% of offences are reported. Only 29% of Indian workers are
women, but make up 48% of the country's population. Only 26% of women
have access to formal credit.
Chandra (2017) In light of the aforementioned, India's rating and scores
sufficiently demonstrate that it is ranked lower than Sri Lanka in every sub-
index of gender equality. India moved up eight spots (from 113 to 105) in 2012
as a consequence of increased political empowerment and educational
achievement. The other three indices, with the exception of Political
Empowerment, are all above the rank of 100.
By examining the growth rates of the female population at the national
and Tamil Nadu levels, the male-female ratio, the demographics of women,
and employment in terms of sectors as well as by industrial categorization,
this study illustrates the exceedingly perilous conditions that women confront.
They are because of their sporadic job, income, and reliance on males.
Women's empowerment in India is a complicated problem that is influenced
by economical, political, and cultural challenges, as the author's fieldwork-
based results on the topic show. The study focuses light on political and
economic variables that affect how empowered women are in daily life. It also
draws attention to how social norms, joint family structures, and marriage are
usually biased against women. Society regularly discriminates against women
on the grounds of their gender, level of education, social class, and religion.
(R. Arunachalam: 2002)
The anticipated development of society would not have occurred without
the input of women. Therefore, it is crucial that women take up leadership
roles and engage more actively in administrative responsibilities. To help
eradicate violence against women, the choice was taken to implement the
lessons learnt in their family and community. (Gulshan Kaur: 2010)
It was found that the socioeconomic conditions of the Stree Shakti women
in the research area had improved when they joined Stree Shakti organisations.
Women who are a part of Stree Shakti groups are now able to buy new
household goods and agricultural equipment due to a change in their
employment and ability to create income. The Stree Shakti Self Group of
Page | 6
Karanataka can be used to raise the socioeconomic status of the study's female
participants. The initiative also helps poor rural women develop their sense of
human dignity. (A.T. Kitrur and M.V. Shidaganal: 2010)
Methodology
Data of secondary sources were collected to analyze the situation and
empowerment of women status at present.
Indian perspective
The Constitution of India explicitly states the importance of gender
equality and includes references to it in the Preamble, Fundamental Rights,
Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles. In addition to guaranteeing
women's equality, the Constitution gives the States the authority to enact laws
that positively discriminate in favour of women. Indian women's standing has
always been impacted by their heritage. There is proof that women held the
highest positions in society throughout the Vedic era. (Seth, 2001). They were
free to pursue their studies, remain single, and spend the rest of their lives
learning and realising who they were. Equally as their husbands, married
women shared in all the tasks and sacrifices. They received education in a
variety of academic fields, including astrology, geography, veterinary science,
and even martial arts. The Indian government has been working to empower
women in various ways ever since its independence. The concerns relating to
women's empowerment have been accorded top importance across numerous
plan periods. There has been a notable transition from a welfare-oriented
approach to women's empowerment to a development strategy starting with
the fifth five-year plan. The government established several institutions,
devised various programmes, determined various tactics, and enacted various
legal measures in order to accomplish the goal. Despite all of these steps and
attempts, women in India continue to fall behind men in every category.
India ranked 53rd out of 58 countries in the World Economic Forum's
inaugural report on the gender pay gap, which highlights a sizable
achievement disparity between men and women. India was ranked 24th
overall in the same assessment for both primary and grassroots political
empowerment. The National Population Policy 2000-12 expressly noted that
one major impediment to achieving goals for maternity and child care in India
is the low status of women (G.O.I., 2000). The National Human Development
Report (G.O.I, 2002) provided data on the GDI and GEM indices. GDI made
a negligible progress in the 1980s. GEI rose, rising from 62% in the early
1980s to 67.6% in the early 1990s. This suggests that on average, women only
achieved two-thirds of what males did in terms of human development
Page | 7
markers. In the 1980s, Kerala had the greatest rate of gender equality among
the States, followed by Manipur, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, and
Nagaland. Gender equality was higher in Goa and the Union Territories than
it was at the national level, with the exception of Delhi. Himachal Pradesh had
the most equality in the 1990s, whereas Bihar was at the bottom and
experienced a fall in absolute terms over the previous decade.
Gender role and responsibility
Another sign of women's empowerment is how women rebel against
unfavourable gender roles, such as choosing sons over wives or abusing them.
Similarly, 35% of women think it's OK to neglect their homes or kids. Though
it does not significantly change with a woman's age or home structure, support
for wife beating declines drastically with education. It should be highlighted
that even among women with the highest levels of education, at least one in
three support one or more defences of wife abuse. Women are typically more
receptive to wife beating in rural regions than in cities.
Employment ratio
According to data from the National Family Health Survey released by
the Indian government, just 43% of married women in the 15–49 age range
are employed, compared to 99% of married men in the same age range. It also
becomes clear that there are gender differences in the workplace. In contrast
to the 51% of married women who are employed solely for financial gain, the
corresponding percentage for men is as high as 72.5%. Similar to how few
ladies (11.6%) are employed for solely kind, very few males (3.4%) are.
Compared to men, who make up as little as 5% of the workforce, just 24% of
women receive no compensation at all for their labour. For
Media exposure
Approximately 71% of women and 88% of men are exposed to the media,
respectively. 29% of women say they don't routinely access the media. The
greater percentage of women without access to the media, given that it is a
significant source of empowerment, illustrates the relative disadvantage
women face in terms of empowerment when compared to males.
Constrains of empowerment
The empowerment of women in India is being hampered by a number of
factors. In underdeveloped nations like India, social conventions and family
structures show and maintain women's inferior status. One of these traditions
is that practically all societies and communities continue to prefer the birth of
a son over that of a female child. The most obvious indication that this
Page | 8
inclination is still strong rather than weakening is the declining sex ratio (Seth,
2001). For the vast majority of women in India, poverty is a fact of life. It is
just another element that makes achieving women's emancipation difficult.
Girls are the major sufferers in a poor home; they are hungry and denied access
to better schooling and other amenities. However, if they are financially
independent or have more control over the available resources, they display
greater autonomy in the home and in public and are no longer poor.
Conclusion
While discussing the current situation of women in India, a number of
indicators of women's empowerment are examined using information from a
number of sources. The main focus is placed on metrics including women's
influence in family decision-making, financial independence, freedom of
mobility, acceptance of unequal gender roles, media exposure, access to
education, and women's experiences with domestic abuse, among others.
More than ever, married or unmarried women have the same freedom of
mobility as widows or divorcees. In a similar vein, it has been discovered that
women continue to accept unfair gender norms in society. More than half of
women say that beating a spouse is acceptable for any number of specific
reasons, such as improper cooking, neglect of the home and children, or
finding refuge in. However, this attitude doesn't change much with age or
family size, but it declines significantly with education and where people live.
However, mindset has a bigger role in achieving this goal. Without a change
in attitude toward the acceptance of uneven gender roles by society and even
women themselves, women will not be able to take use of the opportunities
made available to them by constitutional provisions, laws, etc. We cannot
argue that women are truly empowered in India until that time.
References
1. Arunachalam R. Perspective of Empowerment of Women in India in
Empowerment of Women and in Ecological Movement (ed) A Ranga
Reddy, Serials Publications, New Delhi, 2002.
2. Batliwala S. Taking the Power out of Empowerment-An experiential
account. Development in Practice. 2007;17(4-5):557-565.
3. Chandra S. Women Empowerment in India: Issues and Challenges.
4. Charmes J, Wieringa S. Measuring Women's Empowerment: An
assessment of the Gender-related Development Index and the Gender
Empowerment Measure. Journal of Human Development. 2003;4(3):419-
435.
Page | 9
5. Duflo E. Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, 2011.
6. G.O.I. National Population Policy, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
New Delhi, 2000.
7. Kaur, Gulshan. Development of Society is Incomplete without the
Contribution of Women, Panchayati Raj Updated, Institute of Social
Sciences, 2010 May, 17(5).
8. Kittur AT, Shradaganal MV. Stree Shakti SHG & Empowerment of
Women in Havari District, Karnataka, 2010.
9. Lee‐Rife SM. Women's empowerment and reproductive experiences over
the life course. Soc. Sci. Med., 2010.
10. Mahmud S, Shah NM, Becker S. Measurement of Women’s
Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh. World Development.
2012;40(3):610-619.
11. Malhotra A, Schuler SR, Boender C. Measuring women’s empowerment
as variable in international development. World Bank Gender and
Development Group Background paper, 2002.
12. Nayak P, Mahanta B. Women empowerment in India. Bulletin of Political
Economy. 2012;5(2):155-183.
13. Panda PK. Inclusion and economic empowerment of rural-tribal women
in lac value chain and market: a case study of Udyogini. Journal of Social
and Economic Development. 2017;19(1):25-41.
14. Report of Peace corps
https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-gender-
equality-and-womens-empowerment/
15. Seth Mira. Women and Development- The Indian Experience, Sage
Publication, New Delhi, 2001.
16. Shettar D, Rajeshwari M. A study on issues and challenges of women
empowerment in India, 2015.
Page | 10
Chapter - 2
Women Workers in Unorganized Sectors in
India: Role and Problems Faced
Authors
Amita Verma
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Human Development and
Family Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Haryana, India
Vandana Verma Trar
Communication Management, I.C. College of Home Sciences,
Hisar, , Haryana, India
Ella Rani
Communication Management, I.C. College of Home Sciences,
Hisar, , Haryana, India
Jyoti Dudi
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Human Development and
Family Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Haryana, India
Page | 11
Page | 12
Chapter - 2
Women Workers in Unorganized Sectors in India: Role and
Problems Faced
Amita Verma, Vandana Verma Trar, Ella Rani and Jyoti Dudi
Abstract
India is the vast growing country since from the last few decades or it has
a labor force of over 300 million, a large portion of which is women workers.
Around 90% of this labour force belongs to the unorganized sectors.
Unorganised or Informal sector constitutes a pivotal part of the Indian
economy. Around 52% of Unorganised Workers are engaged in agriculture &
allied sector and they constitute more than 90% of the labour work force
unorganised workers also contributes 50% to GDP (according to National
Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector), of these at least 120
million are women. The employment of women is high in the unorganized
Sector such as part time helper in household, construction setting, tanneries,
match and beedi industries etc. A large number of women work at home and
vulnerable to exploitation. Women working in unorganized sector are not
included in the official statistics and their work is not documented and
considered as wage work, unskilled work etc., Low productivity as compared
to formal sector, Lower wages to workers, Poor working conditions, Excessive
seasonality of employment, Absence of social security measures etc are some
of characteristics of unorganised Sector. Women has dual responsibility in
balancing their home and work. The condition of Women in unorganised
sector were unsatisfactory and the problems confronted by them were acute.
The objective of this paper is to identify the living condition, Working
condition, Economic position and role of working women in unorganized
sector. This paper focuses mainly on the participation of women in the
unorganized sector. The main objective of paper is to highlight the problem
and challenges faced by women working in the unorganized sector and to
know the schemes reformed for women in unorganised sector.
Keywords: Women, unorganized sector, women worker, gender, role and
problem faced
Page | 13
Introduction
The term 'unorganised' is often used in the Indian context to refer to the
vast numbers of women and men engaged in different forms of employment.
These forms include home-based work (e.g. rolling papads and beedis), self-
employment (e.g., selling vegetables), employment in household enterprises,
small units, on land as agricultural workers, labour on construction sites,
domestic work, and many other forms of casual or temporary employment.
The unorganized sector is physically more visible in India. It is found in almost
all the industrial segments of the Indian economy, that is, in agriculture,
industry, household and the services sectors. In India, the formal sector which
received significantly large resources has failed to provide employment to the
growing labour force, resulting in the problem of labour force explosion. It is
estimated that the unorganised sector workers constitute 88% as per the 66th
round NSSO survey of 2011-12. Organized sector workers are distinguished
by regular salaried jobs with well-defined terms and conditions of
employment, clear-cut rights and obligations and fairly comprehensive social
security protection. The unorganized sector, on the other hand, has no such
clear-cut employer-employee relationships and lacks most forms of social
protection. Having no fixed employer, these workers are casual, contractual,
migrant, home based, own-account workers who attempt to earn a living from
whatever meager assets and skills they possess. The laboring women generally
work in unorganized sector. They are outside the reach of Protective Labour
Laws and Trade Union Organizations. They are not offered fair wages and
decent terms of work. There are hardly any opportunities to improve their
income because in this sector, females work generally as laborers in unskilled
occupations, do traditional work as domestic servants. The process of
globalization, export-oriented industrialization and relocation of industries
from the developed to developing countries also lead to increase in women
workers in unorganized sector. The nature of women’s work ranges from wage
employment or self-employment, family labour and piece rated work. The
prevalence of women workers in urban unorganized sector is significant in
number. They are engaged in activities like domestic work, construction work,
small trades like brick making, basket weaving, household industries etc.
In rural unorganized sector women are engaged in agricultural activities,
animal husbandry, dairy, fisheries etc. In the present paper the status of women
domestic workers, construction workers and agriculture laborers was studied
through an empirical study. Most of the domestic workers and construction
workers are primarily women who have migrated from rural areas for
economic gain. The influx of women workers to the cities for non-farm
Page | 14
employment has saturated the existing sectors and is one of the main reasons
for her extreme exploitation. Hardships of city life, absence of basic amenities
and exploitation of these women by employers have added to their misery.
The condition of women agriculture labour in rural areas is no better. Most of
them do not have year round employment. They suffer vital disadvantages
compared to men in their search for employment opportunities, lower real
wages, increased uncertainties and irregularities of employment. There are
legal provisions to protect their rights. Such working conditions are a hurdle
in their overall development leading to under performance and not allowing
them to raise their productive capacity in that very profession also.
Unorganized sector
The unorganised sector is also known as 'unregulated' 'unprotected' or
unenumerated sector' because of its diversified definitions. Unorganized
sector is characterized by scattered and small units which are largely outside
the control of the government. Its main features, casual and contract workers,
home-based activities and a section of self-employed persons involved in jobs
such as vending, rag picking and rickshaw pulling come in the unorganized
sector. Agricultural workers, construction workers, migrant labour and those
who perform manual and helper jobs also come in the category of unorganized
sector workers. The unorganised sector can be defined in terms or registration
license or in terms of employment, size, location etc.
Categories of unorganized labor force
The Ministry of Labor, Government of India, has categorized the
unorganized labor force in four categories based on profession, character of
service, especially distressed group, and repair group.
 Based on occupation: This category includes minor and trivial
farmers, landless agricultural laborers, fishermen, labeling and
packing workers, building and building workers, leather workers,
weavers, artisans, salt workers, workers in brick kilns and more.
 Based on the nature of employment: Agricultural manual workers,
constracted workers, migrant workers, contract and informal laborers
come in this class.
 Especially troubled category: Toddy tappers, scavengers, carriers
of top loads, drivers of animal-driven means of transportation,
loaders and unloaders come in this category.
 Service category: Midwives, domestic workers, fishermen and girls,
barbers, vegetable and fruit sellers, newspaper sellers are included in
this category.
Page | 15
Characteristics of the unorganised workers
 The unorganized labour is overwhelming in terms of its number
range and therefore they are omnipresent throughout India.
 As the unorganized sector suffers from cycles of excessive
seasonality of employment, majority of the unorganized workers
does not have stable durable avenues of employment.
 The workplace is scattered and fragmented.
 There is no formal employer-employee relationship.
 In rural areas, the unorganized labour force is highly stratied on caste
and community considerations. In urban areas while such
considerations are much less, it cannot be said that it is altogether
absent as the bulk of the unorganized workers in urban areas are
basically migrant workers from rural areas.
Literature review
Singh, (2002) conducted a study on domestic workers of Ranchi District.
She concluded that lack of awareness and basic education lead to exploitation.
The system of recruitment was faulty and age of recruitment often violated
human rights. Wages were too low and workers did not enjoy any kind of
medical benefit. Their hours of work were very long and was not spread out
evenly. There were no holidays or leave sanctioned or approved by their
employers. They lacked work proficiency and did not possess formal training.
She further reported that basic poverty lead to poor bargaining capacity. The
workers did not possess knowledge of alternate sources of income generation.
Fatalism and superstition were all pervasive. She found that in most cases the
number of dependents on the earning members was too large, this lowered the
standard of living and at times lead to indebtedness.
Nandal Santosh (2004) conducted a study on Women workers in
construction industry in Haryana. Most of the workers in construction industry
come from other states and constitute a higher percentage of female. The
primary objective of this paper was to focus on the socio-economic problems
being faced by a section of the female workers in the construction industry.
They were actively involved in economic activities for survival, yet bearing
and rearing of children remain their first responsibility. The study was
conducted in six districts of Haryana (Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani, Hissar,
Panipat and Karnal) where the total number of employed workers was
estimated to be 21,000.
Page | 16
Dave Vandana (2012) conducted a study on Women Workers in
Unorganised Sector. The study focused on female construction workers,
agriculture workers and domestic workers. The objective of this study was to
know the socio-economic, working and living conditions of workers. The
multistage stratified random sampling technique was applied, data was
collected from 350 female workers from urban and rural areas of 3 districts of
Haryana namely Panipat, Kaithal and Kurukshetra. Workers faced problems
like disparity in wages where female workers were paid less. Working hours
were not fixed and harassment at work place was common.
Anthony P. D'souza (2013) focused the status and contribution of
unorganized sector focused more on the challenges and problems faced by the
youth in selecting job as self-employment. It is found that larger number of
workers was getting their livelihood from this sector and entrepreneur plays a
vital role in bringing up unorganized sector at the better position in the
country.
