Sans1294 Precast Concrete Manhole Sections and Components

© SABS.
This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
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copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.
ISBN 978-0-626-27370-5
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Precast concrete manhole sections

and components
Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof  Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
 SABS
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 2012 Amended to update referenced standards.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 59A, Construction
standards – Cement, lime and concrete, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards
Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in July 2012.
This document supersedes SANS 1294: 2006 (edition 2).
A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 1.
Annex A forms an integral part of this document. Annexes B and C are for information only.
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Contents
Page
Foreword
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3
3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4
4 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 5
5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 5

5.2 Covers (lids) and frames ............................................................................................... 6
5.3 Steps ............................................................................................................................. 7
5.4 Chamber and shaft sections and starter rings .............................................................. 8
5.5 Slabs ............................................................................................................................. 9
5.6 Precast bases ............................................................................................................... 10
5.7 Solubility of calcareous aggregate concrete ................................................................. 11
5.8 Installation ..................................................................................................................... 11
6 Sampling and testing procedures .......................................................................................... 16
6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 16

6.2 Tests (proof load) .......................................................................................................... 17
7 Inspection and testing ............................................................................................................ 17
7.1 Chamber sections, shaft sections and starter rings ...................................................... 17

7.2 Cover slabs, reducer slabs, spacer slabs and adapter slabs ....................................... 20
7.3 Steps ............................................................................................................................. 23
7.4 Precast bases ............................................................................................................... 24
7.5 Precast concrete covers (lids) and frames .................................................................... 26
7.6 Test for solubility of calcareous aggregate concrete .................................................... 27
8 Marking .................................................................................................................................. 29
Annex A (normative) Notes to purchasers ............................................................................. 30
Annex B (informative) Notes for the installation of manhole components ............................... 31
Annex C (informative) Quality verification of precast concrete manhole sections

and components ................................................................................... 33
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 33
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SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Precast concrete manhole sections and components
1 Scope
This standard covers precast concrete sections, slabs, bases, lids and frames intended for use in
the construction of manholes (including inspection chambers) in stormwater, drainage, and sewage
pipelines.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a
standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions
of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
ASTM C494, Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete.
BS 4482, Specification for steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products.
SANS 558, Cast iron surface boxes and manhole and inspection covers and frames.
SANS 920, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement.
SANS 1024, Welded steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete.
SANS 1083, Aggregates from natural sources – Aggregates for concrete.
SANS 1491-1, Portland cement extenders – Part 1: Ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Amdt 1
SANS 1491-2, Portland cement extenders – Part 2: Fly ash. Amdt 1
SANS 1491-3, Portland cement extenders – Part 3: Silica fume. Amdt 1
SANS 50197-1/EN 197-1, Cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for
common cements.
SANS 50413-1/EN 413-1, Masonry cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity
criteria.
SANS 50450-1/EN 450-1, Fly ash for concrete – Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity
criteria. Amdt 1
SANS 50450-2/EN 450-2, Fly ash for concrete – Part 2: Conformity evaluation. Amdt 1
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Edition 2.1
SANS 51008/EN 1008, Mixing water for concrete – Specification for sampling, testing and
assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete
industry, as mixing water for concrete. Amdt 1
SANS 53263-1/EN 13263-1, Silica fume for concrete – Part 1: Definitions, requirements and
conformity criteria. Amdt 1
SANS 53263-2/EN 13263-2, Silica fume for concrete – Part 2: Conformity evaluation. Amdt 1
SANS 55167-1/EN 15167-1, Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and
grout – Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria. Amdt 1
SANS 55167-2/EN 15167-2, Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and
grout – Part 2: Conformity evaluation. Amdt 1
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
acceptable
acceptable to the authority administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase
contract, as relevant
3.2
batch
material from a single mix or, in the case of a continuous process, the material from a single day's
production
3.3
defective
product that fails in one or more respects to comply with the requirements of the standard
3.4
lot
not more than 500 manhole sections or components of the same type or size bearing the same
batch identification, from one manufacturer, and submitted at any one time for inspection and
testing
3.5
manhole
chamber with or without an access shaft, constructed over a drainage, sewage or stormwater
pipeline to permit maintenance and observation
4 Materials
4.1 Cementitious binders
4.1.1 Cement
The cement used shall comply with the requirements of SANS 50197-1 or SANS 50413-1.
4.1.2 Supplementary cementitious materials
Materials such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash or silica fume shall, if mixed
separately in the mixer, comply with the requirements of SANS 55167-1, SANS 55167-2,
SANS 50450-1, SANS 50450-2, SANS 53263-1 and SANS 53263-2 (see 4.5). Amdt 1
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4.2 Aggregate
The aggregate shall comply with the requirements of SANS 1083, or shall be as specified (see
annex A).
NOTE When sections and slabs are intended for the construction of manholes in sewage pipelines, it is
recommended that aggregate of a calcareous nature be used. For more information on the installation of
manhole components see annex B.
4.3 Reinforcement
Steel used for reinforcement shall comply with the requirements of SANS 920, SANS 1024 or
BS 4482. The reinforcement shall be free from loose dust, scale, oil, grease or any other deleterious
matter. All bars shall be acceptably fixed by welding, tying or any other acceptable method to
control the spacing and shape and to permit safe handling.
4.4 Water
The water used in the mixing of the concrete shall be clean and free from deleterious quantities of
impurities that might adversely affect the strength, the setting time, or the durability of the concrete,
or the strength and durability of any reinforcement. Should the quality of the water be in doubt, the
water shall be tested in accordance with SANS 51008. Amdt 1
4.5 Admixtures
If applicable, admixtures shall comply with the requirements of ASTM C494.
4.6 Concrete
The concrete shall be capable of coping with the expected exposure conditions (sewage, salty
water, clean water, etc.). Where necessary, this will dictate cement content and aggregate
selection.
4.7 Quality verification

