0610 m23 QP 42-Merged

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 4 6 1 0 0 3 2 8 7 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2023
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (EF/JG) 311941/4
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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a simplified diagram of the circulatory system in humans.
A
F
Y
E B
C
D
other organs
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the blood vessel that contains blood with the
highest concentration of oxygen.
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(ii) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the hepatic portal vein.
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(iii) State all the letters from Fig. 1.1 that represent arteries.
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(iv) Explain the importance of the part labelled Y in Fig. 1.1.
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(v) State the evidence from Fig. 1.1 that the diagram shows a double circulation system.
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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the pressure of blood flowing through different blood vessels as it travels
around the body. (Venules are narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins.)
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16
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blood 10
pressure
/ kPa 8
0
arteries X capillaries venules veins
type of blood vessel
Fig. 1.2
(i) Blood vessels X in Fig. 1.2 supply blood to skin-surface capillaries and have a role in
maintaining a constant internal temperature.
State the name of the blood vessels that are represented by the letter X in Fig. 1.2.
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(ii) Explain reasons for the changes in pressure seen in the arteries in Fig. 1.2.
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(iii) Using the information in Fig. 1.2, explain the structural adaptations of arteries and veins.
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[Total: 14]

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2 A student investigated the digestion of starch.
Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus she used.
distilled water distilled water

dialysis dialysis
tubing tubing
starch solution starch solution

+ amylase
test-tube A test-tube B
Fig. 2.1
Dialysis tubing is used to represent a cell membrane.
The dialysis tubing material allows small molecules to move across it, but not larger molecules.
Test-tubes A and B were set up as shown in Fig. 2.1 and placed in a water-bath at 37 °C for
30 minutes.
The liquid outside the dialysis tubing in test-tubes A and B was tested with Benedict’s solution at
0 minutes and after 30 minutes.
Table 2.1 shows the results.
Table 2.1
colour with Benedict’s solution colour with Benedict’s solution

test-tube
at 0 minutes at 30 minutes
A blue blue
B blue red
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(a) Using the information in Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1, explain the reasons for the difference in the
results for test-tubes A and B in Table 2.1.
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(b) Complete Table 2.2 by writing in the names of the missing enzymes, substrates and products.
Table 2.2
enzyme substrate product or products
pepsin
fatty acids and glycerol
trypsin
glucose
[4]
(c) State the name of the structures that increase the surface area for absorption in the small
intestine.
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[Total: 11]
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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows part of a classification diagram for plants.
(i) Complete Fig. 3.1.
plants
ferns ...........………………….............
monocotyledons ...........………………….............
Fig. 3.1
[2]
(ii) Describe two identifying features of monocotyledons.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Fig. 3.2 shows the life cycle of a fern. The life cycle of a fern has some similarities and some
differences compared with the life cycles of other plants.
The letters represent processes that occur during the life cycle.
The haploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (n).
The diploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (2n).
A B
spores (n)
adult sporophyte adult gametophyte (n)

(2n) C
D C
zygote gametes (n)

(2n)
not to scale
Fig. 3.2
(i) The adult sporophyte has 1200 chromosomes in its body cells.
State the number of chromosomes in the body cells of the gametophyte.
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(ii) Identify and describe process A in Fig. 3.2.
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(iii) State the name of process D in Fig. 3.2.
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(c) Fig. 3.3 shows the parts of two flowers from two different plants of the same species.
Fig. 3.3
(i) Describe what is meant by the term species.
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(ii) Annotate Fig. 3.3 to show the mechanism of cross-pollination by:
• labelling the structures involved