Kumawat Minakashi (2015), studied on “Female Workers and their
Socio-Economic Profile: A study of Unorganised Sector in India”. The
researcher concluded that workforce Participation of women worker is more
as compared to men in unorganised sector. condition of these women workers
are pitiable such as lack of security, discrimination in wages, lack of health
and medical facilities, and discrimination in wages. The study also suggested
that there is a need to reform the policy related to women workers at national
level.
M RadhaKrishna and P Shripathi Kalluraya (2016), in their paper
“Employment and Working Conditions in Urban Informal Sector: A Study”
analysed the structure of employment, working condition of labourers and
understand problem in urban informal sector. This study is based on primary
data as well as secondary data. The researchers have used 50 respondents with
random basis in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka State engaged
activities in entrepreneurs of Bell Metal, Gold Smiths, Carpentry and
Tailoring through interview method for getting information regarding
informal workers working in informal sector. Findings of the study are that
females are disproportionately engaged in non-trade services. Men are
engaged more than women in trade and working conditions of workers are
low. Due to lack of training facilities, awareness of government welfares
scheme and inefficient role of SHG and NGO made these workers deprived
from benefits and their rights.
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D Angel (2017), in paper “A Analytical Study on The Status of Women
Workers In Unorganized Sector In India” analysed status and recognise factor
of female workers in unorganised sector with help of secondary data sources
like report of NCEUS (2004-13) and discussed policy measures for making
better condition of these female workers taken by government. The researcher
concluded that economic necessity is the main reason of these female to enter
in this sector. though government has initiated various act and formulated
central and state government scheme for making better condition of these
workers but due to lack of implementation regarding schemes to these workers
in unorganised sector these workers did not get real needs and requirements.
Manju (2017), in her paper “Women in unorganized sector - Problems &
issues in India” focused on problems and identify different categories of
female worker in unorganised sector. The study is exploratory in nature and
based on secondary data sources. The study suggested that skill development
programs help women to enhance their skill so policy maker should focus on
skill development programmes and opened institution. There should be
amendments in labour laws and to aware their rights for women workers in
unorganised sector.
Objective
 To find out the nature of work and working conditions of women
labourers.
 To explore the wage patterns and causes of discrimination in wages
of women labourers.
 To find out what type of facilities are available to women labourers
and to study their living conditions.
 To analyse the problem faced by women workers in the unorganized
sector.
The methodology of the study
The present study/review paper is based on the secondary sources of data
are used. Secondary data are collected through various published journals,
magazines, periodicals, books, the internet, etc.
Need for the review study
The entire economic conditions and status of the country is based on the
unorganized sectors only which are carried out by both men and women. The
share of the unorganized sector is also contributed by the women in this area.
This paper may through light on the problems and issued faced by the women
Page | 18
workers in the unorganized area, their contribution in economic development.
It also examines awareness on social security measures and schemes available
for women in unorganised sector by government or other non- government
organization for improve their condition.
Analysis and interpretation of the study
I. Categories of women workers in the unorganized sector
a) House servants
b) Daily wage workers
c) Small vendors
d) Running Beauty parlors
e) Construction laborers
f) Garment workers
g) Cooks
h) Auto drivers
i) Caretakers
II. Problems of women in the unorganized sector
A major portion of women from rural areas moves around to cities and
towns all over India. Most of these women and girls are uneducated and
inexpert. They work in brutal conditions in the metropolis as their livelihood
standard is extremely poor. It is familiar with the fact that there is still no
society on the planet in which women workers enjoy the same chance as men.
 Lack of education: Illiteracy is the biggest problem because they do
not get time to educate themselves. In childhood, they have to start
working early which do not allow them to go school.
 Insufficient skill & knowledge: Majority of female do not have
proper training and skills aligned to their task. This result is excessive
stress and inefficient working.
 Exploitation of the female labour: Female worker are more
vulnerable to exploitation by employer. They can be easily
threatened of their job for indecent favours.
 Insecure job: Absence of strong legislation controlling the
unorganized sector makes the job highly insecure in this sector.
 Non sympathic attitude of employer: Temporary nature of
employment in this sector does not allow the bond between the
employee and employer to establish and become strong.
Page | 19
 Extreme work pressure: Female are overworked, they work twice
as many hours as worked by their male counterpart. In agriculture
sector the condition is the worst.
 Irregular wages payment: There is lack of controlled processes in
unorganized sector which results in to untimely payment of wages to
the workers.
 Wage discrimination: Female do not get similar payment to the
male for same work.
 Seasonal employment: Many of the unorganized sector industries
are seasonal. These industries includes fruits processing, pickle
making, agricultural sector, construction sector etc. They have to
fetch another employment when there is no work during offseason.
 Physical problems: The working conditions are not healthy. Work
place is not ergonomically designed. This results into workers facing
fatigue resulting physical problems.
III. Scheme or programme implemented for unorgnised workers
1) Generally support for the informal sectors has focused on three main
types of activities are technical, socioeconomic and training. The
technical assistance involves both economic and technology policy.
2) Recently, the ILO has used as a multidimensional approach rather
than concentrate on only one or two aspects of informal activities,
such as credit and training, it support a numbers of issues relevant to
developing and enhancing microenterprises, including non formal
and informal training, credit, marketing production techniques,
cooperative and community building, child care and transportation.
3) Domestic workers and social security Act, 2010: Women and child
are more vulnerable exploitation so government has formulated this
act for providing them better working conditions including
registration.
4) According to a labor ministry official, through the registration and
issuance of U-WIN cards, the government also intends to create a
Central-level database of all unorganized sector workers in the
country. The new cards will ensure that all unorganized workers get
social security scheme benefits covered under the Unorganised
Workers' Social Security Act, 2008. Details Beneficiaries of Social
Security Schemes Listed Under Schedule-I of the Unorganised
Workers Social Security Act, 2008 are given below:
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 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS).
 National Family Benet Scheme.
 Janani Suraksha Yojana.
 Handloom Weavers' Comprehensive Welfare Scheme.
 Handicraft Artisans' Comprehensive Welfare Scheme Ÿ.
 Pension to Master Craft Person.
5) In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil Nadu manual Workers (Regulation of
Employment and conditions of Work) Act 1982, the act covers the
employment listed and directs establishment Boards for the
implementation of welfare schemes for the workers. The Tamil Nadu
Manual Workers (Construction Workers) Act 1994, aims for the
welfare of construction workers Under the schemes there are various
assistance like accident, death and funeral, disablement, marriage,
maternity, children's education etc will be given by this act.
6) National pension scheme: The National Pension Scheme was
introduced in 2004 under the Social security act for unorganized
workers. The primary motive of this scheme is to provide social
security to self-employed people and workers in their old age.
Shopkeepers, self-employed people, workers, and traders who are
registered under EPFO/ESIC with ages 18 to 40 years are benefitted
from this scheme. Under this scheme, beneficiaries get a monthly
pension from the government after retirement.
7) Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana: The Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana was
launched by GOI to support the people below the poverty line or
above poverty with a marginal difference. The scheme was
launched in 2007 to help vocational groups of people residing in
rural areas of India. It includes rickshaw pullers, lady tailors,
fishermen, primary milk producers, brick kiln workers, forest
workers, etc. The beneficiary falling under this scheme can claim
insurance from the respective nodal agency in case of partial or
complete impairment, or death in an accident.
8) Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana: The Pradhan
Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PMSMY) was launched by
the Ministry of Labour and Employment in 2019 to provide social
security to the unorganized workers and traders, which are not
eligible taxpayers. People falling under this category must have
ages between 18 to 40 years with a salary of not more than INR
15,000 to be eligible for this scheme. Under this scheme, the
Page | 21
beneficiaries are awarded an assured pension amount of INR
3,000/Month
9) Atal Pension Yojana: The GOI launched the Atal Pension Yojana
in 2015 intending to provide social security to the people working
in the private or unorganized sectors. Anyone who’s working in this
sector from age 18 to 40 years can claim the pension after
retirement. The beneficiary must hold a bank account linked to the
Aadhaar card. The pension amount can be decided by the
beneficiary whether he needs it on monthly basis or together after
his death. In case the beneficiary opts to get the amount after his
death then that amount will be awarded to his nominee.
10) Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojana: The government of India launched
the Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojana in June 2020, to help the migrant
laborers affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A fund of INR
50,000 crore was declared to generate employment opportunities
for these migrant laborers. Under this policy 25 working areas were
selected by the government like goat sheds, cattle sheds, poultry,
PM Kusum works, workers on the national highway, etc. Under this
scheme, the beneficiaries get employment for 125 days.
11) Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana: The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima
Yojana was started in 2008 by the government of India to provide
socio-economic security to the workers working in unorganized
sectors and falling Below Poverty Line (BPL). The beneficiary
under this policy can enroll in health insurance along with his 5
family members. 75% of the amount is paid by the central
government while 25% is paid by the state government under this
policy and the beneficiary only needs to pay a sum of Rs. 30/annum.
The insurance sum is Rs. 30,000/annum for each family member
that is enrolled under this policy. The insurance amount covers all
medical expenses of current or previous illness.
Suggestions for upliftment of women in unorganized sector
 Providing basic education to women so that they become aware about
the schemes and facilities about the schemes for them.
 A trade Union should be formed among women workers.
 Adequate training should be provided to women workers.
 There should be proper guidelines for recruitment process working
hours and for health hazards.
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 A supervisory body should be established to monitor the proper
implemented of legislation and provision related to women workers.
 There is need of more effective poverty alleviation programs.
Conclusion
In India around thirty crore people are working in the unorganized sector
and the number is on the rise. The meaning of unorganized sector, popularly
known as unprotected sector, could be without regular source of income and
working throughout the year. They constitute the fringes of society and are not
getting a chance to be a part of the mainstream economy. From the above
review of literature, it is observed that there is no legal protection system,
bearing and rearing of children remains the first responsibility of women
workers and there is not much help from the government and legal frame work
of the country. Women household workers have a double burden and there is
greater demand for their skills as caregivers and service workers outside but
they also work inside doing the same work which is unpaid. There are various
reasons for pitiable conditions of women in unorganized sector. The Central
and state government had launched many schemes for providing support to
women but there are not sufficient to overcome the problems of women
workers in unorganized sector. There are limited assistance program for the
informal women workers. Sometimes the project is instituted on a shoestring
budget and are incapable of effective monitoring outcomes on a longitudinal
basic, or sometimes it difficult to monitor because of the nature of the informal
work in which they are engaged.
So its become difficult to provide assistance to women workers. There is
need of effective implementation of these schemes and laws for empowering
the women workers. They face many problems at workplace like low paid,
sometimes no payment for extra work, untimely work and also face health
issues and have a very low level of awareness regarding government schemes
related to their rights. In order to make empowered of these women workers,
problems and issues should be give top priority so that they can make self
reliant themselves.
Recommendations
 Since women workers lack in skill, skill development programme
should be provided to them to enhance their skill level.
 It is very much essential to create awareness among women workers
about the institutional support available to them to protect their
rights.
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 Efforts shall be made to change social outlook towards women in
general and women workers in particular.
 Mass media can play a great role to change social outlook towards
women workers.
 A comprehensive law is needed to protect the rights of women
workers.
 Separate women grievance cell headed by a woman should be
established in every organization employing women workers in the
organized sector and in case of unorganized sector women to form
self-help groups for their protection.
References
1. 6. ISSN: 2455-2070, www.socialresearchjournals.com. 2015
Dec;1(2):135-137.
2. D Angel. A Analytical Study on the Status of Women Workers in
Unorganized Sector in India, Business Sciences International Research
Journal. 2017;5(1):14-16. ISSN 2321 – 3191.
3. Gopinath R. Business-Family Interface and the Capacity of Managing
Challenges Faced by the Women Entrepreneurs of Informal Sector-A
Relationship Study, 2020.
4. Kumawat Minakashi. Female Workers and their Socio-Economic Profile:
A study of Unorganised Sector in India, International Journal of
Humanities and Social Science Research, 2015.
5. Radha Krishna M, Shripathi Kalluraya P. Employment and Working
Conditions in Urban Informal Sector: A Study, Int. Journal of
Management and Development Studies. 2016;5(4):74-80.
6. Manju. Women in unorganized sector-Problems & issues in India,
International Journal of Applied Research. 2017;3(4):829-832.
www.allresearchjournal.com
7. Ministry of Labour & Employment Government of India, 2017-18.
www.labour.nic.in
8. Monisha S, Rani PL. Women working in unorganized sector-a conceptual
study. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 2016;6(4):97-99.
9. Pande R. Women’s work in the unorganized sectors in India. A cross
cultural study on the life of women. Women’s Studies Series, 2002;22:58-
87.
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10. Report of the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised
Sector, Report on Condition of work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the
Unorganised Sector, 2007 Aug.
11. Santosh Nandal. Women Workers in Unorganised Sector: A study on
construction industry in Haryana, International Journal of Development.
2006;5(2):119-120.
12. Singh S. Women Workers in Unorganized Sector: A Study of Patiala
City. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies (JWES).
2022;2(01):14-20. ISSN: 2799-1253.
13. Singh Vinita. Female Domestic Workers: A Case of Violated Human
Rights, Legal News and Views. 2002;16(1):14-17.
14. Vandana Dave. Women Workers in Unorganised Sector, Women’s Link.
2012 July-Sep;18(3):9-12.
Page | 25
Page | 26
Chapter - 3
Water Soluble Vitamins: A Source Effect and use
for Human
Author
Jige Sandipan Babasaheb
Assistant Professor and Head Department of Botany), Sant
Ramdas College, Ghansawangi, Jalna, Maharashtra, India
Page | 27
Page | 28
Chapter - 3
Water Soluble Vitamins: A Source Effect and use for
Human
Jige Sandipan Babasaheb
Abstract
The term ‘vitamine’ was coined by the Casimir Funk in 1912; the
discovery of vitamins has a great scientific achievement for human to the
health and diseases. The vitamins discovered began in the early nineteenth
century, that discover within 1913 to 1948. The vitamin taking in the diet has
result vitamins deficiency diseases. The vitamins also produced in the form
of tablets, yeast extract and B complex also vitamins C available in semi
synthetic form. The vitamins classified into two categories based on its
absorption and its storage. The water soluble and insoluble this two types of
vitamins occurs. The water soluble vitamins dissolve in water upon entering
the body. The present water soluble vitamins are nine like vitamin B in
which foliate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin
B6 and vitamin B12 also the vitamin C. These water soluble vitamins
deficiency shows clinical syndrome it results in serve morbidity and
mortality.
The study on sterols and its connection with vitamins this work of Adolf
Windaus has awarded the Noble prize for the chemistry in 1928. The
Christiaan Eijkman and Frenderick Hopkins have work on vitamin discovery
and get Noble Prize in physiology in 1929. In the year 1906 the Sir Frederick
Gowland Hopkins a biochemist found the proteins, carbohydrates, fats and
minerals like food factors. The Polish scientist Christiaan Funk given name
to special nutritional food part as vitamine the vita means life and amine
means from compounds in thamine he isolated from rice husk. These
vitamine words become vitamin. The vitamin naturally present in foods,
vegetables and fruits. The water soluble vitamins have absorbed by animal
and human intestine and passes into the blood. In the blood cell tissue utilize
it, in vitamin B12 require substance for the absorption, it known as intrinsic
factor. The vitamin B not absorbed directly its states like niacytin it bounded
in the form of niacin found in cereals grains. The biotin bound the form of
Page | 29
albumin of raw white egg. The digestive tract enzymes not absorb it or it
break down and remain unutilized. The biotin, vitamin B6 and folic acid
bound with other molecule to form complex or conjugated molecule in
animal products. This vitamin has release bound by the action of enzymes in
the intestinal tract or tissue. In plant and animal tissue vitamin B distributes
for the metabolism, this water soluble extracted by urine form the body. This
all vitamins keep body healthy and help for immunity boost of body.
Keywords: Vitamin, tablet, synthetic, deficiency, syndrome and soluble etc.
Introduction
The term ‘vitamine’ was coined by the Casimir Funk in 1912; the
discovery of vitamins has a great scientific achievement for human to the
health and diseases. The vitamins discovered began in the early nineteenth
century, that discover within 1913 to 1948. The vitamin taking in the diet has
result vitamins deficiency diseases. The study on sterols and its connection
with vitamins this work of Adolf Windaus has awarded the Noble prize for
the chemistry in 1928. The Christiaan Eijkman and Frenderick Hopkins have
work on vitamin discovery and get Noble Prize in physiology in 1929. In the
year 1906 the Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins a biochemist found the
proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals like food factors. The Polish
scientist Christiaan Funk given name to special nutritional food part as
vitamine the vita means life and amine means from compounds in thamine
he isolated from rice husk. These vitamine words become vitamin. The
vitamins having different from of minerals, fatty acids and amino acids, it is
important in various biochemical functions. It has six types Vitamin A,
Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. The all
vitamins having different molecular structure and unique properties, the
vitamins take part in different biochemical function in body. In the vitamin B
it consists B1vitamin (Thiamine), B2 vitamin (Riboflavin), B3 vitamin
(Niacin), B5 vitamin (Pantatohenic acid), B6 vitamin, B7 vitamin (Biotin),
B9 vitamin (Folic acid), B12 vitamin (Cobalamin) and C vitamin (Ascorbic
acid).