The quality verification of precast concrete manholes sections and capacity should preferably be
carried out in accordance with annex C.
5 Requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 Types of component
The types of component for manholes shall be the following (see 5.4.1), or as specified by the
purchaser (see annex A):
a) chamber sections;
b) shaft sections;
c) adapter slabs (AS);
d) cover slabs (CS)/reducer slabs (RS);
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e) spacer slabs (SS);
f) starter rings;
g) precast bases; or
h) covers (lids) and frames.
5.1.2 Surfaces
The surfaces and edges of all components shall be free from defects that might impair the
serviceability of the component. Craze cracks and hair cracks of a superficial nature shall be
permissible.
NOTE Repair work that has been carried out on sections or slabs and that is acceptable to the purchaser,
should be deemed to be acceptable.
5.1.3 Cover over reinforcement
When determined in accordance with 7.1.1.4, the thickness of the concrete cover over the
reinforcement shall be at least 12 mm for sections and 20 mm for slabs, as specified (see annex A).
NOTE The minimum thickness specified should be considered adequate in South Africa for all normal uses of
precast concrete manhole components. In special cases (for example, where the manholes will be over a
pipeline that is to be used for the conveyance of corrosive liquids or is to be laid in aggressive ground
conditions) the thickness of the cover should be increased.
5.1.4 Joints
The joints (mating ends) between sections and components shall be either ogee (interlock) joints or
tongue-and-groove joints, as specified (see annex A).
The joints between components shall be so designed that they can be sealed by the use of cement
mortar or an acceptable proprietary jointing compound.
5.2 Covers (lids) and frames
5.2.1 Cast iron
Cast iron covers (lids) and frames shall be as specified by the purchaser (see annex A) and shall
comply with the requirements of SANS 558.
5.2.2 Precast concrete
5.2.2.1 General
All precast concrete covers (lids) shall be circular, unless otherwise specified (see annex A), and
shall have anti-slip finishes on their top surface equivalent to a wood-float finish or an acceptable
uniform pattern. The pattern may include lettering or symbols to indicate the manufacturer’s name
or trade mark and shall include such other lettering (for example, the owner's name, “METER”,
“FH”, etc.) as might be specified by the purchaser (see annex A).
5.2.2.2 Dimensions
When determined in accordance with 7.5.1, the cover (lid) shall comply with the requirements given
in table 1, or shall be as specified (see annex A).
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5.2.2.3 Bearing surfaces for extra heavy duty (XHD) covers and frames
The mating bearing surfaces of the extra heavy duty covers and frames to be used in areas under
continuous road traffic loads shall have shaped galvanized metal plates 3 mm thick, cast into the
concrete of each bearing surface, to form accurately fitting mating surfaces.
5.2.2.4 Load resistance
When tested in accordance with 7.5.2, the cover (lid) and frame shall comply with the requirements
given in table 1 without the development of cracks that exceed 0,25 mm in width and 300 mm in
length or shall be as specified (see annex A).
5.3 Steps
5.3.1 General
Steps shall
a) be capable of withstanding the temperatures under which they will operate,
b) be capable of withstanding environmental influences (chemicals and moisture),
c) have corners rounded to an acceptable radius, and
d) have an upstand on the sides of the tread or be slip resistant.
5.3.2 Dimensions
When determined in accordance with 7.3.1, the basic dimensions of steps shall be as given in
figure 1, or as specified (see annex A).
where Tw is the wall thickness
Figure 1 — Step dimensions
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5.3.3 Load resistance

When tested in accordance with 7.3.2, steps shall comply with the requirements given in table 2
without visible cracking and deflection shall not exceed 5 mm. After removal of the load, the residual
deflection shall not exceed 1 mm, or shall be as specified (see annex A).
5.4 Chamber and shaft sections and starter rings
5.4.1 Types of component
The product shall be one of the appropriate types of component given in 5.1.1 (see figure 2), or as
specified by the purchaser (see annex A).
Figure 2(a) — Composition of a manhole
Figure 2(b) — Manhole with cast-in-situ foundation
Figure 2 — Precast concrete manhole
5.4.2 Dimensions
When determined in accordance with 7.1.1, the effective length (L), the diameter (DI), the wall
thickness (Tw), and the end squareness and straightness of the sections shall comply with the
requirements given in table 3 and figures 2 and 3, or shall be as specified (see annex A).
5.4.3 Positioning of steps

When determined in accordance with 7.3.1, the positioning of steps shall comply with the
requirements given in table 2 and figures 3 and 4.
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Figure 3 — Dimensions of section and vertical positioning of steps
Figure 4 — Dimensions of section and horizontal positioning of steps
5.4.4 End squareness

When determined in accordance with 7.1.1.2, the deviation from squareness of a section shall not
exceed 1 % of the nominal diameter.
5.4.5 Straightness
When determined in accordance with 7.1.1.3, the deviation from straightness of a section shall not
exceed 1 % of the length or 5 mm over the total length, whichever is greater.

When tested in accordance with 7.1.2, the chamber, shaft sections and starter rings shall comply
with the requirements given in table 3, or shall be as specified (see annex A).
5.5 Slabs
5.5.1 Dimensions
When determined in accordance with 7.2.1, the dimensions of the cover, reducer, adapter and
spacer slabs shall comply with the requirements given in table 4 and figure 5, or shall be as
specified (see annex A).
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5.5.2 Straightness
When determined in accordance with 7.2.3, the deviation from straightness of a section shall not
exceed 1 % or 5 mm over the total diameter, whichever is greater.
When tested in accordance with 7.2.2, the cover slabs (CS), reducer slabs (RS), adapter slabs (AS)
and spacer slabs (SS) shall comply with the requirements for heavy duty (HD) and medium duty
(MD) slabs given in table 5 and figure 5. The applicable proof loads, F1 and F2, and the applicable
ultimate loads are given in table 5 and the testing positions, 1 and 2, are shown in 7.2.2.3.1, or shall
be as specified (see annex A).
Figure 5(a) — Type 1 cover slab — Section —