• drawing an arrow to show the pathway of pollen.
[3]
(iii) Draw an X on Fig. 3.3 to show where fertilisation occurs. [1]
(iv) Explain the disadvantages of cross-pollination compared with self-pollination.
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[Total: 18]
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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a tree that has been girdled.
Girdling involves removing a complete circle of bark and phloem from around the tree.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Explain why the area above the girdle in Fig. 4.1 will become swollen.
Use the terms source and sink in your answer.
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(ii) Explain why the leaves in girdled trees are still able to receive mineral ions from the
roots.
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(b) Explain why glucose made during photosynthesis is required for the absorption of mineral
ions by the roots.
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(c) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.
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[Total: 11]

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5 The eye is a sense organ that is part of the nervous system.
(a) Explain why the eye can be described as a sense organ.
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(b) State the two parts of the central nervous system.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a section through the human eye.
A
H
C
G D
Fig. 5.1
(i) Draw an X on Fig. 5.1 to identify the blind spot. [1]
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(ii) Table 5.1 shows some of the parts labelled in Fig. 5.1, their names and their functions.
Complete Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
name of the part letter in Fig. 5.1 function
transmits impulses to the central nervous system
cornea
[3]
(d) State the names of the two effectors that contract and relax during the pupil reflex.
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(e) Explain why a person is unable to focus on distant objects if the suspensory ligaments
become permanently overstretched.
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[Total: 12]

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6 Golden rice is a type of rice that has been genetically modified to contain a nutrient called
beta-carotene.
Fig. 6.1 shows the genetic modification process used to produce golden rice.
bacterial cell plant DNA
rice plant cells

infected with the
genetically modified
bacteria
rice plants
with the ability
to produce
beta-carotene
are grown
tissue culture
not to scale
Fig. 6.1
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(a) Using the information in Fig. 6.1, complete the sentences to describe how rice is genetically
modified to contain beta-carotene.
The part labelled A in the bacterial cell is a ................................................... .
Part A is extracted and cut using a .................................................. enzyme forming
..................................................... ends.
The part labelled B is the .................................................. that codes for the production of
beta-carotene.
The enzyme used to cut part A is also used to cut part B from the plant DNA.
Part B is inserted into the part labelled A using the enzyme .......................................... .
This forms the part labelled C, which is called a ........................................................... .
Part C is put into a bacterium. The bacterium is taken up by rice plant cells, giving them the
ability to produce beta-carotene.
Tissue culture is a form of .............................................................. reproduction that is used to
produce many identical rice plants producing beta-carotene for commercial use.
[7]
(b) Apart from structural features, state two reasons why bacteria are useful for genetic
modification.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Discuss the disadvantages of genetically modifying rice plants to produce beta-carotene.
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(d) Beta-carotene is required to produce vitamin A, which is essential for eye function.
State the nutrient required to prevent:
scurvy .......................................................................................................................................
rickets. ......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 2 6 5 3 5 0 6 4 4 6 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (EF/CT) 311948/5
2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of part of a cross‑section of a leaf.
layer A
layer B
layer C
stomata
Fig. 1.1
(a) Explain why a leaf is considered to be an organ.
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(b) Explain how layer B and layer C in Fig. 1.1 are adapted for their functions.
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(c) A student placed a plant in a very hot room for 12 hours. There was a bright light in the room
and the plant was not given any water during the 12‑hour period.
Fig. 1.2 shows a series of sketches that the student made of the stomata during the
investigation.
time / hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
stomata
D
Fig. 1.2
(i) Identify the cell labelled D on Fig. 1.2.
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(ii) State the main function of the stomata.
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(iii) State the advantage to the plant of the change to the stomata shown in Fig. 1.2.
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(d) The student increased the humidity in the room and repeated the investigation.
Predict and explain the effect of high humidity on the stomata.
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[Total: 14]
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2 Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of part of a DNA molecule.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Draw a circle on Fig. 2.1 to identify one pair of bases. [1]
(b) The percentage of T bases in the DNA of a species is 29%.
Calculate the percentage of bases that would be base G in the DNA of this species.
Space for working.
G ......................................................% [1]
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(c) (i) State the name given to a length of DNA that codes for a protein.
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(ii) Explain how proteins are made by a cell.
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(iii) DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins.
State two types of cell membrane proteins.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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[2]
[Total: 10]