The lack of vitamins causes serious issues in the body, the lack of
vitamin B1 causes beriberi serve medical condition it starts by lose of weight
and appetite. In some cases it loses the memory. The vitamin B2 also causes
infection in lips and mouths. The vitamin B3 deficiency leads to pellagra it
includes dermatitis, dementia and diarrhea. The anemia and malnutrition
deficiency also caused due to many vitamins. The vitamin C also causes
scurvy. The lack of vitamin B12 causes one set of Alzheimer’s debilitating
Page | 30
disease it strips memory and not cures. The vitamin B12 shows decrease of
level of homo cysteine it is one important factor in loss of memory. The
Adolf Windaus studies the constitution of sterols and their connection with
vitamins and awarded by the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1928. The
Christiaan Eijkman and Frederick Gowland Hopkins for the discovery of
vitamins like vitamin D they awarded the Noble Prize for Physiology or
Medicine in 1929.
Objectives
 To study the vitamins and its importance in immunity boosting of
body.
 To study vitamins types and its role in good health.
 To focus on sources of vitamins and its effect on health.
 To aware young generation about vitamin and its deficiency.
Analysis and Result
The vitamins having different from of minerals, fatty acids and amino
acids, it is important in various biochemical functions. It has six types
Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K.
The all vitamins having different molecular structure and unique properties,
the vitamins take part in different biochemical function in body. The group
of the molecule is known as vitamins, it helps for the maintaining good
health. The all vitamins characteristics are essential for the healthy health,
the regular food also sources of vitamins. The vitamin B and vitamin C are
water soluble vitamins and other Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and
Vitamin K are non soluble vitamins. The vitamin B has shows the different
type so it also called as B complex. In the vitamin B it consists B1vitamin
(Thiamine), B2 vitamin (Riboflavin), B3 vitamin (Niacin), B5 vitamin
(Pantatohenic acid), B6 vitamin, B7 vitamin (Biotin), B9 vitamin (Folic
acid), B12 vitamin (Cobalamin) and C vitamin (Ascorbic acid). These all are
as follows with their function and role, dietary source and deficiency
described.
B1 Vitamin (Thiamine)
It is first water soluble vitamin known as B1 or thiamine vitamin. It has
different types like thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine tri-phosphate, and
thiamine mono-nitrite and thiamine hydrochloride. In the year 1912 Casimir
Funk has discovered the vitamin B1 (Thiamine).
i) Thiamine pyrophosphate: It also called as di-phosphate it is most
abundant from occurs in human body, it found in whole foods.
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ii) Thiamine tri-phosphate: It is found in animal sourced food, less
abundant than thiamine pyrophosphate, it represents 10% of the
total thiamine found in animal tissue.
iii) Thiamine mono-nitrite: It added in animal feed or in the processed
food become it is synthetic form of the thiamine.
iv) Thiamine hydrochloride: It is used as supplement; it is standard
synthetic form of the thiamine.
Role and function of thiamine
It serve as coenzyme in the body like other B vitamins, in which
thiamine pyrophosphate is important form. The coenzyme is small
compounds which helps enzymes trigger for chemical reaction otherwise it
not happen on their own. The thiamine involved in different essential
chemical reaction, it also helps in conversion of nutrients into energy and
supports sugar formation.
Dietary source and deficiency of thiamine
The nuts, seeds, whole grains and animal liver and pork has richest
source of thiamine. The fruits, vegetables and dairy products also contain the
thiamine. The high blood sugar level increase thiamine elimination through
the urine, its requirement shows deficiency. The level of thiamine reduced
up to 70 to 75% in type 1 and type 2 diabetes peoples, the alcoholism also
increased risk for deficiency due to poor diet and improved thiamine
absorption. The thiamine deficiency has known as beriberi and Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome. This deficiency includes anorexia, weight loss;
impaired neural function, muscle weakness, mental problem and heart
enlargement.
B2 Vitamin (Riboflavin)
It is water soluble vitamin used as food coloring, its name suggest its
function in Latin word flavus means yellow. In riboflavin additional dietary
substance called as flavo-proteins it release the riboflavin during the
digestion process. The most common flavor-proteins are flavin adenine di-
nucleotide and flavin mono-nucleotide, it found in foods with wide ranges.
In the year 1926 D. T. Smith and E. G. Hendrick has discovered the vitamin
B2 (Riboflavin). The Max Tisher has invited the method of the vitamin B2
synthesizing.
Role and function of riboflavin
The riboflavin functions as the coenzyme like the thiamine in the
various chemical reactions. It also involved in the conversion of nutrients
Page | 32
into the energy like thiamine. It has required in conversion of vitamin B6 to
its active form and also in tryptophan to niacin or vitamin B3.
Dietary source and deficiency of riboflavin
The yeast spread also rich exceptionally riboflavin it contains about 18
mg in per 100 grams. The eggs, legumes, milk, leafy vegetables, meats,
broccoli and mushroom also god source of the riboflavin. In the developed
country its deficiency is very rare, the alcoholism, poor diet, old age and
lung diseases increases the risk. Its deficiency shows the characters like sore
throat, inflamed tongue and anemia and also eye and skin problems.
B3 Vitamin (Niacin)
The niacin is also called as vitamin B3 in the body it produce other
nutrients like amino acid and tryptophan. The niacin is group of related
nutrients like nicotinic acid and nicotin-amide. The American Conrad
Elvehjem in 1937 discovered the vitamin B3 (Niancin).
i) Nicotinic acid: It is supplements common form it found in animal
and plants sourced foods. The condition niacin flash caused due to
high dose of nicotinic acid supplement.
ii) Nicotin-amide: It also a supplement known as niacin-amide found
in food the compound nicotin-amide has shows the vitamin B3
activity, it found in whey protein and baker’s yeast.
Role and function of niacin
The niacin dietary forms converted into nicotin-amide adenine di-
nucleotide (NAD+) or in the form nicotin-amide adenine di-nucleotide
phosphate (NADP+) it act as coenzymes. The coenzymes function as like
vitamin B in human body and plays essential role in cellular function and act
as antioxidant. It also drive metabolic process called glycolysis the
extraction of energy from sugar (glucose). The niacin found in both plant
and animals,
Dietary source and deficiency of niacin
The pellagra is uncommon niacin deficiency found in developed
countries, its symptoms includes mouth sours, inflamed skin, diarrhea,
insomnia and dementia. It is fatal like other deficiency diseases; the niacin
easily gets by varied diet. The high dose of supplement has cause niacin
flush, nausea, stomach irritation, vomiting and liver damage. The niacin
flush side effect immediate release nicotinic acid supplement, the flush
characterized by chest, neck, face and arms. The nicotinic acid also uric acid
Page | 33
circulating level, the people who predisposed to gout has worsening
symptoms.
B5 Vitamin (Pantothenic acid)
The pantothenic acid is found in all food virtually, the Greek name
‘pantothen’ means the ‘from every side’. It when digested it shows the
multiple forms like coenzyme A, Acyl carrier protein, calcium pantothenate
and panthenol.
i) Coenzyme A: It is commonly occur in food in the digestive tract it
release the pantothenic acid.
ii) Acyl carrier protein: The Acyl carrier protein also found like
coenzyme A in all foods, it also release the pantothenic acid during
the digestion process.
iii) Calcium pantothenate: It is supplement and it is most commonly
occur form of pantothenic acid.
iv) Panthenol: It also supplement it occur as common form of
pantothenic acid.
Role and function of pantothenic acid
In the metabolic function the pantothenic acid plays key role, it required
for formation of coenzyme A which has necessary for fatty acid synthesis,
amino acids, neurotransmitter, steroid hormones and various important
compounds. The pantothenic acid has rich source in yeast extract spread,
chicken, beef, egg yolks, caviar and shiitake mushroom. It also found in root
vegetables, whole grains, broccoli and tomatoes. It also added to breakfast
cereals like vitamin B. The glucose release from glycogen it required this
molecule used as store crabs. It also supports white blood cell formation and
helps synthesize several neurotransmitters.
Dietary source and deficiency of pantothenic acid
The deficiency of pantothenic acid rarely occur in industrialized
countries, it widespread in foods that deficiency is virtually unheard of
expect in serve malnutrition. The high requirement of pantothenic acid
occurs in diabetes people and regularly consume excessive amount of
alcohol peoples. The pantothenic acid deficiency impact occurs on most
organ system, it shows different symptoms like digestive problems,
numbness, irritability, sleep disturbance and restless. The excess dose of
pantothenic acid more than 10grams per day cause digestive discomfort and
diarrhea.
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B6 Vitamin
The vitamin B6 is group of nutrients which required for synthesis of
pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme which is involved in more than hundred
metabolic process. The vitamin B6 shows different forms like pyridoxine,
pyridoxamine and pyridoxal. The vitamin B6 has been discovered by the
Paul Gyorgy in 1934.
i) Pyridoxine: It is found in grains, vegetables and fruits the
supplement and processed food also contains added pyridoxine.
ii) Pyridoxamine: It is used as dietary supplements in United State but
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now consider as
pharmaceutical drug. The animal source food pyridoxamine
phosphate is common form of vitamin B6.
iii) Pyridoxal: The pyriodoxal phosphate is main type of vitamin B6,
in the animal sourced foods in liver and all dietary forms vitamin
B6 converted into pyridoxal 5-phisphate is active from of vitamin.
Role and function of vitamin B6
The vitamin B6 also act as coenzyme in many reactions, it involved in
red blood cell formation also in energy and amino acid metabolism.
Dietary source and deficiency of vitamin B6
The vitamin B6 good sources are chickpeas, potatoes, banana, pork and
tuna. It also added in soya based meat substitutes its availability is higher in
animal food source than plant source. The deficiency symptoms include
confusion and depression, convulsions, anemia and skin rashes, the
deficiency also increased risk of cancer.
B7 Vitamin (Biotin)
The biotin is known as vitamin B7 or historically vitamin H it taken by
people for the nourish hairs, nails and skin. The German word haut means
skin. The biotin found as free or in found with proteins, when the protein
contain biotin and it release after digestion called biocytin. The digestive
enzyme biotinidase breaks biocytin into free biotin and lysine which are the
amino acid.
Role and function of biotin
The biotin is like other all enzyme function as coenzyme, it necessary
for function of five carboxylases enzymes involved in many fundamental
processes. It serves as essential role in fatty acid synthesis, glucose
formation and amino acid metabolism.
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Dietary source and deficiency of biotin
The animal source rich in biotin contains organ meats, fish meat, and
egg yolk and dairy products. In plant source biotin includes leafy green
vegetables, cauliflower, nuts, legumes and mushrooms. The low feed biotin
has risk people take antiepileptic medications infants with Leiner’s disease.
Some people has genetically predisposed to its deficiency.
B9 Vitamin (Folic acid)
It is discovered first time in the yeast but it also isolated from the
spinach leaves. It is called as vitamin B9 or folic acid also foliate, this word
derived by the Latin word ‘folium’ means the ‘leaf.’ This vitamin has
different types like foliate it is family of vitamin B9 compounds which occur
in foods naturally. The other from folic acid is synthetic which commonly
added in processed food as supplement, its high dose causes harm effect. The
L-methyl foliate is another from also known as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, it
is active from of vitamin B9 in the body; it is supplement but healthier than
folic acid. The Lucy Wills discovered the vitamin B9 (folic acid) in 1933.
Role and function of folic acid
The vitamin B9 also act as coenzyme and it is essential for the cell
growth, DNA formation and amino acid metabolism. It also play important
role during rapid cell division and growth such as in inefficiency and
pregnancy, it also important in formation of red and white blood cells so its
deficiency leads to anemia.
Dietary source and deficiency of folic acid
The vitamin B9 deficiency rarely occurs, it associated with other
nutrient deficiency and poor diet. The anemia is important deficiency it has
distinguishable from anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. The
vitamin B9 has found in asparagus, sunflower, legumes, and leafy vegetables.
The yeast spread rich around 3,786 mcg per 100 grams.
Vitamin B9 deficiency rarely occurs on its own. It is usually associated
with other nutrient deficiencies and a poor diet. Anemia is one of the classic
symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency. It is indistinguishable from the anemia
associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Other good sources include leafy
greens, legumes, sunflower seeds and asparagus. Yeast extract spread is
exceptionally rich in vitamin B9, providing around 3,786 mcg per 100 grams.
Folic acid is also frequently added to processed food products.
B12 Vitamin (Cobalamin)
The B12 vitamin is only one vitamin which has contains the metallic
elements cobalt so it also known as cobalamin. The vitamin has four types
Page | 36
like cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and
methylcobalamin. The hydroxocobalamin is occurs naturally widely found in
animal source foods. The all forms are considered as ideal supplement
because of its stability, it found in trace amount in food. The other form like
methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin become most popular supplements.
Role and function of cobalamin
The vitamin B12 also act as coenzyme like other vitamins, its intake
help in brain function and development, neurological function and it also
produce red blood cells. The vitamin B12 help in converting protein and fat
into energy it is important for the cell division and DNA synthesis.
Dietary source and deficiency of cobalamin
The B12 vitamin is occurs in animal sourced foods, it stored in liver so
it aren’t get enough for it take longtime for deficiency symptoms
development. The absorption of vitamin B12 depends on protein produced
by stomach called intrinsic factor. The age of body reduce or stop this
intrinsic factor. The B12 vitamin rich source is meat, sea foods, eggs and
dairy products. The algae like spirulina have contained pseudo vitamin B12.
C Vitamin (Ascorbic acid)
It is water soluble vitamin occur in B category vitamin also known as
ascorbic acid or vitamin C. It require for the collagen synthesis and also one
of main antioxidant of the body. The oxidized form of ascorbic acid known
as de-hydro ascorbic acid.
Role and function of ascorbic acid
The vitamin C is essential for the different body functions, it is
antioxidant defense the body has used antioxidant for the protect itself
against oxidative stress, in collagen formation the vitamin C is necessary for
main protein in connective tissue vitamin C its deficiency affects on skin,
tendons, ligaments and bones. The immunity cell contains high level of
vitamin C during infection its level are quickly depleted.
Dietary source and deficiency of ascorbic acid
The deficiency of vitamin C occurs mostly in Western countries which
follow restrictive diets not eaten fruit and vegetables. The people having
drug addiction and alcoholism are also greater risk. In the deficiency
symptoms it shows fatigue and weakness, scurvy become worse in people it
show spotted skin and inflamed gums. In the scurvy the loss of teeth,
bleeding gum and skin, joint problem, dry eyes, and swelling and impaired
Page | 37
wound healing. Like other vitamin deficiency scurvy is fatal without
treatment. The main source of vitamin C has fruits and vegetables, cooked
animal source food contain virtually vitamin C but low amount found in raw
liver, eggs, fish roe, meat and fish.
Table 1: Vitamin C Needs for humans
Sr. No. Type Stage Months and Years Intake quantity

01 Pediatric Birth 06 Months 40 mg
Infants 06 to12 Months 50 mg
Children 01 to 03 years 15 mg
Adolescent Girls 14 to 18 years 65 mg
Adolescent Boys 14 to 18 years 75 mg
02 Adult Men Over 18 years 90 mg
Women Over 18 years 75 mg
Pregnant Women Over 18 years 85 mg
Breastfeeding women 14 to 18 years 115 mg
Breastfeeding women Over 18 years 120 mg
The vitamin C has been discovered by the Scottish naval surgeon James
Lind in citrus fruits prevents the scurvy. It also rediscovered by Norwegian
researcher’s A. hoist and T. Froelich in 1912. In the year 1935 the vitamin C
has first vitamin which has artificially synthesized this process invented by
Dr. Tadeusz Reichstein of the Swiss institute of Technology in Zurich. The
vitamin C is peculiar in the way the body not store it, it come from foods and
it can consume only. It plays important role in controlling infections and
healing wounds, it has strong antioxidant. It helps for many hormones and
chemical messenger which used in brain and nerves. The vitamin C riches
fruits are orange, kiwi, lemon, grapes, bell paper, amla, tomatoes and
strawberries. The vitamin C riches vegetables are cruciferous vegetables like
cabbage, cauliflower, white potato, broccoli and Brussels sprouts. The
vitamin C destroys by light and heat so high heat cooking temperature break
down it. The ripen fruits contains vitamin C, the low level of it produces
different conditions like high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and
atherosclerosis.
Conclusion
The vitamins minerals and micronutrients have required for the body to
carry out normal function and maintain the body healthy. The green
Page | 38
syntheses has required for the avoiding production of harmful and unwanted
by products through buildup reliable, eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis
process. The vitamins are organic substance which is water soluble or fat
soluble substance. The vitamin A is required for man 900 micrograms and
for women 700 micrograms daily. The vitamin D is required for man 15-20
micrograms and for women 15-20 micrograms daily. The vitamin E is
required for man 15 milligrams and for women 15 milligrams daily. The
vitamin K is required for man 120 micrograms and for women 90
micrograms daily. These all vitamins are fat soluble or non water soluble
vitamins the water soluble or non fat soluble vitamins has required as like
the vitamin B1 or thiamin is required for man 1.2 milligrams and for women
1.1 milligrams daily. The vitamin B2 or riboflavin is required for man 1.3
milligrams and for women 1.1 milligrams daily. The vitamin B3 or niacin is
required for man 16 milligrams and for women 14 milligrams daily. The
vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid is required for man 05 milligrams and for
women 05 milligrams daily. The vitamin B6 or pyridoxal is required for man
1.7 milligrams and for women 1.5 milligrams daily. The vitamin B7 or biotin
is required for man 30 micrograms and for women 30 micrograms daily. The
vitamin B9 or folate is required for man 400 micrograms and for women 400
micrograms daily. The vitamin B12 or cobalamin is required for man 2.4
micrograms and for women 2.4 micrograms daily. The vitamin C or ascorbic
acid is required for man 90 milligrams and for women75 milligrams daily.
The choline is required for man 550 milligrams and for women 425
milligrams daily.