Type for taking precast concrete cover (lid) directly
Figure 5(b) — Type 2 cover slab — Section
Figure 5 — Cover slabs
5.6 Precast bases
5.6.1 Dimensions
When determined in accordance with 7.4.1, the dimensions of precast bases shall comply with the
requirements given in table 6 (see figure 6), or shall be as specified by the designer or purchaser
(see annex A).
5.6.2 Invert level fall through base
When determined in accordance with 7.4.2, the minimum invert level fall from the inflow pipe level
to the outflow pipe level shall comply with the requirements given in table 6 (see figure 6(b)).
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Figure 6(a) — Section
Figure 6(b) — Plan
Figure 6 — Precast base
When tested in accordance with 7.4.3, the precast base shall comply with the requirements given in
table 6 for proof loads and ultimate loads, or shall be as specified (see annex A).
5.7 Solubility of calcareous aggregate concrete

When concrete intended for use in components for manholes for sewers is tested in accordance
with 7.6, the soluble matter content shall comply with the requirements given in table 7.
5.8 Installation
The installation of manhole components should preferably be done in accordance with annex B.
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Table 1 ― Requirements for covers (lids) and frames
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Dimensions Requirement Proof load Ultimate load Requirement
Type of component Application Tolerance Test clause Tolerance Test clause
mm clause kN kN clause
XHD Roadway DL = 560 200 250
a
Round HD 2 Road reserve DL = 560 ±2% 120 150
a
MD 4 DL = 560 5.2.2.2 7.5.1 60 75 ±2% 5.2.2.4 7.5.2
a
MD Non-traffic
Square 610 × 610 40 50
9B areas ± 2%
a
MD
Rectangular 610 × 455 40 50
9D
a
Type equivalent to cast iron type specified in SANS 558.
Table 2 ― Requirements for steps
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dimensions and positions Load resistance
Requirement Requirement Load Requirement
Tolerance Test clause Tolerance Test clause
mm clause kN clause
Length > 125 +2%
Width > 145 +2%
Sizes 5.3.2 7.3.1 2,5 kN ±2% 5.3.3 7.3.2
Tread width > 25 +2%
Plug length < TW +2%
Vertical spacing 250 ± 25 mm
Horizontal spacing 300 ± 15 mm
Placement 5.4.3 7.3.1
Bottom step in shaft VB 85 + 10 mm
s
Top step in chamber VT 60 + 10 mm

c
Table 3 — Requirements for chambers and shaft sections and starter rings
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Proof Ultimate
Dimensions Tolerance Requirement Test Requirement Test Requirement Test
load load Tolerance Construction Tolerance
clause clause clause clause clause clause
mm mm kN/m kN/m
750 ± 10
1 000 ± 10 End squareness 5.4.4 7.1.1.2
Nominal
1 250 ± 15
internal
diameter 1 500 ± 20
15 18,8
DI 1 750 ± 20 Straightness 5.4.5 7.1.1.3
a a
55 ± 10
65 ± 10 5.4.2 7.1.1 ±2% 5.4.6 7.1.2 See
Wall 75 ± 15 annex A
Reinforcement
thickness 5.1.3 7.1.1.4
85 ± 20 cover
TW
96 ± 20
a a
250 ± 10
Length 500 ± 10 See
1 000 ± 15 Joints 5.1.4
L annex A
a a
a
As specified (see annex A).
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Table 4 — Requirements for slabs — Dimensions and construction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Dimensions
mm Requirement Test Requirement Test
Type of component Tolerance Construction Tolerance
Thickness clause clause clause clause
Diameter
Ts
Ds = 750 + 2TW > 100
Cover slabs Ds = 1 000 + 2TW > 150 <1%
CS
Ds = 1 250 + 2TW > 150 Straightness or 5.5.2 7.2.3
Reducer slabs
RS Ds = 1 500 + 2TW > 175 7.2.1 < 5 mm
±2%
Ds = 1 750 + 2TW > 175
Adapter slabs Same as for
> 110
AS CS and RS
Cover over reinforcement 5.1.3 7.1.1.4
Spacer slabs Same as for
> 75 5.5.1
SS CS and RS
CS DL > 560
SS DL > 560 See
Joints annex A
RS DL > 750 ±2% 7.2.1.2 5.1.4 See
DL > 560 annex A
Access
hole or
AS 610 × 610
or
610 × 457
Table 5 — Requirements for slabs — Loads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
a
Proof load Ultimate load
kN kN
Type of Diameter Requirement Test
HD type 1 and HD type 1 and Tolerance
component MD type 1 CS MD type 1 CS clause clause
type 2 CS and RS type 2 CS and RS
mm F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2
Ds = 750 + 2TW 60 N/A 120 N/A 75 N/A 150 N/A
Cover slabs Ds = 1 000 + 2TW 60 N/A 120 N/A 75 N/A 150 N/A Proof load
CS 7.2.2.3.1
Ds = 1 250 + 2TW 60 73 120 135 75 91 150 169
Reducer slabs
RS Ds = 1 500 + 2TW 60 82 120 145 75 102 150 181 ±2% 5.5.3
Ds = 1 750 + 2TW 60 92 120 155 75 115 150 194 Ultimate
load
Adapter slabs Same as for
120 150 7.2.2.3.2
AS CS and RS
Spacer slabs Same as for
120 150
SS CS and RS
a 1,8
Proofload: MD = 1,25(40 + 12DI )
1,8
HD = 1,25(90 + 12DI )
Table 6 — Requirements for precast bases
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Proof Ultimate Test
Dimensions Requirement Test Requirement
Tolerance load load Tolerance clause
clause clause clause
mm kN kN
SANS 1294:2012
Invert depth 350
±2%
Height 450 5.6.1 7.4.1
Edition 2.1
Invert fall 0° joint 25 and and 120 150 ±2% 5.6.3 7.4.3
Invert fall 45° joint 50 ±2% 5.6.2 7.4.2
Invert fall 90° joint 75
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Table 7 ― Solubility of calcareous aggregate concrete
1 2 3 4
Insoluble matter Requirement Test
Tolerance
content (IM) clause clause
25 % max. +1 % 5.7 7.6
6 Sampling and testing procedures

