Activity for Science 8 April 15, 2024

Direction: On ACTIVITY A: READ and COPY the following on your notebook to be checked
on Thursday. This will be 10 points on your written task. Read & understand so that
tomorrow you will know how to answer the next activity regarding this outline. Then
answer Activity A1 on the last page.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

 Gregor Johanne Mendel - is an Austrian monk. In a monastery, he spent his time in
investigating how individual traits were inherited. Gregor Mendel used the garden peas
(Pisum sativum) in his experiments because it has several traits to be studied, easy to
grow, reproduce through self-pollination. He was regarded as the “Father of Genetics”.
 Genetics is a branch of science; it is the study of heredity and the factors that affect the
transmission of genes to determine inherited characters from one generation to the next.
 Heredity - transfer of traits from parents to offspring by the union of the parents’ gametes
 The different traits of Garden Peas that Gregor Mendel studied are shown below:

 Gregor Mendel’s Experiment:

- Gregor Mendel first produced pure-breeding plants through self-pollination for many
generations until all the offspring had the same features as the parents.
- The pure-breeding peas were called parental or P1 generation and when
cross-pollinated, the resulting offspring were called first filial (F1) generation.
- The F1 generation was also called hybrids because it resulted from a cross between two
pure-bred plants with different traits.

 Mendelian Principles/Laws of Heredity

- Gregor discovered that when he combines or crosses garden peas with contrasting traits,
parents can transmit the distinct heritable factor units (genes) called the Principle of Unit
Character. The position of a gene on a chromosome is called its locus.
 Two versions of the same chromosome are called homologous chromosomes.
 The different versions are called alleles.
 Hence, Mendel decided to use letter names for the alleles that control the hereditary
characters to emphasize the two contrasting expressions: a capital letter and a small
 letter. For example, seed shape is a trait with two contrasting factors or alleles – round
(represented by capital “R”) and wrinkled (represented by a small “r”).
 The Principle of Dominance - states that a dominant trait masks the recessive trait.

* Dominant trait - evident and is being manifested by an individual. They are all
represented and written in capital letters. Example: Rr (Round wrinkled), R is dominant
which is round.
* Recessive traits - are traits which are not expressed or cannot be seen in an
individual. Traits that are identified as recessive are all represented and written in
small letters. Example: Rr (Round wrinkled), r is recessive which is wrinkled.

 Here is the table showing the letter representation of the identified dominant and recessive
traits in pea plants:

Table 2. Letter representation of dominant and recessive traits in pea plants.

Seed Seed color Flower Pod Pod color Flower Stem

Traits shape (Rr) (Yy) color shape (Ii) (Gg) position (Aa) height (Tt)
(Pp)
Dominant Inflated
round (R) Yellow (Y) Purple (P) Green (G) Axial (A) Tall (T)
traits (I)
Recessive Constricted Dwarf
wrinkled (r) Green (y) White (p) Yellow (g) Terminal (a)
traits (i) (t)

* Based on the table above, seed shape with two contrasting alleles – Rr is read as “round”.
This is because the dominant trait which is round (R) masks the recessive trait which is wrinkled
(r).
While the RR and rr is read as “round” and “wrinkled”, respectively.

 Phenotypes - The physical expressions of the trait for seed shape – round and wrinkled.
 Genotypes - Its letter combinations that describe the genes of the individual.

*Examples of the letter combination:

combinations that describe the genes of the individual is called genotypes. The letter
combination “Rr” is read as heterozygous round while “RR” is homozygous round and “rr”
is homozygous wrinkled.

 Heterozygous refers to traits in which the alleles are different (i.e., Rr, Yy, Tt).

 Homozygous refers to traits with identical alleles such as RR, rr, yy, TT, aa, and so on.

 The Law of Segregation states that a pair of factors (genes) separate during the formation
of gametes (sex cells).

 The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for a particular trait are inherited
independently of genes for the other traits.

