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Unit 5
Unit 5
O;fDrRo ds izdkj
¼1½ Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k
¼2½ 'kkjhfjd lajpuk dk n`f"Vdks.k
¼3½ laosxkRed n`f"Vdks.k
¼4½ lekt'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k
¼1½ Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k
lrksxq.kh
jtksxq.kh
reksxq.kh
¼2½ 'kkjhfjd lajpuk dk n`f"Vdks.k
¼1½Øs'kej dk oxhZdj.k
xksydk;
fucZydk;
lqMhydk;
fefJrdk;
¼2½'ksYMu dk oxhZdj.k
xksykdkj
vk;rkdkj
yEckdkj
¼3½ laosxkRed n`f"Vdks.k
fgiksØsV~l dk oxhZdj.k
'ysf"ed
dksi'khy
vk'kkoknh
¼4½ lekt'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k
¼1½Lizasxj dk oxhZdj.k
vkfFkZd
lkekftd
jktuSfrd
/kkfeZd
lkSUn;kZRed
¼2½taqx dk oxhZdj.k
¼1½vareqZ[kh
fopkj iz/kku
rdZ iz/kku
varn`Zf"V iz/kku
¼2½cghZeq[kh
¼1½fopkj iz/kku
rdZ iz/kku
varn`Zf"V iz/kku
¼2½Hkko iz/kku
rdZ iz/kku
varn`Zf"V iz/kku
¼3½mHk;eq[kh
O;fDr ds 'khyxq.k %&
'khyxq.k ls vk'k; O;fDr dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls gS tks
O;fDRk Lo;a /kkj.k fd, gq, gS vkSj mlds O;ogkj ds :i esa
lkeus vkrk gS] vFkkZr~ 'khyxq.k fdlh O;fDr dh LFkk;h
fo'ks"krkvksa ;k xq.kksa ls gS ftlesa O;fDRk lHkh
ifjfLFkfRk;ksa esa ,d leku O;ogkj djrk gSA bl O;ogkj
dks izR;{k :i ls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk ijarq bls vuqeku t:j
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
xkMZuj vkSj eQhZ ds vuqlkj %& ^^O;fDRkRo ds 'khyxq.k
nwljs O;fDr;ksa rFkk Lo;a vius dks le>us dh ;ksX;rk iznku
djrs gS rFkk bUgha ds vk/kkj ij ge Hkfo";ok.kh dj ldrs gS fd
geesa ls izR;sd D;k dk;Z djsxkA^^
lqYt¼1990½ ds 'kCnksa esa %& ^^ vkWyiksVZ us 'khyxq.k
dks mn~nhidksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa ds izfr leku <ax ls
vuqfØ;k djus dk >qdko ;k iw.kZo`fRr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
gSA vius okrkoj.k ds mn~nhid igywvksa dh vksj laxr ,oa
ljkguh; <ax ls vuqfØ;k djus ds rjhdksa dks 'khyxq.k dgka tkrk
gSA^^
O;fDrRo dss 'khyxq.kks dk fo'ys"k.k loZizFke vkWyiksVZ us
fd;k] mUgksaus vaxzth 'kCndks"k ls 17956 'kCn [kksts vkSj
mlesa ls Hkh 4500 'kCn dks fo'yf"kr fd;kA
vkWyiksVZ us O;fDRkRo ds 3 'khyxq.k crk,&
¼1½ dkfMZuy 'khyxq.k
¼2½ dsUnzh; 'khyxq.k
¼3½ xkS.k 'khyxq.k
¼1½ dkfMZuy 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k tks O;fDr esa
bruk vf/kd gksrk gS fd mldk izR;sd O;ogkj blh ls
izHkkfor gksrk gS cgqr ls O;fDr;ksa esa ;g 'khyxq.k ugha
gksrk] ysfdu ftu O;fDr;ksa esa gksrk gS og ml 'khyxq.k
ds fy, iz[;kr gksrs gSaA
¼2½ dsUnzh; 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k tks O;fDRk esa
vf/kd rks ugha ijarq izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, egRoiw.kZ t:j
gksrs gS ,sls 'khyxq.k dh vkSlr la[;k 5 ls 10 gksrh gSA
tSls&cfgZxeu] Hkkoqd] lpsr] vkØedrk] lekftdrkA
¼3½ xkS.k 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k ftldss vk/kkj ij
O;fDRk dh lajpuk ds ckjs esa dksbZ Bksl fu"d"kZ ugha