6.1 General
To determine whether the components comply with the requirements given in clause 5, one or more
of the following sampling and testing procedures shall be used. The sampling sizes and acceptance
numbers for inspection and testing are given in table 8 for
a) tightened testing,
b) normal testing, or
c) reduced testing.
Table 8 — Sampling plan for proof load crushing test
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of failures
Inspection
Batch size Sample size First sample Second sample
type
Accept Reject Accept Reject
2 to 25 3 0 1 – –
26 to 150 8 0 2 1 2
Tightened 151 to 280 8 0 2 1 2
281 to 500 13 0 3 3 4
501 to 1 200 20 1 4 4 –
2 to 25 2 0 1 – –
26 to 150 4 0 2 1 2
Normal 151 to 280 6 0 3 3 4
281 to 500 8 1 4 4 5
501 to 1 200 12 2 5 6 7
2 to 25 1 0 1 – –
26 to 150 2 0 2 0 2
Reduced 151 to 280 3 0 3 0 4
281 to 500 5 0 4 1 5
501 to 1 200 8 0 4 3 6
Example of a normal inspection to be conducted
Batch size: 26 to 150 (column 2)
Sample size: 4 (column 3)
Number of defects for acceptance: 0 (column 4)
Number of defects for rejection: 2 (column 5)
A first sample of five specimens (column 3) is taken from the batch and tested. The batch is
accepted if there are no (0) failures (column 4). If the number of failures exceeds two (column 5),
reject the sample. If fewer than two specimens fail, (column 5), test a second sample of four
specimens (column 3). When the sum of failures from both samples is one (column 6), accept
the batch. If it is two or more (column 7), reject the batch.
Defective products in a batch that are rejected on the second sample shall be tested to proof
load. Accept only those that pass the proof load test for despatch.
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6.2 Tests (proof load)
6.2.1 Tightened testing
Tightened testing shall be conducted when
a) a new product is tested,
b) a redesigned product is tested,
c) a new production line comes into operation, and
d) two in five batches tested with normal product testing have not been accepted.
6.2.2 Normal testing
Normal product testing shall be conducted when five consecutive batches tested with tightened
testing have been accepted.
6.2.3 Reduced testing
Reduced testing shall be conducted when ten consecutive batches tested with normal testing have
been accepted.
7 Inspection and testing

7.1 Chamber sections, shaft sections and starter rings
7.1.1 Dimensions
7.1.1.1 Length, diameter and wall thickness
7.1.1.1.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the internal diameter and wall thickness of the
section. Take at least four measurements (in each case) at positions at least 75 mm away from an
end of the section, and determine the mean value.
7.1.1.1.2 Measure and calculate the effective length, L, as the mean value of at least four
measurements at different positions on the section (see figure 3).
7.1.1.1.3 Check for compliance with 5.4.2.
7.1.1.2 End squareness
7.1.1.2.1 Use an acceptable square. With the stock of the square in contact with the outer surface
of the section, parallel to the longitudinal axis, and with the arm in contact with the end of the
section (see figure 7), measure the distance between the arm and the outer surface of the end of
the section at a point diametrically opposite the point of contact of the arm with the end of the
section.
7.1.1.2.2 Repeat this measurement at different positions to obtain the maximum deviation.
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Figure 7 — Measurement of end squareness of sections
7.1.1.3 Straightness
7.1.1.3.1 Using any acceptable method, obtain a straight line. Measure the deviation at several
positions on the inner face of a section. Obtain the maximum deviation.
7.1.1.4 Cover over reinforcement
7.1.1.4.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the thickness of the cover over the
reinforcement.
7.1.2 Load test

