Module 1: Description of Pipes, Pipe Fittings & Flanges

API: Americal Petroleum Institute

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

Bend: If the radius of curvature is more than 2D then 90o flow direction change fitting is called a
bend

BE: Beveled End

BF: Blind Flange

BWG: Birmingham Wire Gauge

Code: Code always specifies the engineering requirements deemed necessary for the safe design
and construction of pressure piping

CS: Carbon Steel

DN: Nominal Diameter

EFW: Electric Fusion Welded

Elbow: Elbow is used to change fluid flow direction

ERW: Electric Resistance Welded

FE: Flanged End

FF: Flat Face

LAS: Low Alloy Steel

LPF: Lap Joint Flange

LTCS: Low-Temperature Carbon Steel

M&F: Male-and-Female

NB: Nominal Bore

NPS: Nominal Pipe Size

PE: Plain End

RF: Reducing Flange/Raised Face

RTJ: Ring Type Joint Flange

Sch.: Schedule Number

Seamless Pipe: Pipe manufactured without welding

Service: Type of the fluid

SE: Spigot/socket End

SO: Slip-on

Specifications: Specifications provide additional requirements other than code or standard

Standard: Standard provides a set of guidelines to the designer and manufacturer

STD: Standard Weight

SW: Socket Weld

T&GJ: Tongue and Groove Pipe Joint

XS: Extra Strong

XXS: Double Extra Strong

180o Return: Divert the fluid flow in the pipe exactly in the opposite direction

Module 2: Description of Valves, Piping Drawings, Piping Components: Graphic

Representation

Isolation: Valves used only for on and off operation

PFD: Process Flow Diagram

P&ID: Piping & Instrumentation Diagram

Regulation or Throttling: Valves used for regulating fluid flow

Unidirectional or non-return: The valve allows the fluid to flow in one direction

Module 3: Pipeline Stresses & Flexibility Analysis

Cyclic Fatigue: The specimen is subjected to cyclic loading and the specimen fails immediately
after the completion of a certain number of load cycles

MoC: Material of Construction

Occasional Loads: Seismic loads, Wind Loads, Vibration Loads, Discharge Loads

Primary Load: Weight effect loads

Secondary Load: Loads that act on pipe through thermal expansion or contraction due to
temperature change

Static Fatigue: Static fatigue failure occurs when the specimen is subjected to a sustained load
over a good amount of time

Module 4: Supports, Expansion Joints, Pipe Jacketing, Vibration, Insulation, Buried Pipe&
Cathodic Protection for Pipes

Anchor: All six degrees of freedom of the pipe are restricted

Pipe Rolls: Allow the axial movement of the pipeline

Hello learner. Welcome to this module on pipes,

pipe fittings, and flanges.