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3 (a) Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem worldwide.
Erythromycin is an antibiotic.
Fig. 3.1 shows the daily doses of erythromycin per 1000 people over a 13‑year period.
The number of bacterial infections resistant to erythromycin per 1000 people is also shown.
3.0 200
180
2.5
160
140
2.0
daily doses of 120 number of
bacterial infections
erythromycin 1.5 100
resistant to
per 1000 people 80 erythromycin per
1.0 60 1000 people
40
0.5
20
0.0 0
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
year
Key
daily doses of erythromycin per 1000 people
number of bacterial infections resistant to erythromycin per 1000 people
Fig. 3.1
(i) Calculate the percentage change in the number of bacterial infections resistant to
erythromycin per 1000 people between 1993 and 1995.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
Space for working.
.............................................................%
[3]
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(ii) Describe the data shown in Fig. 3.1.
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(iii) Suggest reasons for the change in the number of bacterial infections resistant to
erythromycin from 1993 to 1995 shown in Fig. 3.1.
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(iv) Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
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(b) (i) Bacteria are prokaryotes.
State two features of all prokaryotes.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Some bacteria have a flagellum.
State the function of a flagellum.
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[Total: 16]
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4 (a) A student recorded the information about an aquatic habitat.
Fig. 4.1 shows the student’s notes.
Aquatic plants provide food for freshwater

shrimps and midges.
Mayflies also feed on aquatic plants.
The mayflies provide food for salmon.
Stoneflies feed on midges and are eaten by

salmon. Salmon also eat freshwater shrimps.
Herons feed on salmon.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Construct a food web to show the feeding relationships described in Fig. 4.1.
Do not draw the organisms.
[4]
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(ii) Complete Table 4.1 using the information in Fig. 4.1 by identifying the names of the
missing trophic levels and one organism at each different trophic level.
Table 4.1
name of the trophic level organism in Fig. 4.1
producer aquatic plants
primary consumer
secondary consumer
[3]
(iii) Outline how the energy in the primary consumers in this aquatic food web is used to
produce biomass in the secondary consumers.
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(iv) Humans also eat salmon.
Predict the impact on the feeding relationships shown in Fig. 4.1 of overharvesting of
salmon.
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(b) Describe what is meant by the term decomposer.
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(c) Animals such as salmon can be farmed for meat.
Explain why it is more energy efficient for humans to eat crop plants than to eat livestock that
have been fed on crop plants.
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[Total: 18]
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5 Fig. 5.1 is a photomicrograph of a structure found in animal and plant cells.
Fig. 5.1
(a) State the name and function of the cell structure labelled A in Fig. 5.1.
name .........................................................................................................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(b) State the two pieces of information needed to calculate the actual length of cell structure A in
Fig. 5.1.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]
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(c) The actual length of cell structure A is 0.000 75 mm.
Convert this value to micrometres (µm).
..................................................... µm [1]
[Total: 4]

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6 (a) A student investigated plant growth responses in roots and shoots. They used this method:
• Damp cotton wool was placed in two Petri dishes.