fudky ldrs gSaA ;g O;fDRkRo dh lajpuk ds fy, de
egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSA
tSls& [kkl izdkj dk Hkkstu djuk] fo'ks"k izdkj ds gs;j
LVkby j[kuk] fo'ks"k eukso`fRr vkfnA
dSVsy us O;fDRkRo ds 3 'khyxq.k crk, &
¼1½ {kerk 'khyxq.k
¼2½ fprizd`fr 'khyxq.k
¼3½ xR;kRed 'khyxq.k
¼1½ {kerk 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k tks ;g crykrk
gS fd O;fDr vius fdlh y{; ds izfr izHkkoh <+x ls
dk;Z dj ik;sxk ;k ughaA
tSls& cqf) A
¼2½ fprizd`fr 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k tks ;g
crykrk gS fd dksbZ O;fDRk vius y{; dss izfr fdlh rjg
ls vkxs c<+rk gSA
tSls& ÅtkZ 'kfDRk lkaosfxd izfrfØ;k'khyrk O;fDr ds
O;ogkj dk j¶rkjA
¼3½ xR;kRed 'khyxq.k %& ,slk 'khyxq.k mu
vfHkizsjdksa ls gksrk gS tks O;fDr ds O;ogkj dks
y{; dh vksj vxzlfjr djrk gSA
tSls& O;fDr dh vfHk:fp] vfHkizsj.kk vkfnA
dSVsy us bl 'khyxq.k dks 3 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gS&
¼v½ vxZ %& vxZ 'kCn dh mRifRr xzhd 'kCn
vkxksZu ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS dk;Z ;k ÅtkZA
dSVsy us bl in dk iz;ksx ewy izo`fRRk ;k iz.kksn d
cnys esa fd;k gSA
ekuo dh ewy izo`fRr;ka ,oa laaosx 14 gksrh
gSA¼fofy;e eSdMwxy½
ewy izofRr laosx
¼1½ Hk;
iyk;u¼Hkkxuk½
¼2½ vfiz;rk ?k`.kk
¼3½ ;qlqRlk¼;q) Øks/k
fiz;rk½
¼4½ f'k'kq j{kk okRlY;@izse
¼5½ laosnu'khyrk d"V
¼6½ dke dkeqdrk
izo`fRRk
¼7½ ftKklk vk'p;Z
¼8½ vkReghurk v/khurk dh Hkkouk
¼9½ vkRe Js"Brk dh Hkkouk
izn'kZu
¼10½ lkewfgdrk ,dkdhiu
¼11½ Hkkstu ryk'k Hkw[k
¼12½ laxzg vf/kdkj
¼13½ jpuk d`fr
¼14½ gkL; euksfouksn@vkeksn
dSVsy ds vuqlkj vxZ lHkh rjg ds O;ogkj dk ÅtkZ
L=ksr gSA vxZ tUetkr gksrk gS rFkk ;g vfHkizj.k dh
ewy bdkbZ gS vkSj fof'k"V y{;ksa dh vksj funsZf'kr
gksrk gSA dSVsy us 11 rjg ds vxZ crk, gS&
¼1½ mRlqdrk ¼2½ ;kSu ¼3½ lkeqnkf;drk ¼4½
cpko
¼5½ vkRe n`<+dFku ¼6½ lqj{kk ¼7½ Hkw[k
¼8½ Øks/k
¼9½ fojkfDr ¼10½ vkxzg ¼11½ vkRe&fouezrkA
¼c½euksHkko %& euksHkko dh mRifRr ckg~; lekftd ,oa
HkkSfrd izHkkoksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA ;g lh[kh x;h
eukso`fRr dk ,d iSVuZ gksrk gS ftlesa O;fDRk vkiuh
ftanxh ds izfr ,d [kkl rjg ls O;ogkj djrk gSA
tSls & ukSdjh] /keZ] 'kkSd] ifr&ifRu ds izfr [kkl rjg
dk O;ogkjA D;ksfd ÅtkZ ,oa euksHkko nksuksa gh
O;ogkj dks izfjr djrk gS ysfdu fQj Hkh nksuksa esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ varj gksrk gSA
vxZ dk vk/kkj 'kjhj xBukRed RkRo gksrk gS tks
fd ,d LFkk;h lajpuk gs ij bldk vfLrRo dHkh lekIr ugh
gks ldrk gSA euksHkko dh mRifRr lh[kus ls gksrh gS]
bls O;fDr le; chrus ij Hkwy Hkh ldrk gS] ;g iw.kZr%
lekIr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
¼l½ eukso`fRr %& dSVsy ds vuqlkj & eukso`fRr dk vFkZ
O;fDRk dk fdlh {ks= oLrq ;k vU; O;fDr esa fn[kyk;h x;h
vfHk:fp ls gksrk gS rFkk bl rjg dh vfHk:fp dh
vfHkO;fDRk izk;% fdlh Li"V O;ogkj dsd :i esa gksrk
gSA vr% dSVsy dk eukso`fRRk ls rkRi;Z fdlh oLrq ;k ?
