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ABE 41 Agricultural and Biosystems Power Engineering
CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR (4) GROUPS:
1. Power Chain – to receive, exert, and
transmit the motive forces
2. Stationary Parts – to constrain and support
moving parts
3. Valve System – time the operating
sequence
4. Auxiliary parts & Accessories – to cool and
lubricate the surfaces and provide ignition
and fuel for the engine
Piston rings – retain compression; reduce
cylinder wall contact thereby reducing
friction losses and wear
The pressure above the ring is conducted
behind it to spread the ring open against the
cylinder wall.
The greater the pressure above the ring, the
more tightly the ring wedges against the
wall.
Piston – receives and transmits the pressure
forces in the combustion chamber to the
rotating crankshaft
The top of the piston is called the crown and
the sides are called the skirt.
The face on the crown makes up one wall of
the combustion chamber and may be a flat
or highly contoured surface.
Rings traditionally have been divided into
three types, according to function.
Counting from the top of the piston, the first
and second rings are compression rings,
whose task is to control blowby.
The middle ring is the scraper, which keeps
excess oil from the combustion space.
The last ring is the oil ring, which is serrated
to deliver oil to the bore.
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Crankshaft – converts the rectilinear motion
of the piston into rotation
The offset from the axis of rotation is
sometimes called crank throw or crank
radius.
Has harmonic balancer, or vibration
dampener, mounted on the front where it
muffles torsional vibration.
Cylinder block – confines the expanding
gases and forms the combustion chamber
The walls of the cylinder have highly polished
hard surfaces.
Cylinders may be machined directly in the
engine block, or a hard metal (drawn steel)
sleeve may be pressed into the softer metal
block.
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Piston pin – serves to fasten the piston to the
upper end of the connecting rod; wrist pin
Connecting rod – transmits the power of
combustion from the piston to the
crankshaft
Connecting rod bearing - bearing where
connecting rod fastens to crankshaft
Flywheel – inertia, keep the engine at
uniform speed when the crankshaft is not
receiving power from the piston
Store energy that keeps the engine rotating
between power strokes and smooths out
engine operation.
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Cylinder head – houses the valves and forms
a cover to the cylinder
The head contains the spark plugs in SI
engines and the fuel injectors in CI engines
and some SI engines.
Head gasket –serves as a sealant between
the engine block and head where they bolt
together.
Intake manifold – serves to conduct the air
or air-fuel mixture into the cylinder
Comprises all ducting and any components
that are fitted into the ducting between the
extreme point at which air for the engine
induction is collected, and the engine intake
manifold, where the air-fuel mixture is
accumulated prior to entering the engine
cylinders.
Valves – used for opening and closing ports
leading into or out of the combustion
chambers
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Combustion chamber – end of the cylinder
between the head and the piston face where
combustion occurs; sometimes synonymous
with the term "cylinder”
Crankcase – serves the purpose of
supporting the shaft, mounting the cylinder,
housing the running parts, and forming the
reservoir for lubricating oil
Exhaust manifold – serves to conduct the
burned gases away from the engine
A piping system that directs the flow into
one or more exhaust pipes.
Exhaust gases flow through a tailpipe that
ducts the flow away.
Somewhere in the tailpipe section there is
usually a larger flow chamber called the
muffler or mumer.
Valve seats – maybe formed in the cylinder
head or block or maybe a removable inserts
of special alloy steel
Valve stem guide – fits tightly in the cylinder
block and serves to guide the valve in motion
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Spark plug - electrical device used to initiate
combustion in an SI engine by creating a
high-voltage discharge across an electrode
gap
Carburetor - Venturi flow device which
meters the proper amount of fuel into the air
flow by means of a pressure differential
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Valve lifter or tappets – raise the valves in
the L-head and T-head types of engines;
receives their motions from cams mounted
on a camshaft or cam gear
Valve lifter guide – serves to guide the
tappets in its motion
Rocker arm – pivoted in its center; one end
contacts the end of the valve stem and the
other contacts the upper end of the tappet
Push rod - linkage between the camshaft and
valves on overhead valve engines
Cam – a wheel with a lobe or projection on its
face
Camshaft – rotating shaft used to push open
valves at the proper time in the engine cycle
Catalytic converter - mounted in exhaust
flow containing catalytic material that
promotes reduction of emissions by chemical
reaction
Fuel injector – pressurized nozzle that sprays
fuel into the incoming air on SI engines or
into the cylinder on CI engines
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Fuel pump – Electrically or mechanically
driven pump to supply fuel from the fuel tank
(reservoir) to the engine
Oil pump – pump used to distribute oil from
the oil sump to required lubrication points
Throttle – butterfly valve mounted at the
upstream end of the intake system that
controls the amount of air flow into an SI
engine
Cooling fins – metal fins on the outside
surfaces of cylinders and head of an air-cooled
engine
Water jacket – system of liquid flow passages
surrounding the cylinders; usually constructed
as part of the engine block and head

Radiator – heat exchanger used to remove Type of ignition

heat from the engine coolant after the engine
has been cooled upstream end of the intake a. Spark Ignition (SI)
system; honeycomb construction b. Compression Ignition (CI)
Water pump – pump used to circulate engine Engine Cycle
coolant through the engine and radiator. a. 4-stroke cycle
b. 2-stroke cycle

Valve location
a. Valves in head / overhead valve (I-head
engine) L-head

b. Valves in block / flat head (L-head engine)

c. One valve in head (intake) and one in
block (F- head engine)

I-head F-head

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Number of cylinders Position of cylinders

a. Single a. In-line
b. Multiple b. V-engine
c. Opposed cylinder engine
d. Opposed piston engine
e. W-engine
f. Radial engine

Air intake process

a. Naturally aspirated
b. Supercharged
c. Turbocharged
d. Crankcase compressed
Methods of fuel input (SI)
a. Carbureted
b. Multi-point port fuel injection
c. Throttle body fuel injection

Fuel used
a. Gasoline
b. Diesel or fuel oil
c. Gas, natural gas , methane
d. LPG
e. Alco-ethyl, methyl
f. Dual fuel
g. Gasohol or alcogas

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Type of cooling
a. Air-cooled
b. Liquid-cooled, water-cooled