Let us start today's session with
the topic on introduction to pipes.
At the end of this session,
you'll be able to understand the purpose,
importance, and economic variability
of pipe for transportation of fluids.
Differentiate pipe and tube,
and understand their merits and demerits.
Understand the way the pipe is designated;
its representation and standards
that cover the dimensions of pipes.
Understand what is code,
what is standard, and what is a specification.
The pipe is a hollow circular cross section,
either metallic, namely ferrous, non-ferrous,
or non-metallic structure member,
which is intended to support the fluid such as liquids,
gases, emulsions, slurries, et cetera.
As far as long-distance transportation
of fluid is concerned,
pipelines are considered the
most economical way of transportation.
No doubt about the high initial cost involvement,
however, while it's operating lifespan,
the initial cost gets compensated and proven to
be more economical besides its numerous advantages.
Always there is confusion between
the two terminologies, pipe and tube,
which are used in all industrial applications and even in
home appliances like fridges, AC, et cetera.
How can these two be differentiated?
Let us have a look.
Paragraph 300.2 of the ASME B31 series
defines the pipe as follows:
The pipe is a pressure tight cylinder
used to convey fluid or to
transmit a fluid pressure ordinarily
designated pipe in applicable material specifications.
Materials designated tube or tubing in
the specifications are treated as
a pipe when intended for pressure service.
Note that ASME B36.10M
covers the welded and seamless wrought steel pipe,
whereas ASME B36.19M covers the stainless steel pipe.
Indian standards are also
available for some of the plastic pipes.
Relevant ASTM standards are to be referred for
the thickness of non-metallic and lined piping systems,
as the thickness of
these materials is not covered in ASME
B36.10M and ASME B36.19M standards.
In simple words, let us differentiate the pipe and tube.
Number 1 pipe is specified by nominal bore and B,
that is nominal pipe size or nominal diameter.
Whereas tubes are specified by outside diameter.
Number 2: pipe wall thickness
is expressed in schedule number,
whereas wall thickness is expressed in
Birmingham Wire Gauge, BWG.
Number 3, pipe,
is available in all sizes of
the bore: a small bore ranging
from one by 8 inches to 1.5 inches,
to large bore ranging from 2 inches to 80
inches Whereas a tube is available in small bores, only.
Number 4, pipe is used in pipelines of oil and gas,
chemical, power, process,
and even utilities,
whereas a tube is used in tracing lines,
instrument connection lines, heat exchangers,
AC units, and Fritz units.
Number 5, pipe outside diameter,
tail, pipe size 12 inches,
is numerically higher than the corresponding size,
whereas the outside diameter of tubes is
numerically equal to the corresponding size.
Now let us also look into other important aspects of
pipe and tube with respect
to their physical property and dimension.
Number 1: lower ductility of
pipe material does not permit to coil the pipe,
whereas higher ductility tube material associated
with lower thickness permits
rolling the tube into coils;
keeping differential stress between
inside and outside of coil is minimal.
Number 2: pipes can be subjected to
hot spots due to non-uniform thickness,
may lead to catastrophic failure,
whereas the uniform thickness of
the tube eliminates the hot spots,
leading to less possibility for tube failure.
Number 3: pipe has relatively high roughness,
thereby higher pressure drop,
whereas tube has
low roughness thereby lower pressure drop.
Now let us discuss the size representation of the pipe.
Note that the size identification of
pipe is done either by nominal pipe size,
NPS, or nominal diameter DN.
Important to remember that
the outside diameter of each pipe size is fixed,
and pipe manufacturing is done based on this aspect.
For example, the outside diameter of two-inch pipe is
fixed and equal to 2.375 inches.
The internal diameter is going to
vary with respect to the thickness of the pipe,
which is calculated based on
internal or external fluid pressure.
Nominal pipe size, NPS,
is the pipe size specified
in United States customary system units.
It is a dimensionless designator.
Pipe size is in inches; however,
while designating the pipe size,
a unit such as an inch must be avoided.
Examples are NPS2,
NPS8, NPS10,
NPS30, and so forth.
Here, NPS2 indicates the nominal pipe size
two inches; similarly,
NPS8, 10,
and 30 indicates the nominal pipe sizes,
eight inches, 10 inches, and 30 inches.
Nominal diameter DN is
the pipe size specified in SI units.
It is a dimensionless designator.
Pipe size is in mm; however,
while designating the pipe size unit mm must be avoided.
Examples are DN50,
DN100, DN150,
DN200, and so forth.
Here, DN50 indicates the nominal diameter of 50 mm.
Similarly, DN100, DN150,
and DN200 indicate the nominal diameters of 100 mm,
150 mm, and 200 mm, respectively.

Now let us quickly look at

the codes, standards and specifications.