 Punnett square - is a grid system that makes easier to plot, analyze, and identify possible
gene combinations. In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel crossed parents with pure
traits, a round (RR) seed shape with a wrinkled (rr) seed shape pea plant.
  Identify the Phenotype and Genotype of offspring (F1). Applying the principle of
dominance and the law of segregation, here are the steps to follow:
Steps: Illustration :
1. Identify the genotypes of the parents involved in 1. P 1 : RR x rr
the cross and label it as P1 (First parental
generation).
2. Segregate the gametes by encircling the letter 2. G: R R r r
representation separately and label it as G.

3. Make a Punnett square and transfer the 3. F 1: R R

gametes in their designated area: male
gametes are placed on top (first row) while the r Rr Rr
female gametes are placed at the left side (first r Rr Rr
column). Then, combine
the possible genes for the first filial generation
(F1). 4. Phenotype: Four round pea
4. Identify the possible phenotypes and genotypes plants = 100% (4/4 x 100)
of the offspring. (If percentage is asked, consider Genotypes: Four heterozygous
that each offspring is 25% to complete the 100% round (Rr) pea plants = 100% (4/4 x
or divide the specific trait that is asked with the 100)
total number of offspring. Then multiply it with
100%.

* All the offspring in the given sample are monohybrids with a phenotype of “round” and a
genotype of “Rr”.
 Monohybrids are individuals with mixed genes (i.e., Rr, Yy) from a cross with single trait
involved.
 Dihybrids - the offspring with mixed genes for both traits. In dihybrid testcross, the genes
for seed shape are independent from that of the genes for seed color and other traits. Now,
this concept applies the Law of Independent Assortment.

 Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio:

Given the sample of two traits, a cross was made between a pure-bred round, green
(RRyy) pea plant and a heterozygous round, yellow (RrYy) pea plant.
What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F 1? Using the steps earlier, let us solve
the given sample.
Steps: Illustration :
1. Identify the genotypes of the parents
involved in the cross and label it as P 1 (First 1. P 1: RR yy x R rYy
parental generation).
Ry Ry RY Ry
2. Segregate the gametes by encircling the 2. G:
letter representation separately and label it as G.
Ry Ry rY ry

3. Make a Punnett square and transfer the

gametes in their designated area: male gametes 3. F 1:
are placed on top (first row) while the female Ry Ry Ry Ry
gametes are placed at the left side (first column).
Then, combine the possible genes for the first RY RRYy RRYy RRYy RRYy
filial generation (F1). Ry RRyy RRyy RRyy RRyy
rY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
4. Identify the possible phenotypes and ry Rryy Rryy Rryy Rryy
genotypes of the offspring. 4. Phenotypic ratio = 8:8 or 50%:50%
8 round, yellow pea plants
(8/16 x 100 = 50%)
8 round, green pea plants
(8/16 x 100 = 50%)

Genotypic ratio = 4:4:4:4 or 25%:25%:25%:25% (RRYy) 4/16 x 100 = 25% 4 homozygous round
and heterozygous yellow pea plants
4 homozygous round, green pea plants (RRyy ) 4/16 x 100 = 25%
4 heterozygous round, yellow pea plants (RrYy) 4/16 x 100 = 25%
4 heterozygous round and homozygous green pea plants (Rryy) 4/16 x 100 = 25%

100%
Note: Phenotypic ratio (PR) or genotypic ratio (GR) can be expressed in a whole number or percentage
depending on what is asked in the given problem.

Direction: Answer this on your notebook. 10pts.

Activity A1. WORD HUNT!

Identify the correct word/s that describe/s each statement. Then, transfer the letter inside
the boxes in numbers 9 and 10 to decode the main word.
1. This refers to the gene combination in each trait usually presented with identical or
contrasting alleles. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

2. It is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring by the union of the parents’
gametes. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

3. These are individuals with mixed genes (i.e., Rr, Yy) from a cross with single trait
involved. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

4. It refers to one or two more versions of genes that may occur at a given locus on a
chromosome. __ __ __ __ __ __

5. A trait that is expressed in the physical appearance or nature of an individual.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

6. This law states that genes for a particular trait are inherited independently of genes for
the other traits. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __

7. A trait that is masked and is hidden in the physical appearance or nature of an

individual. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

8. A grid system that is used to plot, analyze, and show the possible gene combination in a

test cross. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

9 – 10. A branch of Biology that deals with heredity and variation.