7.1.2.1 General
Subject chamber and shaft sections and starter rings to proof tests and ultimate load tests.
7.1.2.2 Apparatus
7.1.2.2.1 Testing machine, with sufficient capacity, and accurate to within 1,5 % of the applied test
load, that is capable of applying a flexural load at a rate of 15 N per 100 mm/s of effective length of
the section and that has a lower beam of length at least equal to the length of the specimen.
7.1.2.2.2 Steel feeler gauge, 10 mm wide, 0,25 mm thick and tapered 1 in 4 to a rounded tip 2 mm
in length (see figure 8). The gauge shall have a line on it at right angles to its longitudinal axis at a
position 2 mm from the rounded tip.
7.1.2.2.3 Bearers, either
a) two rubber bearers of hardness 55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD, 150 mm wide and 25 mm thick (see figure 9)
and with a length at least equal to the effective length of the section to be tested, or
b) three unyielding rubber bearers of hardness 55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD, shaped and positioned as
shown in figure 10 and of length at least equal to the effective length of the section to be tested.
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Figure 8 — Detail of feeler gauge for measuring crack widths
7.1.2.3 Procedure
7.1.2.3.1 Proof load test
7.1.2.3.1.1 Place the section between the bearers with its longitudinal axis parallel to them. Use
either one of the two bearer setups as shown in figures 9 and 10.
7.1.2.3.1.2 Apply the load uniformly through the top bearer over the effective length of the section
at a rate that does not exceed 15 N per 100 mm/s of effective length of the section until the
applicable proof load as given in table 3 is obtained.
7.1.2.3.1.3 Keep the load constant for 1 min.
7.1.2.3.1.4 Test the width of any cracks in the section while the load is maintained. Deem the
section to have failed the test if any crack is so wide that the point of the gauge, without being
forced, will penetrate to a depth of 2 mm at close intervals over a distance of 300 mm or more.
7.1.2.3.1.5 Record the results.
7.1.2.3.1.6 Check for compliance with 5.4.6.
7.1.2.3.2 Ultimate load test
7.1.2.3.2.1 Immediately after checking the section for cracks that might have developed during the
proof load test (see 7.1.2.3.1), increase the load at the same rate as in the proof load test until the
applicable ultimate load given in table 3 (i.e. 1,25 times the proof load), is obtained. Deem the
section to have passed the test if no collapse occurred when the ultimate load was obtained.
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Figure 9 — Two-bearer proof load test set-up
Figure 10 — Three-bearer proof load test set-up
7.2 Cover slabs, reducer slabs, spacer slabs and adapter slabs
7.2.1 Dimensions
7.2.1.1 Thickness and diameter
7.2.1.1.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the effective thickness and the diameter of the
slab. Take the average of at least four measurements (in each case).
7.2.1.2 Access holes
7.2.1.2.1 In the case of circular access holes, measure the diameter at right angles and calculate
the average.
7.2.1.2.2 In the case of square and rectangular access holes, for each dimension, measure the
opposing sides of the hole and calculate the average.
20
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.2.2 Load test
7.2.2.1 General
Proof load tests and ultimate load tests shall be conducted on the cover slabs, reducer slabs,
spacer slabs and adapter slabs.
7.2.2.2 Apparatus
7.2.2.2.1 Testing machine, with sufficient capacity, and accurate to within 1,5 % of the applied test
load, and that is capable of applying a flexural load at a rate of 15 N per 100 mm/s of effective
length of the section and that has a lower beam of length at least equal to the diameter of the
specimen.
7.2.2.2.2 Rigid circular frame, faced with a 15 mm thick rubber layer of hardness
55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD and that has an internal dimension equal to that of the section which will support
the slab.
7.2.2.2.3 Bearing block, that consists of a rigid metal plate, 300 mm × 300 mm, faced on the
underside with a 25 mm thick rubber layer of hardness 55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD.
7.2.2.2.4 Feeler gauge, (see 7.1.2.2.2).
7.2.2.3 Procedure
7.2.2.3.1.1 Support the slab on the rigid circular frame.
7.2.2.3.1.2 Make up the arrangement for the type 1 (see figure 5(a)) cover slab by inserting the
appropriate cover (lid), i.e. either medium duty or heavy duty, into the cover slab as shown in
figure 11(a).
or
Make up the arrangement of cover (lid) and frame, spacer slab and adapter slab or reducer slab as
shown in figure 11(b) for testing the type 2 (see figure 5(b)) cover slab or reducer slab. Bed the
individual components to the discretion of the manufacturer (rubber, mortar or sand bedding).
7.2.2.3.1.3 Apply the applicable proof load, F1, as given in table 4, through the bearing block in test
position 1 to the upper surface of the cover (lid), as shown in figure 11, at a rate that does not
exceed 30 kN/min until the proof load is obtained.
7.2.2.3.1.4 Maintain the load for 1 min.
7.2.2.3.1.5 Check the underside of the slab for the appearance of cracks while the load is
maintained. Deem the slab to have failed the test if any crack is so wide that the point of the gauge
will, without being forced, penetrate to a depth of 2 mm at close intervals over a distance of 300 mm
or more.
7.2.2.3.1.6 Repeat the test as described in 7.2.2.3.1.3, 7.2.2.3.1.4 and 7.2.2.3.1.5 by applying the
applicable proof load, F2, at the same rate onto the top surface of the slab through the bearing
block in test position 2, as shown in figures 11(a) and (b). Loads F1 and F2 are applied
independently of one another.
21
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.2.2.3.2.1 Immediately after checking the slab for cracks that might have developed during the
applicable ultimate load given in table 4 (i.e. 1,25 times the proof load) is obtained in either test
positions. Deem the slab to have passed the test if no failure occurred when the ultimate load was
obtained.
7.2.3 Straightness
7.2.3.1 Use any acceptable method to get a straight line across the centre of the slab and measure
the deviation in the centre at several positions. Obtain the maximum deviation.
7.2.3.2 Check for compliance with 5.5.2.
Figure 11(a) — Load test on type 1 cover slab which

takes precast concrete cover (lid) directly
Figure 11 — Load test on slab
22
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Plan
Section
Figure 11(b) — Load test on type 2 cover slab and reducer slab,
spacer slab and adapter slab, and cover (lid) and frame
Figure 11 — Load test on slab (concluded)
7.3 Steps
7.3.1 Dimensions
7.3.1.1 Using any acceptable method, measure
a) the dimensions of the steps (see figure 1),
b) the vertical spacing between the steps,
c) the distance between the end steps and the ends of the sections (see figure 3), and
d) the horizontal spacing between the centres at the basis of the steps against the wall of the
component (see figure 4).
7.3.1.2 Check for compliance with 5.3.2 and 5.4.3.
23
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.3.2 Load test on steps
7.3.2.1 Apparatus
7.3.2.1.1 Acceptable apparatus, to measure the deflection.
7.3.2.1.2 Acceptable loading device.
7.3.2.1.3 Bearing block, that consists of a rigid metal plate 25 mm thick and 100 mm wide, faced
on the underside with a rubber layer.
7.3.2.2 Procedure
7.3.2.2.1 Conduct the test on one step of one of the manhole sections in the sample.
7.3.2.2.2 Support the section (upright) on a level and rigid surface.
7.3.2.2.3 Apply a vertical force of 2,5 kN within 30 s and without shock through the bearing block at
the centre of the tread of the step (see figure 12).
7.3.2.2.4 Keep the full force constant for 1 min.
7.3.2.2.5 Reduce the load to zero.
7.3.2.2.6 After 5 min, examine the section for compliance with the requirements of 5.3.3.
7.2.3.3.7 Record the results.
Figure 12 — Load application on steps
7.4 Precast bases
7.4.1 Dimensions
7.4.1.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the height and invert depth (see figure 6(a)) of the
precast base.
7.4.2 Invert level fall through base