Code always specifies the engineering requirements deemed
necessary for the safe design
and construction of pressure piping.
The specified engineering requirements can be adopted
by one or more governmental bodies and enforced by law,
and therefore the code comes under legal jurisdiction.
That is, the engineering requirements are
mandatory if the code is a law in that country.
Otherwise, code becomes simply
accepted guidelines for design,
fabrication, construction and installation.
Examples are ASME B31 series,
ASME Section VIII and so on.
Local, state,
central or federal governments approve
the code and can carry the force of law.
Code protects the public by setting up
the minimum acceptable level of
safety for buildings, products, and processes.
Standard provides a set of
guidelines to the designer and manufacturer.
Examples are ASTM, AP,
MSS, ISO,
ASME B16 Series, etc.
Note that the standard is
a formal document and consists of established methods,
processes, practices,
and criteria for uniform engineering.
Specifications provide additional requirements
other than code or standard.
Last but not the least,
the piping designer gets the information about
the fluid design conditions such as service fluid,
pressure and temperature, line numbers, line sizes,
insulation type, insulation thickness,
etc from the line list.
This is a database created to
communicate between the process
and piping engineering teams.
In the absence of a line list,
the piping designer should consider
the following design conditions
for designing the piping system.
Design pressure should be considered,
10 percent is higher than
the maximum anticipated operating pressure.
The design temperature should be 25 degrees
Celsius higher than
the maximum anticipated operating temperature.
When operating pressure is 15 degrees Celsius and below,
the design temperature is
the anticipated minimum operating temperature.
Now let us summarize all that you
have learned on this topic thus far.
Covered the purpose, importance,
and economic viability of
pipe for transportation of fluids.
Differentiated pipe and tube,
and explained their merits and demerits.
Explained the designation of pipe and its representation.
Briefed about standards that
cover the dimensions of pipes.
Finally, explain what is
standard and what is a specification in short.
By this, we have come to the end of this topic.
Let us meet in
another interesting session. Thank you, learner.

Hello learner. Welcome to

this session with the topic on Schedule Number.

At the end of this session,
you will be able to understand that ASME B36.10M covers
the dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe
for high and low temperatures and pressures.
Understand that ASME B36.19M covers the dimensions of
welded and seamless wrought
stainless steel pipe for
high and low temperatures and pressures.
Know the brief history on
the development of standards ASME
B36.10M and ASME B36.19M.
Familiarize with the pipe thickness designations
based on iron pipe standards.
Understand the structure of
dimensions tabulated in both these standards.
Realize the range of pipe sizes covered under ASME
B36.10M and ASME B36.19M standards.
Understand the range of schedule numbers available
for wrought steel pipes as well
as wrought stainless steel pipes.
Familiarize with Indian Standards.
Note that ASME B36.10M
covers welded and seamless wrought steel pipe,
which is an American National Standard,
whereas ASME B36.19M covers
stainless steel pipe which is
also an American National Standard.
Now let me brief the history
behind the development of these standards.
The American Standards Association
authorized the organization of a sectional committee on
the standardization of dimensions and
material of wrought steel
and wrought iron pipe and tubing,
intending to unify the standards of
these commodities in the US country in March 1927.
The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM,
and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
ASME, were designated as sponsors.
This committee intended to
develop a standard that includes
a system of schedule numbers for
pipe size and wall thickness combinations.
There was hope in 1939 that
all industries adopt the schedule number designation.
Before enforcing to follow
this schedule number specification,
in the manufacturing of pipes,
industries were manufacturing the pipes
based on the iron pipe standards
with wall thick designations as standard weight STD,
extra strong XS,
and double extra strong XXS.
Though it was asked to adopt the system of
schedule numbers owing to
customs of over 50 years standing,
these three categories of commercial wrought steel and
welded wrought iron pipes were
included in the standards
agreeing to the demand of users.
These changes were designated
as American Standard in February 1950.
In 1959, API standards 5L and 5LX were approved
to include in the standards along with
the simplified format for
the tables of weights and dimensions,
and the changes were designated
as American Standard in December 1959.
In 1969, a uniform method to
calculate the plain-end weight of
steel pipe was included and designated as
the American National Standard in February 1970.
Several revisions were made in between.
Today, it is considered as
American National Standard for
welded and seamless wrought steel pipe.