The all water soluble vitamins are play different kind of role in energy
metabolism, it also important for the enzyme functional parts for energy
release and storage process. The vitamins make up part of enzyme it known
as coenzyme this coenzyme and cofactor required for enzyme for catalyze
specific reactions. It also important in catabolic pathway also play important
role in anabolic pathway. The water soluble vitamins B complex and vitamin
C has found in food like cereals, meat, fish, milk, legume, fresh green
vegetables so the good diet is necessary for the healthy life.
References
1. Avantika Sharma. Principle of Therapeutic Nutrition and Dietetics New
Delhi, CBS Publication, 2017.
2. Angelika Llies. Vitamin Diet Suit Washington, Silver Book Publication,
2018.
3. Dr. Rachana Dave. B12 Vitamin Truth behind Deficiency Koni
Bilaspur, Evincepub Publication, 2022.
Page | 39
4. Gopalan C, Sestri BV. Nutrition Values of Indian Foods’ Hyderabad,
National Institue of Nutrition, for Nin Publication, 2019.
5. Heber D. Vitamins, Minerals and Nutrition’ Biochemistry New Delhi,
CBS Publication, 2005.
6. Joshi SA. Nutrition and Deities Noida, McGraw Hill Publication, 2021.
7. Kulkarni ML. Vitamins in Health and Diseases New Delhi, Jayppe
Brothers Medicial Publisher Publication, 2016.
8. Linus Pavling. Vitamin C and Common Cold New York, Baliantine
Book Publication, 1970.
9. Maria Saarela. Functional Food Concept to Product Sawston
Cambridge, Wood head publishing Publication, 2011.
10. Khalid N. Volume 25 and Issue 04 ‘Nutritional and Health Journal’ Los
Angle, Sag Publication, 2019.
11. Srilakshmi. Nutrition Science Biochemistry’ New Delhi, New Age
International Publication, 2021.
12. Sunetra Roday. Food Science and Nutrition New Delhi, Oxford
University Press Publication, 2018.
13. Vasudevam DM, Sreekumari S. Biochemistry New Delhi, Jayppe
Digital Publication, 2007.
14. Wadekar Kiran, Wadekar Pradynaya, Vijay Salunke. Dietary
Supplements and Nutraceuticals’ Pune, Technical Publication, 2018.
Page | 40
Chapter - 4
Application of Textiles in Aerospace Technology
Authors
Annu
M.Sc. Student, Department of Textile and Apparel Designing,
I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Haryana, India
Dr. Mona Verma
Assistant Professor, Department of Textile and Apparel
Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Haryana, India
Dr. Neelam Saini
Instructor, Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C.
College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural
Harmandeep Kaur Toor
M.Sc. Student, Department of Textile and Apparel Designing,
I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural
Page | 41
Page | 42
Chapter - 4
Application of Textiles in Aerospace Technology
Annu, Dr. Mona Verma, Dr. Neelam Saini and Harmandeep Kaur Toor
Abstract
Aerospace textile is one of the most important sectors which is aim to
safe guard the life of an aerospace traveller or astronaut’s life. Aerospace
textile is an area of technical textiles that covers special finished products to
engineered textiles. It includes the textile containing articles for specific
functional requirements to work in aircrafts, space shuttles, lunar and mars
mission, and space transportation. Based on the applications, aerospace
textiles are broadly divided into two sections: Aircraft Textiles and Space
Textiles. These textiles are made by some high-performance fibers and
manufactured fibers i.e. are carbon fibre, ceramic fibre, aramid fibre,
vectranfibre, optical fibre, boron fibre, polyimide fibre, nylon fibre, e-glass
fibre, etc. The design, manufacture and applications of textile composites in
space and aerospace have become one of the most leading aspects in present-
day textiles. Composite materials are one such class of materials that play an
important role in aerospace components. They are particularly attractive to
aerodynamics and aerospace applications because of their exceptional
strength and stiffness-to density ratios and superior physical properties. The
essential properties of textile composites in aerospace applications are high
specific modulus, high specific strength, resistant to chemicals and organic
solvents, good fatigue, thermal insulated and thermal resistant, impact and
stress resistant, better dimensional stability and conformability, low
flammability, non-sensitive to harmful radiations.Textile structures have
many advantages for aerospace applications when compared with other
materials because of their flexible, strong structure with ability to resist to
the extreme conditions and availability to be formed in different
arrangements. The future of textile composites in aerospace is very high with
ever increasing fuel costs and environmental lobbying, commercial flying is
under sustained pressure to improve performance and weight reduction is a
key factor in the equation.
Keywords: Aerospace, aircraft, textiles, composite, high-performance fibers
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Introduction
Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space.
Aerospace is actually a compression of: Aeronautics (the science of flight
within Earth’s atmosphere) and Space flight (the movement of a vehicle
beyond the atmosphere). Aerospace embraces the full spectrum of flight, and
the aerospace industry manufactures the components and equipments for
things that fly. Aerospace textile covers special finished products to
engineered textiles. Aerospace textiles are the textile structures which are
used in aerospace applications such as composites, woven fabrics, isolation
felts, space antennas, space tethers, space shuttle engine components,
sensory systems, parachutes, airbags, space suits and space transportation.
Aerospace textiles differ from the traditional textiles with their unique and
technical usage; so they must be produced in a technical way after much
estimation, basically depends on the extreme conditions in the space. Textile
structures have many advantages when compared with other materials
because of their flexible, strong structure with ability to resist to the extreme
conditions and availability to be formed in different structures. Production of
aerospace textiles requires very intensive processes. From raw material to
finished product every single step should be carried out in a careful
way.Aerospace textile is one of the technological textiles, the production and
use of textiles in space technology has increased day by day.
Fibre-reinforced polymer composites were first used in the 1940s for
their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. The first
generation of composite material consisted of glass fibres in a low-strength
polymer matrix. The potential application of glass fibres was demonstrated
during the late 1940s and 1950s in various prototype aircraft components
and filament-wound rocket motor cases. Composites were gradually
introduced into semi-structural aircraft components during the 1950s and
1960s, such as engine cowling and undercarriage landing gear doors, to
reduce weight and avoid corrosion. A major change in the use of composite
material with the commercial production of carbon fibres.Until the 1970s,
the use of the carbon-fibre composites was limited to semi- structural
components which accounted for less than 5% of the airframe weight.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are another class of composites material
introduced in aircraft and space craft. Fibre-metal laminates (FML) were
developed as damage-tolerant composite materials for aircraft structures
during the 1980s. The carbon fibre composites were used in primary
structures of fighter aircraft such as the Harrier (AV-8B) and Horner (E-18)
and in the tail section of the Boeing 777 during the 1990s. Since 1990
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onwards, new researches are taking place such as use of PCM, reinforced
composite materials which is made up carbon, glass, kevlar fibre, etc.
Use of textiles in aircraft industry
Requirements of aerospace textiles

It is needed to consider incorporating maintainability requirements into
aerospace materials.
1) Washable.
2) Abrasion resistance.
3) Tear resistance.
4) Moisture resistance.
5) UV stabilization.
Classification of aerospace textile
Classification of aerospace textile can be done on the basis application.
The classification can be done as follows:
Fig 1: Classification of aerospace textiles
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Aircraft textiles: Aircraft textile is a term used for both the material
used and the process of covering aircraft open structures.The development of
light-weight, high-temperature resistant composite materials will allow the
next generation of high-performance, economical aircraft designs to
materialize. Usage of such materials will reduce fuel consumption, improve
efficiency and reduce direct operating costs of aircrafts.Various textile
composites are used in aircrafts have predominantly increased properties
such as strength, resistance to heat, chemical and harmful radiations, specific
modulus, etc. Example: Airplanes, seat covers, curtains, carpets, wall
coverings, blankets and headrest covers, etc.
Fig 2: Composite Structure of Airbus A320 / A319

Spacecraft textiles: The clothing used in space crafts is generally called
space suits. When the astronauts leave the surface of earth and travel into the
space, they must be ready to meet the environment available there. Hence,
there is a need for a system to determine, detect and prevent certain level of
radiations, pressures and temperatures encountered by the astronauts to keep
him alive in that environment. It protects the astronauts from heat, cold,
chemical, micrometeoroids, pressure fluctuations and temperature extremes.
Astronaut’s functional clothing should be also lightened. Every kg to be
launched in a spacecraft increases fuel consumption and costs. Space textile
is made up of: Nylon tricot, spendex, urethane-coated nylon, dacron, spectra,
kevlar, nomex, silk, etc.
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Fig 3: Astronauts functional clothing
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Raw materials used in aerospace textiles
Fibre name Properties Application Reviews
Carbon fibre Wang et al., 2018 prepared a chopped carbon fibre
(CF) reinforced silica phenolic resin (Si/PR) aerogel
High temperatures as 2500 nanocomposite through a simple one-pot sol-gel
°C polymerization in a slurry of CF, PR, silane,
Space rockets
Excellent tensile strength hexamethylenetetramine and ethylene glycol.
Space shuttle parts
Electrical conductivity Paul, 2019 manufactured carbon fibre with the help
Aircraft brakes
Heat resistance of the controlled pyrolysis of organic precursors in
Aerospace antennas etc.
Light weightness, etc. the form of fibrous material by removing the
oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen from the precursor.
Carbon fibre is mainly used where lightweight
property is of primary importance.
Ceramic fibre Clauss and Schawaller, 2006 stated that the more
expensive filament fibres which are mainly of the
Heat resistance non-oxide type are used in special aerospace or
High temperatures as 2300 military applications where weight reduction, high
°F Radomes mechanical strength and high thermal resistance is
Thermal shock resistance Space shuttle of extreme importance and justifies the usage of
Lightweight nature Composite fire barriers high priced fibres.
Good tensile strength
Low thermal conductivity
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Kalaiyarasan et al., 2018 statedthat kevlar is
DuPont’s name for aramid fibres. Aramid fibres are
light weight, strong, and tough. Two types of
Aramid fibre Aramid fibre are used in the aviation industry.
Kevlar 49 has a high stiffness and kevlar 29 has a
High modulus
low stiffness. An advantage of aramid fibres is their
High resistance to abrasion Space suit
high resistance to impact damage, so they are often
High chemical resistance Aircraft construction
used in areas prone to impact damage. The main
Low thermal shrinkage Cabin floors
disadvantage of aramid fibres is their general
Non-conductive structure, Helicopter blades
weakness in compression and hygroscopy.
etc.
Ertekin, 2017 stated the use of aramid composites
can reduce the weight by 30% comparing with glass
fibre composite materials. To reduce weight and
improve economic efficiency, generally aramid
composites have been widely used in commercial
aircraft and helicopters.
Vectran fibre High thermal stability at Komorek et al., 2021 stated that frequently used
high temperatures modern reinforcement fibres is vectran fibres,
Moisture Resistant produced from liquid crystal polymer. It is covered
High strength and modulus Airbags with a layer of polyurethane and has much higher
Stable in hostile Aircraft structures tensile strength than steel or aluminium. The tensile
environment strength of vectran equals 1100-3200 MPa and the
High resistant to UV modulus of longitudinal elasticity is equal to 50-103
radiation GPa.
Good chemical stability
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Optical fibre Selm et al., 2010 stated that optical fibers in
different textile technologies brought up a broad
variety of implementations in displays,
High pressure cycling
communication devicesor as sensing in a broad field
High temperature
Aerospace fibre optic of applications, such as medicals, healthcare,
resistance
cables architecture, public premises, stage, fashion design,
Shock and vibration
Space vehicles security and military devices, data communication,
resistant
or aircraft engineering.
Long lifetime
Boron fibre Gorgun et al., 2021 stated that boron fibre are one
of the first fibre with high strength and was used in
Low density the aviation industry. Boron fibres are often used in
High tensile strength and conjunction with an epoxy matrix. The thermal
modulus expansion of boron is close to that of aluminum and
Extreme stiffness there is no potential for galvanic corrosion. For this
Aerospace vehicles
Excellent resistance to reason, boron fibre used in the repair of cracked
buckling aluminum aircraft coatings.
Ability to combine with
organic matrix
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E-glass fibre Preethi and Sahana, 2010 stated that E-Glass or
electrical grade glass was originally developed for
High tensile Strength standoff insulators for electrical wiring. Properties
High heat resistance that have made E-glass so popular in fibre glass and
High dimensional stability Helicopter rotar blades other glass fibre reinforced composite include high
Fire resistance and good Wing tips strength, high stiffness, relatively low density, non-
thermal conductivity Radomes, etc flammable, resistant to heat, good chemical
Good chemical resistance resistance, relatively insensitive to moisture, able to
Corrosion resistance maintain strength properties over a wide range of
conditions, good electrical insulation.
Polyimide fibre Zhang et al., 2018 stated that polyimide fibres are a
type of novel high-performance organic fibre with
an initial modulus higher than 90 GPa and extremely
high tensile strength over 2.5 GPa realizing broad
applications in the fields of electronic, engineering,
Thermoplastic in nature Aerospace components aerospace, and atomic energy industries. PI fibres
are used as reinforcements in preparation of
composite materials.
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Deopura, 2015 stated that during world war II,
Nylon fibre
nylon fabrics were used by the military for
waterproof tents and lightweight parachutes amongst
Strong and elastic ﬁbre
other things. Nylons have a density of 1.14 g/cc.
Good fatigue resistance
They are hygroscopic, but the high crystallinity of
Light weight and soft
the fibre limits the moisture regain of nylons to 4%.
smooth Life jackets
Nylon fibres typically have a glass transition
Good abrasion resistance Parachutes fabrics
temperature (Tg) of 40-55 °C dependent on the
Easy to wash
moisture levels. The melting range of nylon 6 is
Good resistant to
215-230 °C, while for nylon 66 it is between 250
ultraviolet and heat
and 265 °C and these differences result in a higher
temperature stability of nylon 66 as compared to
nylon 6.
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Use of composites
A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more
distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties to
create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the
components acting alone. The use of composites has evolved to commonly
incorporate a structural fibre and a plastic, this is known as fibre Reinforced
Plastics or FRP. The fibre provides the structure and strength to the
composite while a plastic polymer holds the fibre together.
Fig 4: Composition of composites
Properties Advantages Application

 High specific modulus  Lighter in weight  Wings
 High specific strength  Flexible in handling  Engine blades
 Resistant to chemicals  Soft in touch  Aircraft interiors
 Excellent fatigue  Comparable in strength  Wide body wings
resistance with metal  Structural and skin
 Thermal insulated and  Modifiable in size and material of aerospace
thermal resistant shape components
 Low flammability  High-temperature
 Non-sensitive to resistant
harmful radiations
 Better dimensional
stability
Preethi and Sahana, 2010 stated that composites offer ever-increasing

performance and have a fundamental role in aerospace structures. Carbon
fibre reinforced plastic, glass fibre reinforced and boron-reinforced epoxy
composite were used for the skins of the empennages of the U.S. F14 and
F15 fighters. The considerable benefits offered by composites have yet to be
fully exploited and as knowledge and understanding grow, composite
materials will play an increasingly significant role. This will expand not only
as a result of improved material performance, but also as human ingenuity
finds more and diverse areas where composite materials can be beneficially
employed and leveraged.
Quilter, 2004 stated that man-made composite materials, used in the
aerospace and other industries, are carbon- and glass-fibre-reinforced plastic
Page | 53
(CFRP and GFRP respectively) that consist of carbon and glass fibres, both
of which are stiff and strong (for their density), but brittle, in a polymer
matrix, which is tough but neither particularly stiff nor strong. By combining
materials with complementary properties in this way, a composite material
with most or all of the benefits (high strength, stiffness, toughness and low
density) is obtained with few or none of the weaknesses of the individual
component materials.
Use of phase change materials
Phase change materials (PCMs) are able to absorb or release big amount
of energy in latent heat (ΔH) form. The absorbing or releasing of latent heat
energy occurs during solid to solid or solid to liquid phase transitions in a
narrow range of temperature.Phase change technology originates from the
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s) research program
of the 1970s. The aim of this program was to provide astronauts and
instruments with better protection against extreme fluctuation of temperature
in space and since then research work has been carried out by scientists. In
Aerospace the PCM is used in space suits and as a cover protection for
instruments against the severe temperature changes of outer space.
Application of phase change materials
Space
 The PCM technology was developed for astronauts first in 1990.
 PCM insulation material is used in astronaut's suits and gloves to
protect them from the bitter cold temperature in space to make them
comfortable.
Fig 5: Layer of space suit
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Hasan, 2020 stated that phase change materials used in current smart
textile consumer's product. But initially, PCMs were made for application in
space suits to keep warm and gloves to protect astronauts from higher
temperature fluctuations in space. The usefulness of the insulation stems
from micro-PCMs initially created to make warm the gloved hands of space-
strolling astronauts. The material was accepted ideal as a glove liner, to
support during temperature extremes in the space environment. PCM
absorbs, stores and discharges heat in accordance with the various changes in
temperature.
Manufacturing technique used for aerospace textile
1.1 Weaving: Weaving, a fabric manufacturing technique, is most
widely used to produce woven fabrics. This technique is very
suitable for flat panel and 2D laminated composites.Composites
having 2D woven preform exhibit tensile strength and in‐plane
shear characteristics. The plain weave has the ability to resist shear
deformation at some point because it is the most highly interlaced
and tightest woven, though the tight weave can be problematic to
saturate with normally used resins in the composite manufacturing
process. Advantages that make satin weaves important for
applications such as in aerospace include their high tensile and
flexural strengths and minimum thickness.