7.4.2.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the invert fall of each pipe (channel) passing
through the bases (see figure 6(b)).
24
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.4.3 Load test
7.4.3.1 General
Precast bases shall be subjected to a proof load test as well as an ultimate load test.
7.4.3.2 Apparatus
7.4.3.2.1 Testing machine, that is accurate to within 1,5 % of the applied test load and with
sufficient capacity to test the applicable products, capable of applying a flexural load at a rate of
30 kN/min of the section and that has a lower beam of length at least equal to the diameter of the
specimen.
7.4.3.2.2 Rigid circular frame, faced with a 15 mm thick rubber layer of mean hardness
55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD and that has a width equal to that of the wall section of the base, which will
support the base in the test position.
7.4.3.2.3 Bearing block, that consists of a rigid metal plate 300 mm × 300 mm with a tolerance of
± 2 mm and faced on the underside with a 25 mm thick rubber layer of mean hardness
55 IRHD ± 5 IRHD.
7.4.3.3 Procedure
7.4.3.3.1.1 Support the base upside down on a rigid circular frame of sufficient height to permit
inspection (see figure 13).
7.4.3.3.1.2 Apply the load and increase it at a rate of 30 kN/min until the proof load as given in
table 6 is obtained.
7.4.3.3.1.3 Keep the full force constant for 1 min.
7.4.3.3.1.4 While the load is maintained, examine the underside of the base for the appearance of
cracks. Deem the base to have failed the test if any crack is so wide that the point of the gauge will,
without being forced, penetrate to a depth of 2 mm at close intervals over a distance of 300 mm or
more.
7.4.3.3.2.1 Immediately after checking the base for cracks that might have developed during the
ultimate load given in table 6 (i.e. 1,25 times the proof load) is obtained. Deem the slab to have
passed the test if no failure occurred when the ultimate load was obtained.
25
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Figure 13 — Precast base test assembly
7.5 Precast concrete covers (lids) and frames
7.5.1 Dimensions
7.5.1.1 Using any acceptable method, measure the effective thickness and diameter of the lid.
Take the average of at least four measurements.
7.5.1.2 Check for compliance with 5.2.2.2.
7.5.2 Load tests
7.5.2.1 General
Subject precast concrete covers (lids) and frames to a proof load test as well as an ultimate load
test.
7.5.2.2 Apparatus
7.5.2.2.1 Testing machine, capable of applying a load at a rate of 30 kN/min, and accurate to
within 1,5 % of the applied load, with the capacity to test the applicable products.
7.5.2.2.2 Rigid frame, that has an internal dimension equal to that of the section which supports
the lid and frame.
7.5.2.2.3 Bearing block, that consists of either a rigid metal plate or hard wooden block, of size
300 mm × 300 mm ± 5 mm and that has plane ends that are at right angles to its axis.
7.5.2.2.4 Feeler gauge, (see figure 8).
7.5.2.3 Procedure
7.5.2.3.1.1 Support the lid and frame on the rigid circular frame (see figure 14) bedded on an
elastic material with a mean hardness of 50 IRHD ± 5 IRHD and a thickness of 20 mm ± 5 mm.
Alternatively, at the manufacturer’s discretion, bed the frame on a layer of wet sand, or cement
mortar or gypsum.
7.5.2.3.1.2 Apply a load to the upper surface of the lid through the bearing block placed at the
centre of the lid and increase it at a rate that does not exceed 30 kN/min until the applicable proof
load given in table 1 is obtained.
7.5.2.3.1.3 Maintain the load for 1 min.
26
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.5.2.3.1.4 While the load is maintained, check the underside of the lid for the appearance of
cracks. Deem the lid to have failed if any crack is so wide that the point of the gauge will, without
being forced, penetrate to a depth of 2 mm at close intervals over a distance of 300 mm or more.
7.5.2.3.1.6 Check for compliance with 5.2.2.4.
Section
Figure 14 — Lid on rigid circular frame
7.5.2.3.2.1 Immediately after checking the lid and frame for cracks that might have developed
during the proof load test (see 7.5.2.3.1), increase the load at the same rate as in the proof load test
until the applicable ultimate load (i.e. 1,25 times the proof load) is obtained. Deem the lid and frame
to have passed the test if no collapse occurred when the ultimate load was obtained.
7.5.2.3.2.3 Check for compliance with 5.2.2.4.
7.6 Test for solubility of calcareous aggregate concrete
7.6.1 Apparatus
7.6.1.1 Forced draught drying oven, maintained at a temperature of 105 °C ± 5 °C.
7.6.1.2 Desiccator, that contains a saturated solution of calcium chloride.
7.6.2 Preparation of the specimen
7.6.2.1 Obtain pieces of concrete of total mass 300 g from the sections or slabs.
7.6.2.2 Crush the pieces by any acceptable means so that they pass through a sieve of aperture
size 500 µm.
7.6.2.3 Cone and quarter the crushed sample until 50 g remains.
7.6.2.4 Crush this further until it passes through a sieve of aperture size 150 µm.
7.6.2.5 Dry the sample in the oven for 2 h.
7.6.2.6 Cool it in the desiccator.
27
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
7.6.3 Procedure
7.6.3.1 Thoroughly mix 5 g of the dried test specimen with 200 mL distilled water in a 600 mL
beaker.
7.6.3.2 While stirring, slowly add about 25 mL to 30 mL of the concentrated hydrochloric acid
(relative density at 20 °C = 1,16) and heat it to boiling point.
7.6.3.3 Allow it to boil for 5 min to 10 min while maintaining constant volume by adding distilled
water.
7.6.3.4 Let the mixture digest for 1 h at just below boiling point.
7.6.3.5 Filter it through open-textured filter paper of known mass and wash it with 10 portions of
10 mL hot distilled water.
7.6.3.6 Dry the filter paper and residue (in a crucible of known mass) to a constant mass in the
oven.
7.6.3.7 Conduct a blank determination, using the same quantities of reagents, in order to determine
the loss in mass of the filter paper.
7.6.4 Calculation
7.6.4.1 Calculate the percentage of matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid (IM) as follows:
 100  p 
B  C ×  D
100 
IM  × 100
A
where
B is the mass of the residue (i.e. filter paper and crucible), in grams;
C is the original mass of the filter paper, in grams;
p is the loss in mass of the filter paper, which is calculated as follows:
E  F  G 
p = × 100
E
where
E is the original mass of the filter paper used in the blank determination, in grams;
F is the mass of the filter paper and crucible as determined in the blank determination, in
grams;
G is the mass of the crucible used in the blank determination, in grams;
D is the mass of the crucible, in grams;
A is the mass of the sample taken, in grams.
7.6.4.2 Check for compliance with 5.7.
28
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
8 Marking
Each section and slab shall bear, legibly impressed or legibly and indelibly marked by other
acceptable means, the following information:
a) the name or trade name or other type of identification of the manufacturer;
b) in the case of a section, the nominal internal diameter, and in the case of a cover slab, the
nominal internal diameter of the section for which the slab is intended;
c) the date of manufacture;
d) in the case of sections and slabs containing calcareous aggregate (i.e. intended for use in sewer
manholes), the letters “DOL”;
e) the letters “NR” for non-reinforced components; and
f) in the case of concrete lids, the strength type.
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SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Annex A
(normative)
Notes to purchasers
The following requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and in each order or contract:
a) the aggregate type (see 4.2);
b) the type of component (see 5.1.1 and 5.4.1);
c) when relevant, the cover over reinforcement required (see 5.1.3);
d) the kind of joints (mating ends) (see 5.1.4);
e) when relevant, whether a square, rectangular or circular access hole is required (see 5.2.1 and
5.2.2.1);
f) the dimensions of
1) covers (lids) and frames (see 5.2.2.2),
2) steps (see 5.3.2),
3) chamber and shaft sections and starter rings (see 5.4.2),
4) slabs (see 5.5.1), and
5) precast bases (see 5.6.1);
g) the load resistance of
1) covers (lids) and frames (see 5.2.2.4),
2) steps (see 5.3.3),
3) chamber and shaft sections and starter rings (see 5.4.6),
4) slabs (see 5.5.3), and
5) precast bases (see 5.6.3); and
h) the lettering on covers (lids) (see 5.2.2.1).
30
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Annex B
(informative)
Notes for the installation of manhole components
B.1 Handling and transportation