• Three bean seedlings were attached to the cotton wool in each Petri dish.
• Each seedling was orientated so that the roots pointed in a different direction in each
Petri dish.
• Petri dish 1 was kept on its side in a fixed position.
• Petri dish 2 was kept on its side and rotated constantly.
• Both Petri dishes were kept in the dark.
• Both Petri dishes were kept in these conditions for two days.
• After two days the seedlings were observed.
Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of the apparatus.
Petri dish 1 Petri dish 2
damp cotton wool motor to rotate Petri dish 2
B E
C F
D
A
support so that Petri dish 1 is in a fixed position bean seedling
Fig. 6.1
Fig. 6.2 shows the seedlings after two days.
Petri dish 1 Petri dish 2
B E
C F
A D
Fig. 6.2
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(i) Describe the pattern of growth of the bean roots and shoots in Petri dish 1 shown in
Fig. 6.2.
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(ii) State the name of the growth responses observed in the bean roots and shoots.
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(iii) Explain how auxin causes the difference in the pattern of growth shown by the shoots of
seedlings B and E shown in Fig. 6.2.
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(b) Seeds require oxygen and water to germinate.
(i) State one other environmental condition that affects germination.
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(ii) Suggest why oxygen and water are required for germination.
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[Total: 10]
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7 Complete the sentences about enzymes by writing a suitable word or phrase in each of the spaces
provided.
Enzymes are involved in chemical digestion which produces small ................................................
molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
Two examples of protease enzymes are pepsin and trypsin. Pepsin is produced by the
................................................ and requires acidic conditions. These conditions are created by
the release of ................................................ , which provides the optimum pH for pepsin activity
and also kills harmful ................................................ .
The ................................................ produces trypsin which breaks down protein in
................................................ pH conditions. These conditions are created by a substance called
................................................ , which neutralises the gastric juices and also has an important role
in the ................................................ of fats and oils.

[8]
Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 9 4 6 1 0 0 9 5 4 *
BIOLOGY 0610/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (KN/FC) 311949/4
2
1 (a) The movement of molecules within an organism can occur by diffusion and active transport.
Complete Table 1.1 by placing ticks (3) to show the correct features of each process.
Table 1.1
active
feature diffusion
transport
movement of particles always occurs across a cell membrane
movement of molecules during gas exchange
rate of movement of particles is higher when the concentration

gradient is larger
requires energy from respiration
[4]
(b) Explain why active transport is important in root hair cells.
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[Total: 7]
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2 Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves of a plant.
(a) Complete the sentence describing transpiration.
Water evaporates from the surfaces of the ............................................... cells into the air
spaces and then ............................................... out of the leaves, through the stomata, as
water vapour.
[2]
(b) Explain how water moves upwards in the xylem.
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(c) A student investigated the effect of wind speed on the rate of transpiration in a small
Pachira aquatica tree.
They measured the rate of transpiration when the plant was placed in different wind speeds
in both the light and the dark. The tree was given an adequate supply of water.
The results of this investigation are shown in Fig. 2.1.
rate of 4
transpiration
/ g per hr 3
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed / m per s
light dark
Fig. 2.1
(i) Describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 2.1.
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(ii) The investigation was repeated in the light with the same species of tree in an
environment where the humidity was higher.
Draw a line on Fig. 2.1 to predict the results in the light with increased humidity. [1]
(iii) The investigation described in 2(c) was repeated (different wind speeds in both the light
and the dark).
However, the tree was not given an adequate supply of water during the investigation.
Predict the result and explain your prediction.
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[Total: 14]

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3 Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of a section through a human heart.
Fig. 3.1
(a) Draw an X on the septum in Fig. 3.1. [1]
(b) Explain the reason for the difference between the thickness of the walls at B and at C in
Fig. 3.1.
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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7
(c) A red blood cell enters the vena cava at A in Fig. 3.1.
Explain how the red blood cell is moved from the vena cava to the aorta.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]

8
(d) An athlete measured her heart rate during a running race. She recorded it before the race,
during the race and during her recovery.
Her results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
200
180
160
140
heart rate
/ beats per 120
minute
100
80
60
40
0 5 10 15 20
time / minutes
start end
of race of race
Fig. 3.2
(i) Suggest how the athlete could monitor the activity of her heart.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the percentage change in heart rate from the maximum heart rate reached
during the race until the heart rate recorded at 18 minutes.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
Space for working.
............................................................ %
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/43/M/J/23
9
(iii) Explain why heart rate must increase during exercise.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 16]