1.2 Knitting: Knitting is a fabric manufacturing process by
intermeshing loops of yarns.It is considered to offer the most
potential and versatile 3D shapes, which is required in the aerospace
industry.Composites having knitted preforms possess low
mechanical properties. Knitted ceramic composite jet engine vanes
impregnated with silicon carbide by chemical vapour deposition,
rudder tip fairing for mid‐sized jet engine crafts, and electrically
conductive composites are worth a mention for the application of
composite material.
1.3 Braiding: Braiding is a composite preform manufacturing
technique where three (minimum) or more yarns are intertwined to
create a desired architecture. During braiding, each yarn crosses
over the other yarns at an angle of between 0° and 90°. Tri‐axial
braid with axial yarn added along the length of braided preform
increases stiffness, tension, and bending strength of composite
materials. The most common composite applications of braiding
preforms are over‐braided fuel lines, rocket launch tubes, braided
air ducts, and aircraft structures. The braiding preform
manufacturing technique competes well with tape lay‐up,
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pultrusion, and tape winding, owing to design flexibility, damage
tolerance, and low manufacturing cost.
1.4 Non-Woven: A nonwoven preform is produced by laying up
multiaxial layers.To make a multilayer preform, the layers may be
stitched to improve the through thickness strength and damage
tolerance of the materials. Stitching can be carried out by high
performance fibres such as Kevlar, carbon, or glass. Three
dimensional nonwoven composites have been largely successful in
structural applications, including ceramic based and C based
structures. Three-dimensional needle‐punched carbon/carbon (C/C)
and carbon/silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites, for instance, have
been widely used in Airbus aircraft C/C brakes, automobile brake
discs, solid rocket motors, nozzle throats, exit cones, etc.
1.5 3-D Weaving: Three‐dimensional weaving is a promising and
advanced preform manufacturing technique for engineering
materials used in niche applications, such as stiffeners, aircraft wing
joints, rocket nose cones, etc. This technique is similar to 2D woven
preform structures except for the addition of a number of layers and
binder yarns.Composite materials from 3D woven preforms have
some impact resistance and damage tolerance and are delamination
free.
Applications area for aerospace textiles
Application area Description
Aircraft Wing A wing is a type of fin that produces lift while moving
through air or some other fluid. The wings generate
most of the lift to hold the plane in the air.Most aircraft
wings have traditionally been constructed
from aerospace-grade aluminum and, more recently,
composite materials such as carbon fibre. Both these
materials have an extremely high tensile strength,
ensuring that wings can sustain far more than any
conditions seen during any flight.
Aircraft wall covers Aircraft fabric covering is a term used for both the
material used and the process of covering aircraft open
structures. It is also used for reinforcing
closed plywood structures.To provide a light airproof
skin for lifting and control surfaces.To provide
structural strength to otherwise weak structures.To
cover other non-lifting parts of an aircraft to reduce
drag, sometimes forming a fairing.Modern fabric-
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covered designs usually use synthetic materials such
as Dacron and butyrate dope for adhesive.
Evacuation slides An evacuation slide is an inflatable slide used to
evacuate an aircraft quickly. The evacuation slide is a
device folded, packed and installed inside a cabin door
or into an external fuselage compartment. Slides are
made of urethane-coated nylon that is sprayed with gray
aluminized paint.
Aircraft Interior In aircraft and spacecraft, different textile composites

Designing are used to interior designing. From aircraft seat to floor
covering every interior design has involved with textile
composites. Advance technology like
microfibres, nanotechnology, polymer, etc. have
revolutionized the application of textiles in the aircraft
interiors designing.
Aircraft life jacket Emergency safety item for aircraft passengers to be

available on all air transport for all persons aboard.A
lifejacket is typically made of polyester stuffed with
foam cubes, with reflective patches on the front and
back. They are bright, colored orange or yellow, so as to
be spotted easily from a distance.
Pilot Parachute It is effectively contributing in aerospace motion for

men and materials.Parachutes help the safe decent of
person or material from aerospace to ground surface.
Generally, a parachute composes of thin light-weight
fabric, supporting tapes and suspension lines. There are
different textile materials used in parachute. Eg. Cotton,
hemp, flax, silk, linen, nomex, spectra, vectran, decron,
nylon, kelvar etc. parachute flexibility and weather
resistance.
Aircraft Floor cover Aircraft floor cover is a durable utility vinyl floor mat
made to help protect the entire cabin floor. Duracote is a
leading name in aircraft flooring products, engineered
for the aviation market to help enhance appearance and
safety.
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Aircraft seat cover They protect the upholstery from unsightly and smelly
stains. Seat covers are also vital for safeguarding your
vehicle's interior from rips, tears and other
damage.Aircraft seats are typically made from aircraft-
grade aluminum, carbon fiber, or plastic.
Aircraft seat belt Aircraft safety belts are designed to keep passengers in
their seats during minor and catastrophic events, like
turbulence or impacts on the ground. The fundamental
goal of an aircraft seat belt is to save a life if the plane
crashes.Seat belts are woven narrow fabric made
from nylon filament yarns or high tensile polyester
filament yarn.
Aircraft curtains Aircraft curtains serve three major purposes: they block
light in general aviation aircraft. They divide classes of
service on commercial aircraft; they create privacy areas
in flight crew work areas and rest areas.Curtain fabrics
are made of 100% Wool or Nylon in a variety of
weights from 230 to 400 grams per square metre.
They are typically used to prevent heat from escaping

Aircraft blankets hot components; however, they can also be used to
prevent freezing or warming of cold components. The
insulation materials used vary based on environmental
external temperatures, internal operating temperatures,
and more.Thermal insulating blankets are made from
temperature-resistant materials such as silica fabrics,
high-temperature fiberglass, and calcium silicate fiber,
silicone and aluminized fabrics.
Airbags Airplane airbags are located in the seat belts on some
airplanes. They are designed to lessen the impact of
crashes with minor injuries.Nylon textiles such as Nylon
(polyamide) 6,6 are among the most common fabrics
used to weave airbag cushions.
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It is clothing used in space crafts.It is to keep a human
alive on the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum
and temperature extremes.Often worn inside space
crafts as a safety precaution in case of cabin pressure
Space Suit on earth orbit, surface of moon and en-route back to
earth from the moon.A space suit is a complex system
of equipment, specially designed to protect and keep a
person comfortable in the rough environment of outer
space.The suit consists of several layers, and each
layer has different functions. The inner layer is
manufactured by knitting technique for the comfort of
the astronaut. The second and third layers are primarily
made of polyurethane elastic fabric and urethane
coated nylon fabric for pressure balancing (internal
and external). Above these layers, seven layers are
placed for thermal insulation. The outer layer are made
of kevlar and nomex fibres for protection against
electrical charges, particles, UV radiation, and
meteoroids, which are the main threats that astronauts
will encounter in space.
Extra Vehicular Mobility It consist of 14 layers of structures to perform random
Unit function such as thermal resistant, vapour absorbing
and impact resistant layers.The inner layers of the suit
do activities like cooling and ventilation.An EMU
consists of wide operations in it like drink bag,
communication systems, TV camera and lights.
G-suit is being used by the aviators which is made by

G-Suit the composite fibre.It is composed of inflatable
bladders, containing air or liquid that can be
pressurized using a g-sensitive valve and held firm to
legs and abdomen under higher values of g
(acceleration force). It is a tightly fitting trousers worn
by aviators: to control the blood circulation at higher
level of acceleration and to reduce blood flow to lower
side of human body under the influence of acceleration
or deceleration.
Market size
It is estimated that the market for aerospace composites in India
including export potential is likely to reach a value of US$ 302.5 million in
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2023.The global aerospace parts manufacturing market size was estimated at
USD 402.1 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 4.0% from 2022 to 2030.
Conclusion
Aerospace textiles are mainly built to safe guard the life of an aerospace
traveller. Protecting the human body from disaster or the high rays in the
upper layer of the atmosphere and space, which are threat for the life of
human is the ultimate aim of aerospace textiles.Textiles had always played a
vital role in the optimizing aerospace industry. Low weight, high strength,
cost efficiency, safety, etc. parameters can be achieved by more and more
research on the aerospace textile. There is huge scope for research and
development in aerospace to save the life. Textile structures have many
advantages for aerospace applications when compared with other materials
because of their flexible, strong structure with ability to resist to the extreme
conditions and availability to be formed in different arrangements. By using
composite fibre the cost of the material decreases, the strength increases,
weight of the materials decrease. So in the aerospace sector a revolutionary
change can be brought. The development of space and aerospace textiles is a
great boon to the present day textile industry. At present, these kinds of
textiles are making a significant contribution to the increasing market for
textiles. There is scope for lot of research on aerospace textiles and also for
horizontal and vertical growth in aerospace textiles to save the life.
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Chapter - 5
A Review: Knowledge about Adolescent Health
Problems and Programmes in India
Authors
Jyoti Sihag
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Human Development and
Family Studies, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Pinki Nagal
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Devi Lal
University, Sirsa, Haryana, India
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Page | 66
Chapter - 5
A Review: Knowledge about Adolescent Health Problems
and Programmes in India
Jyoti Sihag and Pinki Nagal
Abstract
Adolescents are an important resource of any country. India has the
largest adolescent population in the World. They have successfully passed
the adversaries of childhood and are on their way to adulthood. This is the
stage when physical changes are taking place in their development. On this
way they may face troubles due to lack of right kind of information
regarding their own physical and or sexual development. Going through
physical and sexual development, many adolescents become sexually active
increasingly at early ages. Reproductive health of adolescent girls is crucial
in determining the health of future generations. It is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its
functions and processes. It also improves sexual health, the purpose of which
is the enhancement of life and personal relation, and not merely counseling
and care related to reproductive and sexually transmitted diseases (WHO,
1996).
The health status of an adolescent determines the health status in his/her
adulthood. Many serious diseases in adulthood have their roots in
adolescence. The main health issues faced by the adolescents include:
Mental health problems, early pregnancy and childbirth, (HIV/STI) and
other infectious diseases, violence, injuries, malnutrition and substance
abuse. It is a critical period characterized by neurobiological and physical
maturation leading to enhanced psychological awareness and higher level of
social and emotional interactions with peers and adults. To achieve
wholesome adolescent health, we need to have a multidimensional approach
covering all the adolescent health problems with special emphasis on mental
health, behaviour change communication towards healthy lifestyle and
positive social environment to acquire life skills.
Keywords: Adolescent, reproductive health, diseases, health status, mental
health problems
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Introduction
The World Health Organization defines adolescents as those people
between 10 and 19 years of age. Adolescence is one of the most rapid and
formative phases of human development, and the distinctive physical,
cognitive, social, emotional and sexual development that takes place during
adolescence demands special attention in national development policies,
programs and plans. Reproductive health of adolescent girls is crucial since
it determines the health of future generations to come. With urbanization and
liberal attitudes in contemporary Indian society, there is an increased
likelihood of indulging in sexual proximity at an early age, the burden of
which is usually borne by the female sex. Hence, adolescent girls are at risk
of unwanted pregnancy, reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and also a
spectrum of social and psychological consequences such as discontinuation
of education, forced early marriages, unplanned pregnancies, unsafe
abortions, and depression (Shashikumar et al., 2012).
Each year 3.9 million girls aged 15‑19 years undergo unsafe abortions,
and around 39,000 child marriages happen every day. In the year 2013,
about 60% of new cases of HIV infections among the age group between 15
and 24 years occurred among adolescent girls and young women (The Gap
Report, 2014). According to the National Family Health Survey‑3 data, 2.7%
boys and 8% girls in India reported sexual debut before the age of 15 years
(Sivagurunathan et al. 2015). Therefore, it is imperative to find out ways of
making adolescents aware about safe reproductive and sexual health
practices, making them better equipped to make safe choices.
For adolescents to make informed decisions, Government of India has
incorporated the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH)
services in school curriculum. However, there exist many roadblocks in
providing awareness to adolescents such as patriarchal system of society,
social barriers to discussing with teachers, parents, and elders. Even mothers,
mostly illiterate and ill‑informed themselves, restrict their communication
with daughters to the topic of menstruation only and are reluctant to touch on
issues of safe sex or reproductive wellness. Moreover, they feel that by
addressing these topics, they will end up diluting authoritative parenting and
end up promoting sexual promiscuity.
Another source of information for sexual and reproductive health
education is through peers. A peer is any person with equal standing with
respect to age, who also play a vital role in psychosocial development of
adolescents (Lindberg et al. 2016).Studies have also suggested that peer
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education programs positively motivate their counterparts as are they more
likely to modify their behaviors and attitudes if they receive health messages
from those who face similar concerns and pressures and are not authoritative
figures (Abdi et al. 2013).
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Global Strategy
for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health provide a unique
opportunity for accelerated action for the health of adolescents. Investment
in adolescent health is also essential to achieve the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals and their 169 targets, each of which relates to adolescent
development, health or well‑being directly or indirectly
(http://www.development.un.org).
In India, data on adolescents from national surveys including National
Family Health Survey III (NFHS‑3), District Level Household and Facility
Survey III, and Sample Registration System call for focused attention with
respect to health and social development for this age group. It has therefore
been realized that investing in adolescent health will yield demographic and
economic dividends for India. In view of this, Government of India launched
its first comprehensive program for adolescents, “Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya
Karyakram,” during January 2014, which has a sharp focus on adolescents’
sexual health. The program envisages that all adolescents in India are able to
realize their full potential by making informed and responsible decisions
related to their health and well‑being. India has the largest adolescent
population in the world. In India, the proportion of adolescents is 24.5% in
Uttar Pradesh, 16.3% in Kerala, 19% in Maharashtra and 21% for India
(IIPS and Macro International, NFHS, 2005-2006).
Problems related to adolescent health
The health status of an adolescent determines the health status in his/her
adulthood. Many serious diseases in adulthood have their roots in
adolescence. The main health issues faced by the adolescents include mental
health problems, early pregnancy and childbirth, HIV/sexually transmitted
infection (STI) and other infectious diseases, violence, unintentional injuries,
malnutrition and substance abuse.
Nutritional health
Nutritional status is another aspect that may provide a better insight into
the health situation of adolescents. Adolescents have increased nutritional
requirements demanding diet rich in protein, vitamins, calcium, iodine,
phosphorus and iron due to rapid growth spurt and increased physical
activity. NFHS‑3 data show, in the age group 15-19 years, 47% girls and
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58% boys were thin, 56% girls and 30% boys were anemic, 2.4% girls and
31.7% boys were overweight and 2/1000 adolescent girls and 1/1000
adolescent boys suffer from diabetes. They are also highly prone for eating
disorders such as anorexia nervosa or binge eating due to body
dissatisfaction and depression. Use of mass media is higher among
adolescents (male 88.2% and female 71.5%). It plays an important role in
habit picking and decides their lifestyle pattern. Its influence is clearly
shown in a study from Chennai done in the age group 11-17 years reporting
that 90% eat either food or snacks while watching TV, 82% buy food
products and snacks based on advertisement, 59% skipped outdoor activities
for TV, 42% follows diet, and 42% exercise to get the body like their
favorite media personality. Television viewing in childhood and adolescence
is associated with overweight, poor fitness, smoking and raised cholesterol in
adulthood (Priyadarshini et al. 2013).
Several small scale studies also show that the nutritional status of
adolescents is highly unsatisfactory. A study among 540 school going
adolescents in Mumbai has shown that the mean BMI is 17.9 with 69 percent
having a BMI below the suggested normal level of 18.5. While 4.4 percent
of adolescents have a high BMI of 25 or above suggesting overweight or
obesity, about 20 percent of adolescents suffer from at least one nutrition
deficiency disease (Anil Kumar et al. 2013). A small scale study in South
India (Yerpude et al. 2013) found that 47 percent of adolescents are
malnourished. A recent study in Meerut among 2785 adolescents (Jain et al.
2014) found that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20 percent
and 5 percent in girls and 18 percent and 11 percent in boys respectively.
Maiti et al. (2011), in a study in West Bengal observed that prevalence rates
of underweight, stunting and thinness were 28 percent, 33 percent and 20
percent respectively.
Mental health
Mental health problems are one of the most neglected issues among
adolescent. Mortality and morbidity due to mental disorders in adolescents
increased and topped in recent years. Depression and stress are more
prevalent among school-going adolescent girls. Approximately 40%-90% of
adolescents with depression have a comorbid psychiatric disorder such as
anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, substance abuse, and personality
disorders in the case of adolescents (Malhotra et al. 2015). Anxiety disorders
are also commonly encountered among the adolescent population (Deb et al.
2010). In India, suicide is a leading cause of death among young people as
25% of deaths in adolescent boys and 50%-75% of deaths in adolescent girls
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is due to suicide. Every hour, one student commits suicide in India,
according to the National Crime Records Bureau report in 2015 (Nebhinani,
2018).
A study from Goa, among 16-24 years old, shows 3.9% of youths
reported suicidal behaviors with females four times more prone than males.
This suicidal behavior is independently associated with factors such as
absenteeism, independent decision‑making, premarital sex, sexual abuse,
physical abuse from parents, and mental disorders. In India, suicide among
adolescents is higher than any other age groups, that is, 40% of suicide
deaths in men and 56% of suicide deaths in women occurred in 15-29 years
of age. The prevalence rate of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in
the community has been found to be 6.46%, and in schools, it was 23.33%,
and the reporting systems of psychiatric disorders in children are found to be
inadequate. From the above studies, it is evident that a considerable
proportion of adolescent have mental health problems (IIPS and Macro
International, NFHS, 2005-2006).