This is ASME B36.10M standard covers the standardization

of dimensions of welded and seamless rod steel pipe
for high or low temperatures and pressures.
Dimensions and weights of
welded and seamless rod steel pipe are
tabulated in Table 1 as shown here.
Dimensions and weights are provided in
both US customary units such as inch,
pound per feet,
and SA units such as mm and kg per meter.
Table 1 consists of 10 columns.
Nominal pipe sizes in
inches are provided in the first column,
starting from one by eight inch as shown here.
The outside diameter of the pipe for each pipe,
NPS in inch, is provided in the second column of Table 1.
In the third column, the pipe wall thickness
is provided in inches.
The weight of the plain end pipe per
foot length is provided
in the fourth column as shown here.
Now as discussed, the fifth column is dedicated
to the iron pipe standards such as standard STD,
extra strong (XS) and double extra
strong (XXS) shown here.
The sixth column provides
the schedule numbers for each size of the pipes,
which was the main intent of the standard.
The seventh column is dedicated to the nominal diameter,
DN of the pipe columns 8,
9 and 10 provide
information about the outside diameter of the pipe,
pipe wall thickness and plan and
mass in SI units respectively.
Now let us quickly analyze
the information available in Table 1.
Everybody's anxiety is till which pipe size,
the dimensions and weights of
pipe are covered in this standard.
As I said, the starting pipe size is NPS 1 by
8 in inch or DN6 in mm/.
The maximum pipe size covered is NPS 80
in inch or DN2000 mm as shown here.
Note that one gets
the information about wall thickness outside diameter,
and the weight of the pipe per
unit length for each size of the pipe.
Next, let us look into the available pipe sizes.
NPS is considered here for discussion,
NPS 1 by 8,
1 by 4, 3 by 8,
0.50, 0.75, 1,
1.25, 1.5,
2, 2.5, 3,
3.5, 4,
5, 6,
8, 10,
to 48 with two inch increment.
Next 52 80 with four inch increment.
Not available sizes are NPS 5 by 8,
7 by 8, 1.75,
4.5, 7, and 9.
NPS 1.125, 2.5,
3.5, 5,
and 22 are not preferable.
Until NPS12",
the outside diameter is more than NPS size.
It is neither inner diameter
nor outer diameter as shown here.
However, NPS14" and beyond,
the outside diameter is equal to NPS as shown here.
For example, in NPS14",
the outside diameter is 14 inches ".
For NPS26", the outside diameter is 26 ".
For NPS80", the outside diameter is 80 ".
Schedule numbers 10,30,40 and 80 are
available for NPS 1 by 8 1 by 4 and 3 by 8.
Schedule numbers 5, 10,
30, 40,
80 and 160 are available from NPS 0.5-3.0.
Schedule numbers 5,
10, 30,
40 and 80 are available for NPS 3.5.
Schedule numbers 5,
10, 30,
40, 80,
120, 160 are available for NPS 4.0-6.0.
Schedule numbers 5, 10,
20, 30,
40, 60,
80, 100, 120,
140, 160 are available for NPS8-24.
Play video starting at :5:58 and follow transcript5:58
It shows that more schedule options are
available for NPS8-24 to cut down
the significant price jump as NPS8" to
NPS24" is the most required pipe sizes
for the process chemical iron gas industries.
NPS26 is available in two schedules,
10 and 20 whereas
NPS28 is available in schedule numbers 10, 20,
30 and NPS 30 available in schedule numbers 5, 10,
20, 30 and NPS32-36 are available with 10,
20, 30, 40.
Note that for NPS38-80,
no schedules are available.
You may ask, do they available in different thicknesses?
The answer is yes.
However, these are as per API specifications 5L.
Iron pipe standards such as standard STD,
extra strong XS,
are available for NPS 1 by 8,
1 by 4, and 3 by 8.
Iron pipe standards such as
standard STD extra strong XS,
and double extra strong XXS are available for
NPS 0.5-3 whereas STD and XS are available for NPS 3.5.
However, STD, XS and XXS are available for NPS 4.
Note that STD and XS are available for NPS 14-48.
No iron pipe standards are available from NPS 52-80.
Play video starting at :8:14 and follow transcript8:14
Iron pipe standards standard STD
extra strong XS match with
schedule number 40 and schedule number 80 for
NPS 1 by 8 to NPS 8.
For NPS 10 STD XS and
XXS are matched with schedule number 40,
60, and 140 respectively.
Beyond NPS 10,
matching with schedule numbers vary.
NPS 12 and above with
designation STD have a pipe wall thickness of 9.53 mm.
Whereas NPS 8 and above with designation
X Shave a pipe wall thickness of 12.7 mm.
ASME B36.19M.
Stainless steel pipe standard for corrosion
resistant piping designated categorically as stainless,
is based on the same principles
that formed the background for the development of
ASME B36.10M welded and
seamless wrought steel pipe and reference
is made to this source of information.