10
4 (a) Urea is a waste product.
(i) Describe how urea is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the component of blood that transports urea.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State why urea must be excreted.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State the name of the blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a drawing of a nephron in the human kidney and associated blood vessels.
K
L
Fig. 4.1
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11
Describe how the structures labelled in Fig. 4.1 produce urine.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Urea can be used as a fertiliser as it is a source of nitrogen.
Explain the importance of nitrate ions to plants.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) A farmer applied fertiliser to a field next to a lake.
Suggest two precautions the farmer should take when applying fertiliser to reduce the risk of
eutrophication occurring in the lake.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]

12
5 (a) Describe the role of progesterone in pregnancy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a drawing of a section of a human placenta. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow.
maternal artery
from mother
to mother maternal vein
space filled
with maternal fetal capillary
blood
umbilical
arteries
from fetus
to fetus
from fetus umbilical vein
not to scale
Fig. 5.1
© UCLES 2023 0610/43/M/J/23

13
Substances move across the placenta by diffusion.
(i) State the names of two useful substances that move from the blood of the mother to the
blood of the fetus.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Using the information in Fig. 5.1, suggest how the placenta is adapted for efficient
diffusion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The Rhesus (Rh) factor is a protein that is found on the surface of red blood cells in some
people. If the protein is present then the individual is Rh positive.
The allele for the presence of the Rh factor is dominant and is represented by the letter D.
The recessive allele is represented by the letter d.
If a mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive there can be problems during pregnancy.
A Rh negative mother and a heterozygous Rh positive father have a child.
Complete the Punnett square and determine the probability of the child being Rh positive.
father’s gametes
mother’s gametes
probability .................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 11]
14
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the percentage of land covered by forest in a country from 1660 until 2000.
30
28
26
24
22
percentage of
land covered 20
by forest
18
16
14
12
10
1650 1750 1850 1950 2050
year
Fig. 6.1
(i) Using the information in Fig. 6.1, state which 10-year period had the highest increase in
the percentage of land covered by forest.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Outline how human activities could cause the change in the percentage of land covered
by forest from 1660 to 1800 shown in Fig. 6.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/43/M/J/23

15
(b) It is estimated that 40% of plant species are at risk of extinction.
Seed banks can store seeds from many species for a long time.
Table 6.1 shows some information about one plant species that is stored in a seed bank.
Table 6.1
mass of one seed / g percentage oil content percentage protein content

1.96 71 11
(i) Using the data shown in Table 6.1, calculate the mass of protein in one seed.
....................................................... g [1]
(ii) Suggest why many plants can easily be conserved using seed banks.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

16
(iii) Describe why conservation projects such as seed banks are important.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2023 0610/43/M/J/23

17
7 (a) State the name of a chemical element that is found in all proteins but not in carbohydrates or
fats.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Table 7.1 shows the names of some biological molecules, enzymes and the organs that
produce the enzymes.
Complete Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
enzyme that
products of the
catalyses the
large biological breakdown of the organ that produces
breakdown of the
molecule large biological the enzyme
large biological
molecule
molecule
oil pancreas
glycogen
glycogen liver
phosphorylase
maltose amylase
protein stomach
[4]
(c) State two hormones that can affect the concentration of glycogen in the liver.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
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20
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© UCLES 2023 0610/43/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 8 9 7 7 2 4 5 1 3 *
BIOLOGY 0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ/JG) 302255/5
2
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© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

3
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a side view of a human skull indicating the four types of teeth and the jaws.
upper jaw
incisors
canine
premolar molars
lower jaw
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the function of human teeth.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of the visible outer layer of the teeth.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain the process of tooth decay in humans.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

4
(b) Mammals can be classified according to the position and shape of their teeth.
Fig. 1.2 shows the skulls of seven mammals.
A
B
E
F
not to scale
Fig. 1.2
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