kVuk ds izfr O;fDr ds laosxksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ls FkkA
vkbtsUd us O;fDRkRo dss 2 'khyxq.k cuk,& O;fDr dh
lajpuk ;k 'khyxq.k dh O;k[;k ek= 2 foekvkssa }kjk gh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA¼vkbtsUd 1953½
¼1½ vareZq[krk&cfgeqZ[krk %& cfgeqZ[krk okys
O;fDRk vk'kkoknh izd`fr ds gksrs gS rFkk ,sls O;fDRk
vU; O;fDr;ksa ls feytqydj dk;Z djuk ilan djrs gSA
vareqZ[krk okys O;fDr;ksa dks ,dkUrfiz; gksrk gS
rFkk ,sls O;fDRk xaHkhj ladksp'khy] vkRe la;eh]
O;ofLFkr rjhds ls dke djuk ilan djrs gSA
¼2½ Luk;qfod`fr&fLFkjrk %& Luk;qfod`fr okys O;fDr
vf/kd ruko o fpark esa gksrs gS D;ksafd ;s nSfgd ,oa
varosZfDrRo dfBukbZ;ksa ls tYnh ckgj ugha vk ikrsA
vkbtsUd dh ;s nks foek,¡ feydj pkj o`Rrikn mRiUu
djrs gS tks fgiksdsV~l ds pkj izdkj ls feyrs&tqyrs
gSA¼'ysf"ed] fo"kknh] dksi'khy] vk'kkoknh½A vkbtsUd
us Øslej }kjk] izfrikfnr foek¼fuCkZydk;Z&xksydk;½
dks vareZq[krk&cfgeqZ[krk foek ls feyrk tqyrk crk;k
gSA
tqax }kjk Luk;qfod`fr ds 2 izdkj ¼fopkj iz/kku]
Hkko iz/kku½ dks nqf'park rFkk fgLVªh; ls ,oa
fgiksØsV~l ds ¼fo"kknh o Øksi'khy xqLlSy½ ds rqY;
cryk;k gSA
vkbtsUd us 'khyxq.k dh O;k[;k dss fy, O;fDr dk
inkuqØfed Lo:i Hkh cryk;k %&
¼1½ fof'k"V vuqfØ;k %& ;s inkuqØe dk lcls uhpyk
Lrj gksrk gSA bl vuqfØ;k ls rkRi;Z O;fDRk }kjk
fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa fd;s x;s O;ogkj ls gksrk gSA
tSls& cl esa cSBdj cxy okys O;fDRk ls ckrphr djuk]
?kj esa cSBdj fdlh O;fDr ls ckrphr djukA
¼2½ vknru vuqfØ;k Lrj %& dbZ fof'k"V vuqfØ;k
vkil esa feydj vknru vuqfØ;k dk fu.kZ; djrh gSA
¼3½ 'khyxq.k Lrj %& bl Lrj ij 'khyxq.k gksrk gS
ftlds ckjs esa O;fDRk ds iz{k.kh; O;ogkj ds vk/kkj ij
vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA bl Lrj esa ,d 'khyxq.k }kjk
mlls lacaf/kr lHkh vknru vuqfØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k dh
tk ldrh gSA
tSls %& lkekftdrk ds 'khyxqq.k }kjk dbZ vknru
O;ogkj tSls&nwljksa ds izfr nksLrkuk laca/k
fn[kuk] nwljksa dh enn djuk vkfnA
'khyxq.k ds Lrj ls Åij rFkk inkuqØe ds 'kh"kZ ij
izdkj ;k foek Lrj gksrk gS ftls vkbtsUd us O;fDr dk izdkj
u ekudj O;fDrRo dk foek dgk gSA
O;fDRk ds 'khyxq.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k loZizFke
vkWyiksVZ us fd;kA mUgksaus vaxzsth 'kCndks"k ls
17956 'kCn [kksts vkSj mlesa ls Hkh 4500 'kCn dks
fo'ysf"kr fd;kA
vkWyiksVZ ds i'pkr~ vkj-ch- dSVsy us O;fDRkRo
dss 171 iqat cuk, ftlesa ls mUgksaus 35 dks fo'ysf"kr
fd;kA dSVsy ds vuqlkj 35 esa ls 23 y{k.k ,sls gSa tks