Precast concrete manhole components are relatively heavy and should preferably be handled by
acceptable mechanical means. Components should preferably be transported in an upright position
and should also be stacked in this way. When components are off-loaded at the site they should not
be rolled onto the ground. They should be lifted by mechanical means. During this process care
should be taken so that clamps are not tightened excessively and so that the steel ropes or chains
used are of sufficient length to avoid undue diametric tension on the components.
B.2 Excavation
The diameter of the excavation for the construction of the manhole should be at least 300 mm
greater than the external diameter of the manhole component. Adequate precautions should be
taken to prevent slips or collapse of the excavation. Excavated material should be so placed that it
does not endanger people or cause damage to the property. The floor of the excavation should be
excavated to an approximately level surface and all loose material should be removed before any
concrete is laid. Any water present in the excavation should be removed by acceptable means.
B.3 Construction of the manhole

For in-situ benching, a blinding layer of concrete that has a compressive strength of at least 10 MPa
at 28 d and is at least 50 mm thick, should be placed to a fixed level below the outlet pipe invert. A
concrete foundation of minimum compressive strength 20 MPa at 28 d, of diameter at least 300 mm
greater than the internal diameter of the manhole, and at least 150 mm thick, should be cast on top
of the blinding layer. Ensure that the foundation is designed to sustain the imposed loads. The
necessary channelling in the bottom of the manhole should be formed by using acceptable fittings
that are carefully laid to the required line and level and that extend to the inside of the wall of the
manhole. For sewer manholes, only concrete with calcareous aggregate should be used for the
foundation and benching.
The sides of the channel should be extended vertically to the level of the pipe soffit and then
benched to the wall of the manhole at a slope of a least 1:6 (see figure B.1). The benching should
be finished off with a coat of 1:3 cement mortar, and the top of the channel should be rounded off to
a radius of 25 mm. Sufficient standing space should be allowed on the benching.
Figure B.1 — Benching of manhole floor
31
SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
Short lengths of pipe and flexible joints should be used wherever a pipe enters or leaves the
manhole. Junctions and bends on pipes up to a maximum diameter of 250 mm should have a fall of
25 mm within the manhole to compensate for curvature of flow.
The concrete should be taken up to a minimum height of 25 mm above the pipe. The starter section
may be set into the foundation slab, or it may rest on top of the slab, but it should be carefully
levelled as any tilt will be continued up through the rest of the manhole. Where it rests upon the
foundation, it should be suitably mortared up on the outside to form a watertight joint. The
successive sections should be carefully lowered onto one another and neatly joined.
The safety of the person(s) in the manhole responsible for guiding the sections into place should be
considered at all times. The jointing material should be a cement-sand mortar not weaker than 1:3;
alternatively, an epoxy or bitumen sealant, or a rubber ring may be used, in accordance with
recommendations of the manufacturer of the manhole sections. In industrial areas, jointing
materials that are susceptible to attack by petroleum or chemical products should not be used. To
avoid the problems with ground water infiltration, great care should be taken with the choice of
materials and its application when forming the joint, particularly in areas where problems with
ground formation, such as heaving soils, occur.
Sections that contain steps should be so aligned that the steps form a continuous ladder down the
wall of the manhole to not more than 300 mm above the benching but not directly above a channel.
Because of the staggered sequence of the steps, sections that contain single steps should only be
used near the bottom and at the top of the manhole. The starter section should not contain any
steps. The bottom step in the manhole should be a left-foot step. Where the manhole consists of a
chamber and an access shaft, the height of the chamber above the highest point of the benching
should be at least 2 m. The last chamber section below the cover/reducer slab should be at least
500 mm in length. The diameter of the chamber should be sufficient to allow proper inspection and
cleaning of the line.
A cover slab should be used to bring the diameter of the chamber down to that of the access shaft.
The minimum number of sections necessary to obtain the required height of the manhole should be
used to limit the possibility of infiltration through the joints.
In the case of a shallow manhole without an access shaft, a cover slab together with an adapter
slab should be used in preference to only a cover slab as it allows only the cover and frame to be
seen above the ground and the accidental dislocation of an adapter slab is not as costly as in the
case of a cover slab. Manhole covers and frames in a road or pavement should be flush with the
adjoining surface at the finished level but elsewhere they should be sufficiently raised to minimize
stormwater infiltration.
Where manholes are located near a river, they should, where practicable, be so constructed that
the cover is above the 50-year flood level. Covers and frames should be supported on preferably
not more than three precast concrete spacer slabs that are laid on the cover slab, in order to bring
the manhole up to the required level. The appropriate cover and frame for the type of manhole and
its situation should be used.
B.4 Testing of the manhole