Kumar et al. (2014) study revealed that conduct problems (23 percent),
peer problem (13 percent), pro-social behaviour (12 percent) and emotional
problem (12.2 percent) were the commonest. About one fifth that these
problems interfered with home life, friendships, classroom life, leisure
activities. Mental health problems were significantly higher among those
children whose both parents were employed. Rani and Sathiaskaran (2013)
study concluded that 16 percent felt lonely most of the time, 17 percent
could not sleep at night, 32 percent of students reported sadness almost every
day for two weeks or more in a row. It was found that symptoms of mental
health problems are associated with lack of parental and friends support.
Accidents and violence
In India, in 2001-2003, deaths due to injuries constituted nearly 20% of
the total deaths in 5-29 age groups. About 77.5% of adolescents are at risky
behaviors; ignore traffic rules leading to road traffic accidents and deaths, as
reported in a study from Delhi. Sexual abuse is one of the major problems
faced by adolescent girls and boys equally. These problems mostly go
unnoticed as the victim suffers in silence because of fear and social stigma.
This indirectly affects the physical health, mental health, and academic
performance (Maliye and Garg, 2017). Interpersonal problems, and major
depression from urban environment are found in severe clinical symptom
range; violence and aggression proneness, generalized anxiety disorder, and
opponent positional disorder are observed in moderate clinical symptom
range. Bhuskute (2013).
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Reproductive and sexual health
Adolescents have diverse sexual and reproductive health problems.
Even though contraceptive awareness is 94% among girls aged 15–19 years,
only 23% of the married and 18% of the sexually active unmarried girls in
this group used a contraceptive once at least. Teenage pregnancy is one
challenge faced by the world, more likely occurring in marginalized
communities with poverty, lack of education, and employment. The number
of unintended pregnancies every year among adolescent girls in the
developing world is around ten million (WHO). Adolescent pregnancy is one
that has a devastating effect on their mental health. Available data suggest
that adolescent mothers experience severe mental illness such as depression,
both prenatally and postpartum, compared to other adult mothers and their
non‑pregnant peers (Hodgkinson et al. 2010). The rates of depression are
estimated to be between 16% and 44%, which is double the lifetime
prevalence of major depression among non‑pregnant adolescents and adult
women (Kessler, 2003). They are also at risk of developing symptoms of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as they are subjected to community and
interpersonal violence by her partner, neglect, and abuse by a parent
(Kennedy et al. 2006).
Adolescent fertility rates contribute 17% to the total fertility rate in India
and about 14% of births in women aged below 20 were unplanned. Early and
unplanned adolescent pregnancies are highly prone for adverse pregnancy
outcomes such as eclampsia, low birth weight, early neonatal death, and
congenital malformation. In addition, 34% of ever‑married adolescent girls
(15-19 years) reported that they suffered physical, emotional, or sexual
violence inflicted by their partner. There is a remarkable decline in these
rates as age of marriage raises. Hence, early marriage also carries the risk of
subjecting girls to all forms of violence.
In India, 19% girls and 35% boys had comprehensive knowledge about
HIV/AIDS. Only 15% young men and women (15-24 years) reported that
they received family life or sex education. Eventually, due to inadequate
knowledge, they are at greater risk of exposure to unprotected sex, unethical
sexual practice and STIs. In the age group of 15-19 years among those who
had sexual intercourse, 10.5% of girls and 10.8% of boys reported having
STI or symptoms of STI and 0.07% of girls and 0.01% of boys were found
to be HIV positive. The awareness regarding transmission of STIs is low
among adolescents, in addition to social stigma, the diseases were often
undisclosed, left untreated leading to complications such as infertility, pelvic
inflammatory disease and cancer ((IIPS and Macro International, NFHS,
2005-2006).
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Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) Needs of the Adolescent
To support and empower adolescents to successfully manage the above
vulnerabilities they require adequate access to a range of preventive,
promotive and curative services aimed at improving their knowledge and
awareness of their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. Such
services could be mental health support, substance misuse assistance,
assistance in detection and prevention of injuries and violence.
To optimally address the SRH needs of the adolescents, the UNFPA
(Supplement to Background Paper on Sexual and Reproductive Health and
Rights: An Essential Element of Universal Health Coverage, 2019)
recommends the following package of health services as essential-
 Prevention and treatments of HIV and STI (Sexually Transmitted
Infection).
 Safe abortion services.
 Detecting and preventing sexual and gender-based violence (GBV).
 Antenatal, childbirth and postnatal care.
 Counselling and services for infertility.
 Detecting, preventing and managing reproductive cancers.
 Counselling and services for sexual health and well-being.
 Comprehensive sex education.
 Counselling and services for modern contraceptives.
The challenges in making SRH services available and accessible
For adolescents to adequately utilize the SRH services, they need to be
available and accessible. For services to be available there should be special
clinics designated to address their needs. These clinics need to be staffed by
healthcare providers who are purpose-trained to deal with the SRH needs of
the adolescents. The range of services provided by these healthcare providers
must comprehensively address the needs of adolescents. These clinics should
be equitably distributed such that their services are available to all who
require access to them. Even if these services are available, to adequately
utilize them, the adolescents may face several barriers in accessing them.
Some of these barriers can be:
1. Awareness barrier: Teenagers have difficulties accessing SRH
services since they are not aware of them. Services are always used
to a lesser extent if people are unaware of them. People are ignorant
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of the existence of these clinics. Teenagers' lack of health literacy
regarding their SRH needs, such as menstruation, STIs,
contraception, etc., is another hurdle. Due to this ignorance and the
shame associated with these ideas in different cultures, people are
ignorant of the services related to them and do not use them. Gender
is a factor that affects a person's risk-taking and health-seeking
behaviours within this ignorance. It intersects with other factors
which lead to inequalities in accessing healthcare, such as economic
dependence, patriarchal structures, the burden of domestic roles and
responsibilities, limited influence over resources (Gender and
Health, 2019). Oftentimes girls are discouraged from using or not
told about services due to the aforementioned reasons.
2. Distance barrier: These services may also require them to travel
long distances. This causes a great issue in accessing these services
(World Health Organization, 2013).
3. Acceptability barrier: Oftentimes adolescents may feel
uncomfortable or unwilling to access services due to fears related to
judgment, maintenance of privacy and confidentiality, and
discomfort that they experience with the healthcare provider. They
may not be able to communicate freely about their needs with the
healthcare provider. If the adolescent feels unwelcome, likely, they
would not utilise the services (World Health Organization, 2013).
They want to be treated with respect and dignity. The
aforementioned characteristics determine the friendliness and
acceptability of services provided to the adolescents, and hence
their propensity to utilise the available services.
Challenges in addressing SRH needs in India
Socio-economic gradient, gender disparities and cultural norms when
coupled with limited access to information generate varied experiences of
accessing healthcare services for different groups of adolescents. There is a
need to make this experience equitable to all adolescents such that those who
require these services the most can access them. In making this happen, there
are several challenges related to availability and accessibility factors.
Some of these are:
1. Adequate training of healthcare providers: Healthcare
professionals need to be well-trained in order for services to be
offered. According to empirical investigations, not all of them have
the necessary training to deal with teenage requirements. According
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to a study done in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, the
discomfort of healthcare professionals in providing SRH services to
young people may be a significant barrier. Most employees felt
awkward discussing SRH needs with young men and single young
women.
2. Awareness barrier: Many adolescents, particularly girls,
experience obstacles to their healthy development into adulthood as
a result of a number of factors, such as structural poverty, a lack of
knowledge, unfavourable social norms, inadequate education, a lack
of vocational training, and parents who are unaware of the services
and clinics that are available (Ministry of Family and Health
Welfare, 2014). Marriage, before the legal age of 18 years, is an
important factor that affects the health of girls in India. According
to NFHS-3, 47% of the currently married women, aged 20-24, were
married on or before 18 years of age. Of the respondent girls, who
were 15-19 years old at the time of the survey, 27% were married
compared to less than 3% of the boys in the same age group. Right
to health as curtains individuals’ right to bodily autonomy, which is
central to SRH, once married, girls are restricted to their households
and not given autonomy, bodily or otherwise.
3. Acceptability barrier: Privacy concerns, coupled with judgmental
staff passing moralistic comments discourage an individual from
accepting the services (Population Council, 2014). Several times,
the routine hospitals do not entertain adolescents coming alone,
especially when they have issues regarding sexual and reproductive
health. Most hospitals require the parent to accompany them and/ or
to permit any procedure or testing as per the legal requirement
(Health and Physical Education Class 9, 2019). A focused group
discussion also indicated that stigma attached to SRH services
hinders adolescents from utilizing these services (Nair et al., 2013).
4. Distance barrier: Findings from a focused group discussion
suggest that facilities requiring adolescents to travel long distances
discourage them from utilising services (ibid.).
Substance abuse
Young people are recognised as a vulnerable group having a greater
chance of engaging in high risk behaviours including substance use. Several
surveys in the country have shown that the extent of use of various
substances ranging from tobacco and alcohol to more harmful drugs is
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generally high among youth. Some studies show an increasing trend in the
use of harmful substances in many states. Also there are inter-state and
socio-economic variations in the extent of substance use among young
people (Anil Kumar et al, 2014). A study defined ever use of tobacco was a
little higher than 3 percent. Majority were exposed to passive smoking at
home. About 30 percent reported procuring tobacco products for their
parents (Vidhubala et al. 2014). Another study conducted in Karnataka
which find tobacco use was 20 percent among boys and 0.4 percent among
girls. Prevalence is associated with age and education. Family situation
regarding tobacco use, peer pressure, curiosity were other important
correlates. (Hemagiri et al. 2011).
Baba et al. (2013) concluded that Ever use is about 25 percent. Failure
of love affair, family discord and peer pressure significant factors.
Ningombam et al. (2011) results revealed that ever use of alcohol is 29
percent, cannabis 14 percent and opiates is 12 percent. Boys and those
having family history are more likely to use.
NFHS‑3 data show, in the age group 15–19, about 11% of adolescent
boys and 1% of adolescent girls had consumed alcohol, in that 3% consume
it daily. About 29% boys and 4% girls use some kind of tobacco. The
average age at tobacco use initiation was earliest at 12.3 years and alcohol
usage at 13.6 years among adolescents. About 11% of cannabis users were
introduced to it before the age of 15. Initiating cannabis at this age is
strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia spectrum
disorders in adulthood (Maliye and Garg, 2017).
Adolescent health care programs in India
There are many healthcare programs under various ministries to address
the problems of adolescents, namely, Kishori Shakti Yojana, Balika
Samridhi Yojana, Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent
Girls, “SABLA”, Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram, and Adolescent
Reproductive Sexual Health Programme (ARSH).
Kishori Shakti Yojana
A special intervention for adolescent girls using the Integrated Child
Development Scheme (ICDS) was put into operation from November 1991.
It aims to break the cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantage to provide a
supportive atmosphere for self‑development. All unmarried adolescent girls
(11-*18 years) whose family’s income is below Rs. 6400 per annum in the
rural areas are the beneficiaries of the program. Services provided are
educational activities through non-formal and functioned literacy pattern,
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immunization, general health checkup every 6 months, treatment for minor
ailments, deworming, prophylaxis measures against anemia, goiter, vitamin
deficiencies, etc., referral to public health center (PHC)/district hospital in
the case of acute need, and convergence with Reproductive Child Health
Scheme (http://www.wcd.nic.in/kishori‑shakti‑yojana).
Balika Samridhi Yojana
It was launched by Government of India in 1997. The goals are to
improve enrollment and retention rates for girl students in schools, to raise
the marriageable age for girls, to help girls engage in income-generating
activities, and to change negative family and community attitudes toward the
girl child at birth and toward her mother. These initiatives are carried out in
both rural and urban areas. The target population consists of girls from low-
income homes who were born on or after August 15, 1997.The benefits are
restricted to two girl children in a household irrespective of number of
children in the household (Maliye and Garg, 2017).
Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls, “Sabla”
The scheme is implemented using the platform of ICDS through
Anganwadi centers. It focuses on all out‑of‑school adolescent girls. The
objectives are to enable the adolescent girls for self‑development and
empowerment, to improve their nutrition and health status, promote
awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, reproductive/sexual health,
family/child care, upgrade home‑based skills, life skills, and tie up with
National Skill Development Program (NSDP) for vocational skills,
mainstreaming out‑of‑school adolescent girls into formal/nonformal
education and to provide information about existing public services
(PHC/community health center/Post Office/Bank/Police Station). Services
provided are nutrition provision of 600 calories, 18-20 g of protein and
micronutrients per day for 300 days in a year, iron and folic acid
supplementation, health checkup and referral services: Kishori Diwas,
Nutrition and Health Education (NHE), counseling/guidance on family
welfare, ARSH, child care practices and home management, life skill
education and accessing public services and vocational training for girls aged
16 and above under NSDP (Maliye and Garg, 2017).
Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched Rashtriya Kishor
Swasthya Karyakram on January 7, 2014 for adolescents (10-19 years) with
an objective to focus more on continuum of care for adolescent health and
developmental needs. The main strategies are community‑based
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interventions, facility‑based interventions, and social and behavior change
communication with focus on interpersonal communication
(http://www.rksklaunch.in/rksk‑strategy.html).
Adolescent Reproductive Sexual Health Program
The package of services provided to all adolescent married/unmarried
girls and boys under reproductive and child health II are promotive services,
preventive services, curative services, referral services, and outreach
services. The package of health services through adolescent‑friendly health
services clinic are monitoring of growth and development, monitoring of
behavior problems, offer information and counseling on developmental
changes, personal care and ways of seeking help, reproductive health
including contraceptives, STI treatment, pregnancy care and post-abortion
management, voluntary counseling and testing for HIV, management of
sexual violence and mental health services including management of
substance abuse (National Rural Health Mission, 2006).
Conclusion
To achieve wholesome adolescent health, we need to have a
multidimensional approach covering all the adolescent health problems with
special emphasis on mental health, behavior change communication toward
healthy lifestyle, and positive social environment to acquire life skills.
Nutritional status is generally considered to have an implication for one’s
health. But the general perception that young people are healthier than others
results in ignoring this aspect. Research evidence clearly shows that the
nutritional situation of adolescents is far below any acceptable level.
Adolescent‑friendly clinics need to be widely established throughout India
and should achieve universal coverage. Screening of adolescent on regular
basis could be an effective tool to control the existing disease and to update
occurrence of any new diseases. Empower and involve adolescents in
decisions that affect them and facilitate them with every opportunity for
developing into a successful adult. Offering such opportunities to the
growing children gives them a chance to build a safe, happy, healthy, and
productive nation in the future. Nation‑ and State‑wise detailed investigation
and reports on adolescent’s health issues is the need of the hour. This will
help to create better awareness among the stakeholders about the importance
of strengthening adolescent health services under a single agency to meet
their felt needs.
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Chapter - 6
Role of Diet in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
(PCOS)
Author
Dr. Deshmukh Kanchan Samish
Assistant Professor, Women’s College of Home Science &
B.C.A, Loni (Kd), Rahata, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
Page | 83
Page | 84
Chapter - 6
Role of Diet in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Dr. Deshmukh Kanchan Samish
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine
disorder in females of reproductive age; PCOS is a condition that affects
women’s ovaries. It is caused by an imbalance of a woman’s sex hormones
which may lead to menstrual cycle change, overweight unwanted hair
growth, Infertility etc. PCOS is affecting young girls in their reproductive
age due to the adoption of unhealthy eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle,
therefore there is need to evoke awareness in the society on the ways to
combat this disease. Women with PCOS are at a higher risk for a number of
illnesses, including high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer
of the uterus (endometrial cancer) and breast cancer. Knowing the right
foods to eat as well as the kinds of food to limit can improve PCOS
symptoms, therefore the main object for presenting this article is to evoke
awareness in the society about PCOS and provide clear guideline for what to
eat or not to eat.
Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), diet, lifestyle disorder
Introduction
As per World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 116
million women (3.4%) are affected by PCOS worldwide, with its prevalence
in our country being estimated to range from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent, i.e. 2 out
of 10 women in India suffer from PCOS (Ganie, M.A, et al. 2019, Bulsara, J.
et al. 2021). According to a study conducted in Southern India and
Maharashtra, about 9.13% of menstruating women in those regions suffer
from PCOS, while 22.5% have PCOD (UNICEF).Though globally it has an
alarming incidence, its diagnosis is difficult as it manifests as a spectrum of
symptoms than a specific one. It is primarily characterized by an extremely
irregular menstrual cycle in which ovulation may not occur (Azziz R et al.
2004).
PCOS is on a rise among the adolescent girls now days, due to
unhealthy lifestyle practices, therefore there is need to evoke awareness in
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the society on the ways to combat this disease. Women with PCOS are at a
higher risk for a number of illnesses, including high blood pressure, diabetes,
heart disease and cancer of the uterus (endometrial cancer) and breast cancer
(Stöppler, 2010).
Nearly 50% of women with PCOS are overweight or obese. Improving
your diet and exercise program by making lifestyle changes may reduce your
risk for developing chronic diseases associated with PCOS such as diabetes,
heart disease and endometrial cancer (www.mckinley.illinois).
According to Dr. G Ganguly Mukherjee (2007) there are two main
reasons for the increase of PCOS diagnoses in Indian women: the adoption
of unhealthy eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Whereas older
generations of Indian women eat traditional, lower calorie foods with less
sugar, many young Indian girls today eat a steady diet of junk food. When
these bad habits are combined with an extremely aggressive academic load,
young girls simply cannot burn off the increased calories to maintain a
healthy weight.
Diet and exercise are important parts of managing PCOS. This is
because young women with PCOS often have higher levels of insulin (a
hormone) in their blood, and many have trouble maintaining a healthy
weight. Knowing the right foods to eat as well as the kinds of food to limit
can improve the way you feel. It will also help you lose weight. Eating well,
staying active and maintaining a healthy weight (or losing even a small
amount of weight if you’re overweight) can improve PCOS symptoms
(Phaedra Thomas et al.).