lkekU; O;fDRk;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj 23 esa ls 16
y{k.k ,sls gS tks O;fDRkRo ds egRoiw.kZ y{k.k gksrs
gSA vfr esa mUgksaus 12 'khyxq.kksa dks lhfer fd;k tks
fd dqN O;fDRk fo'ks"k esa ik, tkrs gSaA
¼1½ pØfof{kIr %& ,sls O;fDr lqLi"V vius
Hkkoukvksa rFkk fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus okys
gksrs gSA
¼2½ lkekU; ekufld 'kfDr %& ,sls O;fDr lkekU; cqf)
okys gksrs gSA
¼3½ iz'kkld %& ,sls O;fDr vkRefo'oklh rFkk
>xMkyw gksrs gSA
¼4½ izlUu eq[k %& ,sls O;fDr vkRefo'oklh]
mRlkgh rFkk cqf)eku gksrs gSA
¼5½ /kukRed pfj= %& ,sls O;fDr nwljs dh ckrksa
ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsrk gSA
¼6½ laosxkRed ifjiDork %& ,sls O;fDRk laosxkRed
:i ls fLFkj gksrs gSaaA
¼7½ lkglh pØfof{kIr %& ,sls O;fDRk lkglh] feyulkj
gksrs gSa] rFkk foijhr fyax esa :fp j[krs gSaA
¼8½ ifjiDo %& ,sls O;fDr Lo;a esa iw.kZ gksrs
gSA
¼9½ lkekftd lkaLd`frd %& ,sls O;fDr lekt vkSj
laLd`fr ls tqMs+ gksrs gS rFkk ijEijkoknh gksrs
gSaA
¼10½ fo'oklh %& ,sls O;fDRk fo'oklik= gksrs gSA
¼11½ vikjEifjd %& ,sls O;fDRk le; ds lkFk
fonzksgoknh gks tkrs gSaA
¼12½ fouhr %& ,sls O;fDRk rkfdZd izo`fRr ds gksrs
gS lkFk gh 'kkar LoHkko o ,dkarfiz; gksrs gSaA
vkj- ch- dSVsy ds i'pkr~ xSjsV us 12 iz/kku xq.k
crk, gS tks ,d nwljs ls Lora= gS] vkSj buds foijhr xq.k
Hkh fo|eku gSaA
xSfjV ds vuqlkj %& ^^O;fDRk ds 'khyxq.k O;ogkj djus
ds fofHkUUk rjhds gS vkSj izk;% ;s O;fDRk esa LFkk;h
gkrs gSA O;fDrRo dss xq.k O;ogkj ds cgqla[;d Lo:iksa
dk o.kZu djus dh Li"V vkSj laf{kIr fof/k;ka gSA^^
oqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj %&^^O;fDrRo O;fDRk dss lEiw.kZ
O;ogkj dh fo'ks"krk gS ftldk izn'kZu mlds fopkjksa dh
vknr O;Dr djus ds <ax] vfHko`fRr ,oa :fp] dk;Z djus ds
<ax ,oa thou dss izfr mldh nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA^^
oqMoFkZ us O;fDRkRo ds 12 iz/kku o foijhr xq.k crk,
gSa&
iz/kku xq.k foijhr xq.k
¼1½ izlUUk fpRRk] mnkl] >sius okyk
feyulkj
¼2½ cqf)eku ew[kZ
¼3½ lkaosfxd vfLFkj] iyk;uoknh
fLFkj] ;FkkFkZoknh
¼4½ vf/kdkjfiz;] vkKkdkjh] xkSjojfgr
xkSjo'kkyh
¼5½ 'kkar] lkekftd mf}Xu] ,dkUrfiz;
¼6½ Hkkoqd] dksey] Hkkouk'kwU;] dBksj ân;
ân;
¼7½ f'k"V] lkSUn;Z vf'k"V] Hknnk
izseh
¼8½ ifjJeh] mRrjnk;h nwljksa ij fuHkZjrk
mRrjnkf;Rojfgr
¼9½ lkglh] csfQd mRlkgghu] lrdZ
¼10½ rst] 'kh?kz dk;Z lqLr] <hyk<kyk
djus okyk
¼11½ vfr mRrsftr] 'kh?kz mRrsftu u gksus
fpM+fpM+k okyk] lgu'khy
¼12½ fe=or~] fo'oklik= 'k=qor~] lUnsg'khy
ikB~;
Øe
f'k{kd fo|
kFkhZ
l`tukRed f'k{k.k