When the construction of the manhole is completed and before backfilling around it begins, a test
for watertightness should be conducted. All openings at the bottom of a manhole should be sealed
off, the manhole should be completely filled with water and allowed to stand for 24 h. The water
level should be restored to its original height and the drop noted after a second 24 h period. If the
second drop in the water level is more than 150 mm, the manhole should be inspected for faults
and those should be rectified.
The water test should then be repeated. No backfilling should commence until the manhole has
passed the water test.
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SANS 1294:2012
Edition 2.1
B.5 Backfilling
The backfilling should be done with a fill material that does not contain large stones, in layers that
do not exceed 300 mm in thickness that are carefully and uniformly placed and that are compacted
to the same density as the rest of the backfilling over the pipeline.
Shoring should be withdrawn before compaction, and care should be taken not to disturb the wall of
the excavation, and the voids left by the shoring should be filled up. Great care should be taken to
ensure that the joints are not disturbed during the compaction process.
Annex C
(informative)
Quality verification of precast concrete

manhole sections and components
C.1 When a purchaser requires ongoing verification of the quality of precast concrete manhole
sections and components, it is suggested that, instead of concentrating solely on evaluation of the
final product, he also direct his attention to the manufacturer’s quality system. In this connection it
should be noted that SANS 9001 covers the provision of an integrated quality system.
C.2 If no information about the implementation of quality control or testing during manufacture is
available to help in assessing the quality of a consignment, and a purchaser wishes to establish by
inspection and testing of samples of the final product, whether a consignment of the product
complies with this standard, a sampling plan based on applicable statistical principles should be
agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
It should be noted that
a) such a sampling plan applies only to ready-for-use products sampled in accordance with an
agreed procedure, and
b) if another sampling plan is to be used, a clear statement should be made as to the objective of
the sampling as described in the method.
NOTE This section applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejection of single
lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation of quality control or testing during
manufacture is available to help in assessing the quality of the lot. It is also used as the procedure for
adjudicating in cases of dispute.
Bibliography
SANS 9001/ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements.
© SABS
33
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SABS – Standards Division
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National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008).
Amendments and Revisions
South African National Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of South African
National Standards should ensure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would
therefore be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this standard would
inform the secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found in
the foreword.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928
The SABS offers an individual notification service, which ensures that subscribers automatically
receive notification regarding amendments and revisions to South African National Standards.
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Buying Standards
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course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade
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permission must be obtained.
Details and advice can be obtained from the Senior Manager.

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SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Precast concrete manhole sections

Published by SABS Standards Division

This document was published in July 2012.

This document supersedes SANS 1294: 2006 (edition 2).

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 5

6 Sampling and testing procedures .......................................................................................... 16

6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 16

7 Inspection and testing ............................................................................................................ 17

7.1 Chamber sections, shaft sections and starter rings ...................................................... 17

Annex A (normative) Notes to purchasers ............................................................................. 30

Annex B (informative) Notes for the installation of manhole components ............................... 31

Annex C (informative) Quality verification of precast concrete manhole sections

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Precast concrete manhole sections and components

ASTM C494, Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete.

SANS 920, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement.

SANS 1024, Welded steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete.

SANS 1083, Aggregates from natural sources – Aggregates for concrete.

SANS 1491-2, Portland cement extenders – Part 2: Fly ash. Amdt 1

SANS 1491-3, Portland cement extenders – Part 3: Silica fume. Amdt 1

4.1.2 Supplementary cementitious materials

4.7 Quality verification

5.1.1 Types of component

c) adapter slabs (AS);

d) cover slabs (CS)/reducer slabs (RS);

e) spacer slabs (SS);

h) covers (lids) and frames.

5.1.3 Cover over reinforcement

5.2 Covers (lids) and frames

5.2.1 Cast iron

5.2.2 Precast concrete

5.2.2.4 Load resistance

a) be capable of withstanding the temperatures under which they will operate,

b) be capable of withstanding environmental influences (chemicals and moisture),

c) have corners rounded to an acceptable radius, and

d) have an upstand on the sides of the tread or be slip resistant.

where Tw is the wall thickness

Figure 1 — Step dimensions

5.3.3 Load resistance

5.4 Chamber and shaft sections and starter rings

5.4.1 Types of component

Figure 2(a) — Composition of a manhole

Figure 2(b) — Manhole with cast-in-situ foundation

Figure 2 — Precast concrete manhole

5.4.3 Positioning of steps

Figure 3 — Dimensions of section and vertical positioning of steps

Figure 4 — Dimensions of section and horizontal positioning of steps

5.4.4 End squareness

5.4.6 Load resistance

5.5.3 Load resistance

Figure 5(a) — Type 1 cover slab — Section —

Figure 5(b) — Type 2 cover slab — Section

Figure 5 — Cover slabs

5.6 Precast bases

5.6.2 Invert level fall through base