5
(i) Use the key to identify each species shown in Fig. 1.2.
Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box in the key.
Key
1 (a) two or more different types of teeth go to 2
(b) fewer than two different types of teeth go to 3
2 (a) have wide gap between front and back teeth in both jaws go to 4
(b) have no wide gap between front and back teeth in both jaws go to 6
3 (a) all teeth of similar shape Orcinus orca
Myrmecophaga
(b) no teeth on either jaw
tridactyla
4 (a) no incisors in upper jaw Cervus elephus
(b) incisors in both upper and lower jaw go to 5
5 (a) incisors on lower jaw longer than incisors on upper jaw Macropus rufus
(b) incisors on upper and lower jaw are similar in size Equus ferus
6 (a) incisors on lower jaw project forwards Lemur catta
(b) incisors on lower jaw do not project forwards Pteropus niger
[4]
(ii) Killer whales, Orcinus orca, are mammals.
State two internal features you would expect to find in a killer whale that you would not
find in a fish.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the name of the group of animals that includes mammals and fish.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]

6
2 Digestive enzymes catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble molecules.
(a) (i) Explain why it is important that large insoluble molecules are broken down by chemical
digestion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the name of the substance that is the solvent for most molecules that have been
digested by enzymes.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The activity of two protease enzymes, A and B, was measured at different pHs. Both enzymes
are found in the human alimentary canal.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.
900 140
enzyme A
enzyme B
800
120
700
100
600
500 80
enzyme A activity enzyme B activity
/ U per mg 400 / U per mg
60
300
40
200
20
100
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
acid neutral alkaline
Fig. 2.1
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

7
Describe and explain the roles of the two protease enzymes, A and B, in the alimentary
canal.
Use the information in Fig. 2.1 to support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(c) Maltase is a digestive enzyme that acts in the small intestine.
State the exact location of maltase in the small intestine.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]

8
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9
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows some apparatus that was used to investigate water loss from a leafy shoot.
oil layer
burette
water
leafy
shoot
jar cut end
water
balance
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the name of the process by which leafy shoots lose water.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Before the leafy shoot is inserted into the jar shown in Fig. 3.1, it must be recut under
water.
Suggest why the end of the leafy shoot was cut under water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the purpose of the oil layer on top of the water in the burette.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Using the information in Fig. 3.1, describe one method that can be used to determine
how much water is lost from the leafy shoot.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(b) The apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1 was used to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate
of water loss in a species of plant. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
0.60
0.50
0.40
rate of water
loss from leaves 0.30
/ g per m2 per s
0.20
0.10
0.00
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
temperature / °C
Fig. 3.2
(i) Using the information in Fig. 3.2, calculate how much water would be lost from 1 m2 of
leaves in 12 hours if the plants were kept at 35 °C. Include the unit.
................................................................
[3]
(ii) Using the information in Fig. 3.2, describe and explain the effect of increasing temperature
on the rate of water loss in this species of plant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22
11
(c) The apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1 can also be used to investigate the effects of changing
humidity on water loss in plants.
(i) Suggest why the mass of water in the apparatus does not change when the leafy shoot
is kept at 100% relative humidity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Even at extremely low relative humidities the leafy shoot did not wilt.
Explain why the leafy shoot shown in Fig. 3.1 did not wilt.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The investigation on the effect of temperature was done at a relative humidity of 20%.
The investigation was repeated at a relative humidity of 80% and all other conditions
were kept the same.
Predict how the water loss will differ from the trend shown in Fig. 3.2.
Sketch your prediction on Fig. 3.2.
[1]
[Total: 16]

12
4 Chromosomes are made of DNA.
(a) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) Outline how antibiotic resistance develops in a population of bacteria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Scientists use differences in antibiotic-resistance genes to distinguish between different

strains of the bacterium, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
Suggest why scientists use differences in base sequences to classify the strains of MRSA
rather than using other methods.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

13
(iii) Explain why scientists are concerned that some strains of bacteria, such as S. aureus,
have become resistant to antibiotics.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) (i) Describe how the use of antibiotics can be managed to reduce the development of
resistant strains of bacteria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why MRSA is unlikely to be transmitted from a mother to her unborn fetus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Many species of bacteria do not cause disease. Bacteria are very important in many biological
processes.
State the names of three natural processes involving bacteria that are important to
ecosystems.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 16]