ASME B36.19M covers the dimensions of welded and

seamless stainless steel pipe and

nominal weights of steel pipe, plain end as shown here.
These pipes are used for
high temperature services as well as low temperature services.
The standard covers NPS 1 by 8,
1 by 4, 3 by 8, 1 by 2, 0.75,
1, 1.25, 1.5, 2,
2.5, 3, 3.5,4, 5, 6,
to 24 with 2 inch increment and NPS 30.
Outer diameter, OD, wall thickness and
weight per unit length of outer diameter, OD, wall thickness,
and weight per unit length information is provided in
US Customary units as well as SI units as shown here.
Stainless steel pipes are available with
schedule numbers 5S, 10S, 40S and 80S for
all pipe sizes starting from NPS 1 by 8 to NPS 30.
Suffix S differentiates the scheduled number of stainless steel
pipes from the scheduled number of welded and seamless rod steel pipes.
Suffix S indicates stainless steel.
Note that the thickness specified by schedule numbers B36.10 and
B36.19 match except in the following, as depicted here.
Pipe thicknesses are specified as light, medium and
heavy in Indian Standards, IS 1239, as shown here.
As per paragraphs 1.1, and 1.2,
IS 1239 Standard covers the requirements for
the welded and seamless plane end are screwed and
socketed steel tubes, which are intended for use for
water, non-hazardous gas, air and steam.
This standard applies to tubes of size 6 mm
nominal bore to 150 mm nominal bore.
Medium and heavy tubes only are recommended for
carrying steam services.
The maximum permeable pressure and temperatures for
different sizes of tubes are provided in annexure A.
IS 3589 Indian Standard covers, seamless and
welded carbon steel pipes for water and
seaways having outside diameter of 168.3 mm to 2540 mm,
and the thicknesses are specified in actual dimensions in mm as shown here.
As per ASME B36.10M, the nominal weights of plane and
steel pipe are calculated based on the following formula,
as shown here, where WPE is the nominal plane and
mass rounded to the nearest 0.1 pound per feet.
Do is the outside diameter of the pipe to the nearest 0.001 inch.
t is the specified wall thickness rounded
to the nearest 0.001 inch.
Now let us summarize all that you have learned on this topic thus far.
Explained what is covered by ASME B36.10M and
ASME B36.19M standards.
Explained the brief history on the development of
standards ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M.
Explained the pipe thickness designations based on Iron Pipe Standards.
Explained the structure of dimensions tabulated in both these standards.
Discussed the range of pipe sizes covered under
ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M standards.
Explained the range of schedule numbers available for
wrought steel pipes as well as wrought stainless steel steel pipes.
And finally discussed the Indian Standards.
By this we have come to the end of this topic.
Let us meet in another interesting session.
Thank you learner.