Considering above researcher’s reviews eating well can help manage
some of the long-term complications of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS), therefore the main object for presenting this article is to evoke
awareness in the society about PCOS and provide clear guideline for what to
eat or not to eat.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is a condition that affects women’s ovaries. It is caused by an
imbalance of a woman’s sex hormones which may lead to:
 Menstrual cycle changes.
 Skin problems such as acne.
 Increased hair growth on the face and body.
 Cysts in the ovaries.
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 Trouble getting pregnant.
 Ovaries in an ultrasound may look enlarged and contain many
“small cysts” located.
On the outer edge of each ovary.
 Failure in the release of eggs from the ovary.
 Higher level of male hormones than normal or male hormones that
are more active than normal.
Why PCOS happens?
The cause is not yet known, but mostly It may be genetic since women
with PCOS are likely to have a mother or sister with PCOS. Or seen in
families where members are suffering from diabetes, high cholesterol and
obesity. PCOS affects up to 10 percent of women.
How can PCOS be diagnosed?
No single test can show that you have polycystic ovary syndrome
(PCOS). Your doctor will talk to you about your medical history, do a
physical exam and run some tests.
Physical exam: During your physical exam, your doctor will note
several key pieces of information and ask you a lot of questions about your
menstrual cycle and your general health including your height, weight and
blood pressure.
Pelvic exam: During a pelvic exam, your doctor visually and manually
inspects your reproductive organs for signs of masses, growths or other
abnormalities.
Blood tests: You will most likely need to have a blood test to check
your hormone levels, blood sugar, and lipids (including cholesterol).
Ultrasound: You may have a pelvic ultrasound, which might show
enlarged ovaries with small cysts. These are signs of PCOS. But many
women with PCOS don't have these signs.
Symptoms of PCOS
 Irregular periods.
 Excessive facial and body hair (hirsutism).
 Weight gain.
 Problems in getting pregnant.
 Acne.
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 Hair fall and hair thinning.
 Insulin resistance-means the inability of body to use insulin
effectively. This will result in high blood insulin levels causing
PCOS.
PCOS and weight gain
If you have PCOS, your body makes too much androgen. Androgen is
often called the "male hormone", but small amounts are made in women’s
bodies too. If your body makes too much androgen, it can lead to weight
gain, especially around the belly area.
This type of weight gain can increase the risk of:
 High cholesterol
 High blood pressure
 High blood sugar
 High triglycerides
 Heart disease
 Diabetes
Tips for maintaining a healthy weight with PCOS
Nearly 50% of women with PCOS are overweight or obese. Improving
your diet and exercise program by making lifestyle changes may reduce your
risk for developing chronic diseases associated with PCOS such as diabetes,
heart disease and endometrial cancer.
Currently there is no scientific evidence to support one particular diet
for PCOS. Evidence-based recommendations suggest that women with
PCOS should focus on balance and moderation.
Recommended lifestyle changes include
 Weight loss of 5-10% if overweight or obese in 3 months.
 Decreased caloric intake if weight loss is desired.
 Decreased intake of enriched carbohydrates.
 Increased fiber intake including fruits, vegetables, and beans.
 Decreased fat intake, particularly saturated fat.
 Smaller, more frequent meals (every 3-4 hours) to help control
blood glucose levels.
 Balanced meals including carbohydrates, protein and fat.
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 At least 150 minutes of moderate or vigorous activity per week for
diabetes prevention.
Diet for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is a complex constellation of endocrine and metabolic
interactions that create an unbalanced hormone profile resulting in ovarian
hyper stimulation. Fortunately, it has been shown that improving baseline
nutrition and losing weight (if needed) can do a lot to improve both the
symptoms and the underlying disorder. Focusing on a higher protein and
lower carbohydrate nutrition profile is important. Making primarily plant-
based food choices and changing your eating patterns to regular small meals
with healthy snacks between can re-establish a balanced blood sugar and
hormonal response leading to improved fertility.
Important changes
Reduce sweets and sweeteners
 Foods containing too much sugar cause rapid spike in your blood
sugar levels, placing unnecessary stress on your body. Over time
this leads to the development of insulin resistance syndrome.
Insulin Resistance Syndrome is condition marked by poor blood
sugar control. Insulin resistance is a major factor that drives PCOS.
This blood sugar control problem affects most women suffering
PCOS, even when they are not overweight.
 Hence avoid refined carbohydrates such as soft drinks (soda), ice
cream, cookies, cakes, chocolate, sweets and processed breakfast.
 Avoid foods containing sugar compounds such as high-fructose
corn syrup, sorbitol, fructose, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt &
glycerol.
 Avoid foods containing harmful artificial sweeteners.
 Stevia is a natural sweetener that can be used freely. Small amounts
(1-2 tsp) of raw honey or maple syrup are also ok 2-3 times a week.
Eliminate processed grain products
 Avoid Chinese food, pasta, crackers, breads, wheat, white rice, and
all other processed flour products.
 Potatoes are also best mostly eliminated as their starch is converted
to sugar very quickly in the body.
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 After 3 weeks on this diet, high fiber non-wheat crackers, gluten
free (sugar free) breads or whole grain rice cakes can be used 1-2
times a week.
Choose better fats
 Too much saturated and trans fat in the diet can lead to weight gain,
high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
 Limit foods that contain saturated and trans fats. Instead of these
bad fats, choose smaller amounts of healthy unsaturated fats, which
are found in vegetable oils like canola and olive oil, avocado and
nuts.
 A healthy diet includes a small amount-30 to 45 mL (2 to 3 tbsp.)-
of unsaturated oil and fat each day.
 Corn, soy, cottonseed and grape seed oils should be avoided.
Reduce unhealthy fats
 Eliminate packaged baked goods, deep fried foods, high fat dairy
products like cream and sour cream and margarine.
Eating more fiber
 Eating more fiber can help maintain blood sugar levels and lower
your cholesterol.
 Plus, fiber helps make you feel full, so you tend to eat less. This can
help with weight control. Aim for 21 to 25 grams per day. Here are
some high fiber foods to try:
 Fruit-especially consume vitamin C-rich food by eating plenty of
fruits like orange, lemon, sweet lime, grape fruit, and grapes. Eat
whole fruit instead of fruit juice will maintain insulin and blood
sugar levels.
 Vegetables-especially green vegetables as it contains a lot of folic
acid in them. Folic acid is often advised by gynecologists to women
who are planning to conceive or who are pregnant.
 Whole grains-Eat wholegrain foods instead of processed, refined
foods such as wheat flour (Maida).
 Legumes-Eat such as lentils, chickpeas, soybeans and kidney beans.
Enjoy protein
 Similar to fiber, protein also helps you feel full for longer, so you
will eat less. This is a great way to help control your weight.
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 Make sure that you have some protein at every meal and snack.
 Instead of always choosing meat, you can also try chicken or fish.
or try vegetarian options such as legumes, raw seeds and nuts,
Finger Millet (Nachani), Soya paneer and other soy products,
lentils, chickpeas, black beans and all other beans.
 Milk and low-fat yogurt are also good sources of protein.
Optimal habits
Make breakfast: Avoid the breads and coffee, and eat a cooked, warm
breakfast that includes some fruit or vegetable and protein. If you are rushed,
prepare breakfast the night before and heat it in the morning.
Eat substantial snacks: Plan ahead with humus with raw vegetables,
rice cakes with nut butter, raw almonds, fresh fruit, raw nuts and seeds, spelt
flatbreads. Eliminate chips, bready treats, sugar, coffees and cold drinks.
Don’t go hungry: Eat every 2-4 hours. Getting over-hungry leads to
poor food choices and wreaks havoc with insulin control. Start with
breakfast and schedule small snacks between moderate meals for best blood
sugar regulation.
Sit down and eat. Eat consistently, quietly and chew a lot (35 times per
bite is recommended by macrobiotics.) Eat comfortably and enjoy your
meal. Don’t walk, read, stand or do other activities while eating. Give
yourself at least 15 minutes down-time to relax and enjoy your meal.
Be active
Try to get at least 2 ½ hours of exercise each week. Start with 10
minutes of activity and work up to longer times as your body adjusts. Even if
you don’t lose weight, exercise can help control your blood sugar and
cholesterol levels and lower your risk for heart disease and diabetes.
Bottom line
There is no specific diet that can prevent or treat PCOS. However,
eating well and being active can help manage some of the long-term
complications of PCOS. An eating plan that is high in fiber and low in
saturated and trans fat can help lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Conclusion
Overall, diet and regular physical activity help to improving fertility and
reproductive health in women with PCOS.
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References
1. Azziz R, et al. The prevalence and features of Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome in an un selected population. Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
2004 Jun;89(6):2745-2749.
2. Bulsara J, Patel P, Soni A, Acharya S. A review: Brief insight into
Polycystic Ovarian syndrome. Endocrine and Metabolic Science.
2021;3:100-085.
3. Dr. Gita Ganguly Mukherjee, et al. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology
by Gita Ganguly Mukherjee, Basab Mukherjee, Sudip Chakravarty,
Bhaskar Pal, 2007, 217.
4. Farshchi H, Rane A, Love A, Kennedy RL. Diet and nutrition in
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): pointers for nutritional
management, 2007.
5. Ganie MA, Vasudevan V, Wani IA, Baba MS, Arif T, Rashid A.
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic
ovary syndrome in India. The Indian journal of medical research.
2019;150(4):333.
6. Minisha. by www.fitnessvsweightloss.com, PCOS Diet for Indian
Women, How to Deal with PCOS, 2013.
7. Phaedra Thomas et al. booklet/Center for Young Women’s Health
Boston Children’s Hospital League/www.youngwomenshealth.org.
8. Stöppler MC. PCOS, 2010, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2011, from
Medicine Net:
http://www.medicinenet.com/polycystic_ovary/article.htm#symptos.
9. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/india/stories/do-pcod-and-pcos-mean-
same-thing-or-are-they-different.
10. www.eatrightontario.ca. Women's Health issues Nutrition tips for
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
11. www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/pcos. Nutrition Therapy for
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
12. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/...diagnosis).
13. www.webmd.com/.../tc/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos.
14. www.thewrightdoctor.com/...2/nutrition-for-polycystic-ovaries-pcos-
pcod/.
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Chapter - 7
Quality of Life of Performing Artist in Odisha: A
Study in Health & Psychological Perspective
Authors
Roja Ghosh
Research Scholar, P.G Department of Home Science, Rama
Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Dr. Sarita Mishra
Assistant Professor, P.G Department of Home Science, Rama
Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Chapter - 7
Quality of Life of Performing Artist in Odisha: A Study in
Health & Psychological Perspective
Roja Ghosh and Dr. Sarita Mishra
Abstracts
This study aims to assess the quality of life of performing artists in
Odisha, India, from a health and psychological perspective. Using a mixed-
methods approach, including surveys and in-depth interviews, the study
explores various factors that affect the physical, mental, and social well-
being of performing artists in the region. The study also identifies the
challenges faced by these artists in their professional and personal lives and
examines the coping mechanisms employed by them. The findings suggest
that performing artists in Odisha face a range of challenges related to health,
finances, and social support, which affect their quality of life. The study
provides insights into the needs and aspirations of these artists and proposes
recommendations to improve their quality of life, including access to
healthcare, financial assistance, and community support. The study
highlights the importance of recognizing the contribution of performing
artists to society and promoting their well-being.
Keywords: Quality life, performing art, health, psychological
I. Introduction: The Concept
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as
"an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the
culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals,
expectations, standards and concerns". Standard indicators of the quality of
life include wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental
health, education, recreation and leisure time, social belonging, religious
beliefs, safety, security and freedom. QOL has a wide range of contexts,
including the fields of health care, politics and employment. Health related
QOL (HRQOL) is an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health.
Nutritional status was defined as “a physiological state of an individual,
which results from the relationship between nutrient intake and
requirements, and from the body's ability to digest, absorb and use these
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nutrients. In fact the artist requires continuous practice and energy
consumption of the body parts for a long period of time. The performing
artist has to follow certain dietary guidelines to preserve the beauty and
maintenance of health. In fact it is evident that most of the famous dancers
are dies with many deadly diseases as their quality life has not been
maintained. So to protect the performing artists the study has to been
undertaken to understand the quality life, food habit and challenges of
performing artist’s life style. This book chapter focuses on studying the
performing artists in relation to quality life, nutritional status and
socioeconomic status, weight loss behavior, eating behaviour, psychological
risk tends to cover a variety of areas such as physical, mental, psychological,
social and spiritual well-being and general limitations. This study is designed
to make a survey on three major dimensions of performing artist’s i.e.-
Quality life of performing artists, Health profile and food habit in relation to
nutritional status and socio economic profile. Quality of life refers to the
degree to which an individual leads a healthy life, comfortable and able to
participate or enjoy life events and the Nutritional status was defined as “a
physiological state of an individual, which results from the relationship
between nutrient intake and requirements, and the body's ability to digest,
absorb and use these nutrients. Socio - economic status is a way of
describing people based on their education, income, and type of job. The
challenges for Indian performing artist forms sustaining their place in
today’s world. The many complex factors involved in this question include
the potential dilution of tradition by innovation and fusion, effects of
institutional learning vs. the guru-shishya parampara training, the waning
interest and attention spans of audiences raised on television and computer-
based information technology, and problems of earning a living as a
Performing artist in a market-driven economy. The survival of classical
dance in India has probably not been so endangered since the Victorian
British passed their Anti-Nautch Laws, yet, to use a well-known quotation,
“News of my death has been greatly exaggerated.” The performing arts
range from vocal and instrumental music, dance and theatre to pantomime,
sung verse and beyond. They include numerous cultural expressions that
reflect human creativity and that are also found, to some extent, in many
other intangible cultural heritage domains.
II. Types of performing arts of India
The four major performing arts of India are dance, music, theatre and
film. Following are the types of Performing Arts of India: Dance, Music,
Media art and Theater.
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1. Dance
Dance, as a performing art, has evolved over centuries, as has the
relationship between choreographers (generators) and dancers (interpreters).
Throughout dance history, choreographers have created dances based on the
style and tradition of their time. Indian Dance dates back to the earliest Indus
Valley Civilization. It is traced on carved stones which the earliest Indian
civilization gave importance to diverse forms of Dance. Dance when
combined with song and storytelling, dance metamorphosed into theatre.
The different dance form of India offers scintillating experiences to the
viewers. Along with the major dance forms like Bharatnatyam,
Mohiniyattam, Koodiyattam, Kathakali, Kuchipudi and Odissi, some other
local and tribal versions of dances are also practiced in India. Kathakali
gained much eminence from the universal community. Chakyar Kootthu, a
dance practiced in Northern Kerala is accepted by the United Nations.
The Kathak style started in northern India and stressed on musical
footwork. Manipuri of Manipur uses elegant turning and winning in its
dances.
2. Drama
It may be staged on any kind of stage: proscenium stage or open stage.
Traditional 'Jatra' in Odisha, for example, was staged on a theatre-in-the
round around which the audience sit and view the play. Its difference from
dance is that the drama has a plot, i.e. a series of events based on meaningful
narratives leading to a structural unity. Each part of the plot is related to the
other parts in such a way that if any one part is dropped, displaced or
removed the whole plot may mean something else or may become
meaningless. The plot can be divided into episodes, which can again be
divided into actions. There are dramatic characters to play various roles in
the play as required by the plot. Actors play out these roles of the characters.
The dialogue or the monologue or even the soliloquies are meant for an
audience. A drama must have a well-knit plot with some characters and
actions. Gita Natya or Dance drama has dramatic plot but the whole theme is
narrated through dance.
3. Music
Evolution of Indian Music goes back to the Vedas. Two types
of classical music, Carnatic and Hindustani have been commenced following
the 5th century and had been influenced by Bhakti traditions. Other varieties
of Indian Music are the folk, popular and pop. Indian filmy music and
Punjabi pop (Bhangra) are considered as world-class melodic genres.
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The Muslims aggressors influenced the Hindustani instruments, styles and
schools of performance.
4. Media arts
According to the NEA (2015), media arts include screen-based projects
presented via film, television, radio, audio, video, the Internet, interactive
and mobile technologies, video games, trans media storytelling, and satellite,
as well as media-related printed books, catalogs, and journals
(http://arts.gov/artistic-fields/media). Performing artists engage in all but the
printed media. The performers are usually actors; however, musicians,
dancers, and opera singers can participate in any of these media arts. The
generators in media arts includes screenwriters who write for films, and
writers who create for television and radio. Unique to television, show
runners are both the creators (writers) and the producers of the show. In film,
producers/directors often generate the idea for a film; however, many other
people join the creative team, including screen writers and casting directors,
who select the talent (actors) that will perform in the film. The creation of
film (motion pictures) usually involves several stages: Development,
Preproduction, Production, Postproduction, and Distribution. The “talent”
includes the actors, designers, and the crew. In small budget films, it may be
one person who produces, directs, acts, films and edits the motion picture;
however, most films require at least a few skilled individuals. Actors, set and
costume designers, camera operators, sound technicians, editors, and
producers who finance and seek distribution options are all integral
participants in filmmaking (Nelmes, 2004). Television and radio productions
share many features with the film industry. Regardless of the media format,
many talent-specific individuals share their expertise; a media product is
always a collaborative enterprise.
5. Opera
Opera According to the NEA (2015), opera is a multifaceted art form
that comprises music and text to move a story or dramatic concept forward.