14
5 Fires release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
(a) (i) State one other natural process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
State the name of one other greenhouse gas.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Data scientists used satellite images to analyse the occurrence of fires globally, during a
14-year period. They tracked all fires that were larger than 0.21 km2 and therefore visible from
space.
Table 5.1 summarises some of their data, categorising the fires by location. The locations
include natural ecosystems and land that is managed by people. The expansion rate is the
speed at which each fire becomes larger.
Table 5.1
estimated average
estimated average
estimated total expansion rate
location of fire duration of fires
number of fires of fires
/ days
/ km2 per day
natural boreal forest 197 124 0.6 5.4
natural temperate forest 178 909 0.4 4.1

natural savannah
9 809 719 0.7 4.6
(grassland with few trees)
managed land being
909 826 0.3 3.8
deforested
managed agricultural land 1 631 918 0.3 3.4
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

15
(i) Using the information in Table 5.1, compare the data for the two managed locations with
the data for the three natural locations.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Describe how the data in Table 5.1 could be used to estimate the total area that was
burnt during the 14-year period, for each location.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Burning large areas of forest is a cause of habitat destruction.
Describe the possible consequences of habitat destruction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

16
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.
B
H
F
E
D C
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

17
(i) Table 6.1 shows the names of some parts of the human gas exchange system, their
functions and the letters in Fig. 6.1 that identify the parts.
Complete Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
function name of the structure letter in Fig. 6.1
hairs in the nose A
prevents collapse of the airway
contracts to decrease the pressure in the thorax F
diaphragm
protects the lungs from mechanical damage
contains cilia to move mucus out of the airway
site of gas exchange alveoli
[7]
(ii) Describe and explain how the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

18
(b) (i) Explain the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Physical activity changes the concentration of carbon dioxide in the body.
State where this change is detected and how the body responds to the change.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State the name of a solution that can be used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide
gas.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/O/N/22

19
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Cambridge IGCSE™

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a simplified diagram of the circulatory system in humans.

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

(iv) Explain the importance of the part labelled Y in Fig. 1.1.

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

2 A student investigated the digestion of starch.

Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus she used.

distilled water distilled water

starch solution starch solution

Dialysis tubing is used to represent a cell membrane.

Table 2.1 shows the results.

colour with Benedict’s solution colour with Benedict’s solution

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

enzyme substrate product or products

fatty acids and glycerol

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows part of a classification diagram for plants.

(i) Complete Fig. 3.1.

(ii) Describe two identifying features of monocotyledons.

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

The haploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (n).

The diploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (2n).

adult sporophyte adult gametophyte (n)

zygote gametes (n)

State the number of chromosomes in the body cells of the gametophyte.

(ii) Identify and describe process A in Fig. 3.2.

(iii) State the name of process D in Fig. 3.2.

(i) Describe what is meant by the term species.

(ii) Annotate Fig. 3.3 to show the mechanism of cross-pollination by:

• labelling the structures involved

(iii) Draw an X on Fig. 3.3 to show where fertilisation occurs. [1]

(iv) Explain the disadvantages of cross-pollination compared with self-pollination.

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a tree that has been girdled.

Use the terms source and sink in your answer.

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

(c) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

5 The eye is a sense organ that is part of the nervous system.

(a) Explain why the eye can be described as a sense organ.

(b) State the two parts of the central nervous system.

(c) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a section through the human eye.

(i) Draw an X on Fig. 5.1 to identify the blind spot. [1]

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

Complete Table 5.1.

name of the part letter in Fig. 5.1 function

transmits impulses to the central nervous system

................................................................... and ................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

bacterial cell plant DNA

rice plant cells

© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

The part labelled A in the bacterial cell is a ................................................... .