The origin of the word opera is derived from the Latin opus, meaning work.
Opera has a rich history that grew from the early Greek plays and the
mystery plays of the Middle Ages. The first official opera, Dafne, was
created in Florence, Italy in 1597 (Jacobs & Sadie, 1985). This form of
music quickly spread across Italy, and then, throughout Europe. Famous
composers were drawn to the complex musical demands inherent in opera.
Powerful stories, usually based on mythology, the Bible, or political and
social events, are given life through an integration of singers and the
orchestra (Jacobs & Sadie, 1985).
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Performing opera requires a diverse range of interpreters, although a
single composer and librettist are usually responsible for generating the
scored and scripted work. Opera singers are musicians who portray
characters and further plot development. Directors (musical and stage),
designers, and, often, choreographers, participate in developing the opera
production. This art form integrates highly trained musicians, singers, and
directors, in part, because opera repertory, regardless if it is one of the
traditional works or a newly composed modern work, demands precise
theatricality and musicality, including the coordination of singers with
instrumentalists. To work professionally as an opera singer requires years of
specific and deliberate training to produce the sound expected in operatic
performances. The pressure to produce this sound imposes intense demands
on the singers, whether they are performing as soloists or as members of an
opera chorus. Audiences and other performing artists tend to be highly
critical of opera singers. Sadly, singers report constant exposure to negative
criticism and this pressure adds to their fears of vocal strain or vocal fatigue
(Sandgren, 2009).
6. Theater
The NEA (2015) differentiates theater (nonmusical and musical) from
media arts (film, television, radio, Internet).This delineation is useful when
gathering statistical data on audience attendance and participation (practice
or training); however, it is not as helpful when examining actors as
performing artists because they straddle the fields of theater and media.
Because of the NEA separation of theater from media arts, and for the
purposes of this section, the discussion will focus primarily on live theater
(non musical and musical). Many forms of performing arts are under threat
today.
III. Contemporary scenario of the performing arts
Presently, all the three art forms i.e. dance, music and drama are
flourishing in the country. Several music institution like Gandharva
Mahavidyalaya and Prayag Sangeet Samiiti have been imparting training in
classical music and dance for more than fifty years. A number of schools,
colleges and universities in India have adopted these art forms as a part of
their curriculum. Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwa Vidyalaya of Khairagarh is a
university of music. Kathak Kendra, National School of Drama, Bharatiya
Kala Kendra and many institutes are all propagating music in their own
ways. Music conferences, baithaks, lecture demonstrations are being
organized and musicians, music scholars, music teachers and music critics
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are trying to popularize music and dance. Societies like Spic-macay, Sangeet
Natak Academies are also working hard to protect, develop and popularize
Indian music, dance and drama at the national and even international level.
At the international level musicians have made significant contribution.
Different institutions of music started by Pt. Ravi Shankar, Ustad Ali Akbar
Khan and Ustad Alla Rakkha Khan teach Indian music to foreigners. Many
foreign universities have departments of Indian performing arts and they
award degrees and diplomas to students. All over the world Indian artists are
invited to perform and participate in various festivals. Various agencies like
Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Ministry of Human
Resource Development continuously propagate all these art forms by giving
grants, scholarships and fellowships to renowned artists as well as to young
artists and by arranging exchange programmes in the field of Indian music,
dance and drama.
IV. Quality life assessment dimension
Perception of the society
Performing artist provides numerous functions in a society. People
experience as a Performing artist in different ways and for many different
reasons. Most people are aware of artist as a performing on stage, screen and
media, but dancing, can also be a social activity, a form of physical fitness,
or a prime means of expressing cultural heritage and identity. Historically,
dance, music, theater, was often performed in rituals, worship, social
celebrations, and as a means of entertainment and self-expression. Today,
dance is still a part of traditional events but also as an element of new
innovative performing experiences.
Perception of individual
Performing artist movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to
music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or
emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself.
Every person has that one thing they turn to when things in life starts
becoming extreme, like extreme happiness or extreme sadness or extremely
stressful. Some have music, others have alcohol, few others have yoga; they
have dance.they have an introvert; a wallflower that likes to observe the
world and characters in it go by. They shy away from conversations that
leads to a lot of things left untold and a lot of feelings bottled up and
unexpressed.
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Dance is an outlet of my feelings.
Similar to how a poet uses
words to bring out emotions,
I use my body and dance to bring o my hidden emotions.
Dance is my respite from the
world and my thoughts.
Dance is when I turn off my thoughts and
submit my mind at the mercy of the beats
that controls my body.
When I dance, I am free.
When I dance, I am me.
No one can hold me back. If they had to use
song lyrics to describe this, it would be.
Social support
Family Support has different connotations in artistic people's lives.
Since ancient times to today, art and culture as profession are not widely
celebrated in society. It becomes a leaf pride because of its green Pride it
brings but when talking about chlorophyll i.e. making it a profession,
everyone turns their head because of the economical and social image issues.
When we talk particularly about perform artist, then there are familes who
support them in making artist a profession, whereas there are familes who
want to keep it as an extra-curricular talent, though not fully as a profession.
Families who support performing artist to make this as a profession either
have performing artist profession earlier and they want their offspring to
carry forward legacy, and contribute to culture and tradition. But, the
families who support it till it stays as an extra-curricular activity, do not
support it to make a profession because of its economical aspect, image in
the society aspect etc. Again, it becomes a challenge more for today's men
and women ; for men, it becomes a matter of low prestige and a low income
source, and for women, it becomes a barrier because of society 's "who will
handle family" and "how can she do this to her family" thought process.
Health and wellbeing
Health is not simply the absence of disease, it is something positive, a
joyful attitude toward life, and a cheerful acceptance of the responsibilities
that life puts upon the individual (Sigerist, 1946). Health is a state of
complete mental and physical well-being whereas fitness is the ability to
meet the demands of a physical task. Good health is one of the most prized
possessions; one that is often taken for granted until it is lost. Almost
everyone wants to enjoy good health now and in the future so that they can
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live to enjoy what they have. Nationwide polls indicate that people place
great value of their health as a source of happiness. The answer to the
question “Why be healthy?” seems obvious; however, the actions of many of
us do not produce the good health they desire. As a Odissi dancer, one faces
many health choices-choices that can affect him in the here and now and for
the rest of his life (Thomas & Kotecki, 2006). World Health Organization
define health as a “state of entire physical, mental and social well-being, and
not only the absence of disease. Health contributes to general well-being and
overall lifestyle. In order for a person to enjoy a quality of life, good health
habits must be achieved because basic health determines what a person can
do. Here are numerous factors in a person‟s lifestyle that can make them
healthy or unhealthy. Basic diet and nutrition aids a person in many different
behaviors. Eating the accurate amount of nutrients is necessary for the
body‟s proper functioning. And also they are faces some physical and
psychological issues. The main concern being a lack of career opportunity
and structure, followed by financial stress. Sporadic work, no regular class,
lack of rehearsal space and keeping motivated between projects, all
contributed to general stress. Dancers said they often felt "burnt out" trying
to maintain physical fitness, audition, and choreograph while maintaining
other work commitments they needed to do, in order to stay financially
afloat.
Physical health complication
Physical health depends on diet, physical movement and physical
activity of the artists. In fact few of the performing arts are physically
demanding activity. Dancers perform repetitive movements for several hours
a day. If you are continuously artist in a day or longer leads to an increased
risk of stress fractures and other injuries. Then sudden they are facing many
injuries like from using your joints and muscles too much (overuse injuries)
are the most common in dancers. The majority of these overuse injuries
involve an ankle, leg, foot or lower back. Some common dance injuries are:
 Hip injuries: snapping hip syndrome, hip impingement, tears, hip
flex or tendonitis, hip bursitis and sacroiliac joint dysfunction
 Foot and ankle injuries: Achilles tendonitis, trigger toe and ankle
impingement.
 Knee injuries: Patella femoral pain syndrome.
 Stress fractures: Metatarsals, tibia, and lumbar spine.
 Performing artist are also likely to develop arthritis in the knee, hip,
ankle and foot.
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Generally, performing artist have a much lower rate of anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injuries than other athletes. One explanation could be that
dance training involves much more intense jumping from an earlier age than
other sports, which helps improve muscle control.
Perception about their Body image
Body image perception of an individual may or may not match with the
objective reality. As a consequence, in spite of being within the range of
healthy weight, a girl may become seriously concern with her body weight
and shape (Jovanovic et al. 1989, Rosenblum and Lewis 1999, Weinshenker
2002). So Body image is a multidimensional construct broadly describing
internal, subjective representations of physical appearances (including body
weight and body shape) and bodily experiences. It includes perceptual and
cognitive elements of internal representations of one’s own body as well as
others (Schilder 1978, Smolak 2004, Krayer et al. 2008). In an industry
where you can be hired and fired based on your weight and appearance, it’s
no wonder that young dancers struggle with body image. This is a rational
concern for students who don’t have natural ‘dance bodies’ and would like to
make a career out of dance. However, the problem that I see at an increasing
rate, is the hundreds of dancers who are beating themselves up about their
appearance and weight-when they already have ideal bodies for a career in
dance! This is where there are very real dangers of disordered eating
problems developing, as well as major self-confidence issues. Anda negative
body image may reflect conflict between perception and reality.
Eating behaviour
Healthy eating was defined as eating behavior that can enable a person
to achieve, "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (World Health Organization,
2007) Healthy eating habits are developed through socialization, in which
families, schools, the community, government and international health
organizations may all play an active role (Kelly et al., 2006; McGinnis et al.,
2006; Raiha et al. 2006). Eating behavior is a complex interplay of
physiologic, psychological, social and genetic factors that influence meal
timing, quantity of food intake, food preference, and food selection. Eating
behaviors refer to the patterns of food consumption that are influenced by
individual’s attitudes, perceptions and behavioral intentions (Øygard and
Rise 1996, Gummeson et al. 1997, Verplanken and Faes 1999, Kassem et al.
2003). Eating behaviors involve both healthy and unhealthy (or disordered)
eating practices. Healthy eating indicates consumption of balanced foods
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following recommended dietary guidelines (Gidding et al. 2005). Unhealthy
eating practices denote consumption of highly processed and less nutritious
foods (He et al. 2012) and adoption of unhealthy weight reduction measures
(like, skipping meals, starvation, eating less foods than required) Eating
behaviors differ largely between adolescent boys and girls. This includes
normal behaviours (e.g. explanations for food preferences; neural and
hormonal mechanisms involved in controlling eating) or abnormal
behaviours (e.g. eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and obesity).
Different people have different attitudes towards eating, like dancers are
mostly conscious about their body weight loss, body shape and dissatisfied
from their body appearance. Mostly artists are practicing unhealthy dieting
for losing weight to become thin and slim. Preventive measures are needed
to reduce these nutrition oriented behaviors as they can cause psychosocial
and medical risks. The nutritional status of an individual is often the result of
many interrelated factors. It is influence by the adequacy of food intake both
in terms of quantities and qualities and also by the physical health of the
individual. A well-planned diet helps to prevent muscle loss, weak bones,
chronic fatigue, and stress-related injuries.
Psychological dimension
WHO defines health as "Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity",
Mental health is an integral part of this definition.
Depression, stress, anxiety and aggression
Klerman and Weissman have described the variety of definitions of
depression and its symptoms. A diagnosis of clinical depression depends on
the pattern of symptoms and on their severity and duration. One way of
classifying the symptoms of unipolar depression is into a syndrome of four
dimensions. The cognitive dimension includes hopeless, helpless beliefs the
conviction that nothing will ever get better. The irony of depression is that
the person feels that nothing can help, whereas, in fact, depression can be
quite effectively treated.
The motivational behavioral dimension includes feeling apathetic,
lacking in energy, not wanting to do anything, and actually doing less than
usual. Depression often interferes with normal activities. It especially
disrupts interpersonal relationships. The affective dimension includes feeling
sad, blue, depressed, and taking no pleasure in the things that were formerly
enjoyed. Depressed persons also often feel irritable and anxious, even quite
openly angry and hostile, especially with the people closest to them
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(Weissman & Paykel, 1974). The trouble is that the anger is not used to
communicate and to solve problems, but simply to express distress. It is
possible that a person can also learn to not cope, as well as fail to learn to
cope. If successful responses which are rewarded are also consistently
punished, the person will be in conflict and may try to solve it by avoiding
the situation entirely by, for example, giving up the goal. Failure to cope
may also be verbalized in helpless cognitions such as "nothing I do matters, I
can't cope," or "I can't do anything right". Those expressions are
characteristic of depression. Beck (1976) suggests that these cognitions are a
basic cause of depression. Mclean (1976) suggests that depression is the
result of anticipation of chronic failure which is the result of feelings of lack
of control resulting from repeated goal frustrations.
Stress is a commons feature of modern life and can modify behaviours
that affect health, such as physical activity or food choice. The influence of
stress on food choice is complex. The effect of stress on food intake depends
on the individual, the stressor and the circumstances. In general, some people
eat more and some eat less than normal when experiencing stress. The
proposed mechanisms for stress induced changes in eating and food choice
are motivational differences (reduced concern about weight control),
physiological (reduced appetite caused by the processes associated with
stress) and practical changes in eating opportunities, food availability and
meal preparation. Studies also suggest that if work stress is prolonged or
frequent, then adverse dietary changes could result, increasing the possibility
of weight gain and consequently cardiovascular risk.
Anxiety is your body’s natural response to stress. It’s a feeling of fear or
apprehension about what’s to come. For example, going to a job interview or
giving a speech on the first day of school may cause some people to feel
fearful and nervous. But if your feelings of anxiety are extreme, last for at
least 6 months, and are interfering with your life, you may have an anxiety
disorder.
Aggression is overt or covert, often harmful, social interaction with the
intention of inflicting damage or other harm upon another individual;
although it can be channeled into creative and practical outlets for some. It
may occur either reactively or without provocation. In humans, aggression
can be caused by various triggers, from frustration due to blocked goals to
feeling disrespected. Human aggression can be classified into direct and
indirect aggression; whilst the former is characterized by physical or verbal
behavior intended to cause harm to someone, the latter is characterized by
behavior intended to harm the social relations of an individual or group.
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Nutritional Status
The statistical facts
A pilot study has been undertaken for adolescent performing artists of
Bhubaneswar city. The study reveals very surprising and alaramic facts
about the health condition, life style, socio economic status and mental
health condition of performing artist.
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Table 1
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The Study on Health Status of performing Artist was undertaken for
around 30 performing artists. Out of 30 76.67%. Are female performing
artists. The data revile pe that 70% of the sample felt health problem related
problem. Only 16.67% of Artist are Not Very conscious about their health.
Only 26.67% Artist are going for medical treatment. Around 30% of Artist
says that they having mental Problem due to the profession and 6. 67%.
Artist opined that they always get stressed for the profession, around 23.33%
of Artist are very much dissatisfied for Health Service satisfactions.
Table 2
The data reveals that around 56.67% of Artist are college going student.
and all are single. Only a Negligible percentage 13.33% are in a good from
socio economic condition, only 33.33% of performing Artist are in good
social relationship. The economic condition of the performing artists are not
so good only 43. 23% artist are earning 30,000 to 60,00 rupees for month on
an average Mostly 23.33% of the artist are always in financial need.
Page | 107
Table 3
The data on life Orientation of performing Artist une collected quality of life, life enjoyment, Meaningful life, Daily energy
Consumption for the practice of artistic skill, Body appearance, self-satisfaction and concentration. Energy for the continuous
pratice out of 30 sample only 36.67%. of Artists are maintaining Average life style and 43.37% of artist are antic are in good
Condition, Mostly 50% and above are spending lots of energy for practising Artistic skill. Only 7% of artists that is 3.33 are not
Page | 108
enjoying their life. Around 33.33% of Artist are satisfied! With their profession. Around 60% artist are able to concentrate in their
profession.
Table 4
Page | 109
The table 4 was exclusively dealt with the stress level of the performing
artist to understand mental health condition. The data reviles that very
surprising result that around 46.67% feeling upset and due to stress around
33.33% of performing artist unable to control the Stress. These Condition
leads to Nervousness and other health problem around you of artist are
sometimes suffering. From this of type of Tendency only 13.33% a
negligible number of artist that only 4% able to cope of with the situation.
Sometimes 46.67% of artist are controlling their irritations and also 10%.
Which is very negligible, never control their anger. It's very alarming
situation that around 33.33% of artist are using sleeping pill at this age.
Conclusion
A performing artist is a celebrity, a trainer, a stage performer and a
entertainer and having multi-dimensional personality. Being a celebrity they
have to maintain their weight care, body image health profile, wellbeing and
particularly the food habit. They have to be very cautious about their eating
habit for everything. They have to face the challenge of health problem,
practicing their to bring refinement in expressions, the energy consumption
during the performance and to perform on the stage for earning and continue
it as a profession. Therefore it is imperative to study and to conduct an in-
depth research on performing artist to bring their problem to limelight and
provide solutions in terms of maintenance of wellbeing of life performing
artist. The study reveals the fact that highly significant difference in the
quality of life of performing artist. The significant difference in nutritional
status of performing artist may be the impact of life style and wrong food
habit. The socio economic status of performing artist will through a light on
their economic status and social orientations In addition, they were more
likely to be involved in engaging in exercise as their weight loss practices
related to dieting behaviors, the study will help that some factors related to
Page | 110
body image perceptions, quality of life, socio economic status, nutritional
status and body shape concerns should be include in the intervention
programs to prevent and overcome body image related issues among young
dancers. This is important in order to build up a culturally oriented
performing artist community in the future. This study also acknowledge
several limitations that should be taken into consideration for future
research.
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