ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SELF: - Stressing the essential connection between the

THE SELF AND PERSON IN individual and community.

CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES SELF :
SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION
What is Antropology? THE SELF AS CONSTRUCTIVE
CONSTRUCT
- scientific study of humanity, concerned with
WHAT IS SELF CONCEPT ?
human behavior, human biology, cultures,
- A broad idea we have about who we are
societies, and linguistics, in both the present and
( physical, emotional, social, spiritual )
past, including past human species.
- “ The individual’s belief about himself or herself
- Anthropology teaches us to understand human
“ , including the persons attributes and who and
behavior in the context of a cultural system. Its
what the self is. – Baumeister, 1999
main concern is the study of man and how
- “ The totality of an individuals thoughts and
culture has evolved through time and how does
feelings having reference to himself as an
it influence human behavior.
object- Rosenberg, 1979
KATHERINE EWING (1990)
SELF CONCEPT VS SELF ESTEEM
- Antologist and Professor
- Self concept is the perception that we have of
- “Physical organism possessing psychological
ourselves , our answers when we ask ourselves
functioning and social attributes”
the question” Who am i? “
JOSEPH DELOUX (2002)
- Self image is where how an individuals sees
- Neuroscientist
themselves
TWO ASPECT OF SELF
- Self efficacy is an individuals judgements of
IMPLICIT
their own abilities
- The self that you are consciously aware of.
- Self Awareness influences self concept
EXPLICIT
- The quality or state that involves conscious
- Self that is not immediately available to the
awareness of ones own thoughts, feelings and
consciousness
traits
“The self is not static, it is added to and
SELF CONCEPT MAINTENANCE
subtracted from by the genetic maturation
THEORY
learning, forgetting, stress, ageing and diseases.
” - States that we do not simply sit and wait for ou
SELF AS A REPRESENTATION Ewing(1989), self concept to develop , we take an active role
asserted that a self is illusory. People construct a in shaping our self- concept at all ages
series of self- representations that are based on - Refers to how people maintain or enhance their
selected cultural concepts of person and selected sense of self
chains of personal memories. Each selfconcept is IT CONCERNS;
experienced a whole and continuous, with its own - Our evaluation of ourselves
history. - Our comparison of our actual selves with our
THE SELF EMBEDDED CULTURE ideal selves
“Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, - Our actions taken to move closer to our ideal
express and transform the human psyche, resulting selves
less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic THE COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF
divergences in mind, self and emotion.” THE SELF- CONCEPT MODEL
HOW THE SELF IS CONSTRUCTED: Characteristiics of self concept
INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCT - Displays uniquely with each person
(INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE) - Vary from very positive to very negative
- Represents the self as separate, unique-skills and - Carries emotional ,intellectual , and functional
traits. dimensions
INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCT (COLLECTIVIST - Changes with the context
CULTURE) - Changes over time
 - Influence the individual’s life
THE DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF SELF
CONCEPTS
- Develops and changes throughout the lifespan ,
but it is most in flux during the early years
- Early childhodd is a ripe time for young humans
to perceive themselves in the world
WHAT IS SELF AWARENESS THEORY
- the idea that you are not your thoughts, but the
entity observing your thoughts ; you are the
thinker , separate and aprat from your thoughts
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SELF :
WILLIAM JAMES THEORY OF THE SELF
WILLIAM JAMES
- He was born in january 11,1842 new york city,
u.s. to a famous family.
- He died on august 26,1910 (aged of 68)
- Jame’s primary education was in medicine, and
he eventually would go on to lecture in
physiology at harvard.
- James founded the american society for
psychical research before his death in 1910.
- Founder of pragmatism, “father of american
psychology”, and one of the most influential
american philosophers of all time.
- Philosopher and psychologist william james
(1842-1910) was one of the first to postulate a
theory of the self in the principles of psychology.
James described two aspects of the self that he
termed the “i self” and “me self”.
What is pyschology?
- Psychology is the science of mind and behavior.
Psychology includes the study of conscious and
unconscious phenomena, as well as feelings and
thoughts.
SELF AS HAVING TWO ASPECTS
“ I SELF” “ ME SELF”
I-self is subjective self that Me-self is the self that is
is aware of it’s own actions. an object or the self you
 A sense of being agent or can describe.
initiator of beahvior. 3 dimentions:
 A sense of being unique. 1. -Material-physical
 A sense of continuity. apperance
 A sense of awareness. 2. - Social- social skills
3. - Spiritual- personality,
character,defining values.
 The material self consists of what belongs to a
persons, such as the body, family, clothes, or
money.
 The social self marks who you are in a specific
social situations. We tend to change our actions,
thoughts, emotions, words, and mannerism
based on the current social situation or the
people with whom we are interacting.
 The spiritual self is who we are at our core,
including our personality, values, and
conscience. Our spiritual self typically remains
relatively stable throughout our lifetime.
Importance of the self
 It is useful to spend time understanding yourself,
including your capabilities, expertise and
personal values.
 Being self aware can help you to plan
development and make carrer decisions that are
right for you.
WILLIAM JAMES THEORY
 PRAGMATISM
James explained pragmatism as the
resolution of the deabte between tough minded
materialist and tender minded idealist. James
was a staunch opponent of the skeptic, claiming
that we should not doubt our basic beliefs until
we have reason to do so. To james, the practical
consequences of our beliefs were more
important than the philosophical justification for
them.
 FUNCTIONALISM
James opposed the structuralist focus
on introspection and breaking down mental
events to the smallest elememts. Instead, james
focused on the wholeness of an event, taking
into the impact of the environment on behavior.
 JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
The james-lange theory of emotion
proposes that an event triggers a physiological
 reaction, which we then interpret. According to perspective one assumes and analyze one’s own
his theory, emotions are caused by our behaviors.
interpretations of these physiological reactions.
Both james and the danish physiological carl I-SELF ME-SELF
lange independently proposed the theory. • Unsocialized and • Organization of
WHAT IS JAMES- LANGE THEORY OF spontaneous internalized attitude
EMOTION • Self that is free and of others
- James-lange theory of emotion (the1880s) unique • Conventional
proposed that bodily changes come first and • Subjective part of the • Objective part of self
form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, self
emotions are caused by bodily sensations.
James and lang both believed that, when an
event occurs, our body reacts, and then we feel
emotion after the brain interprets that
physiological change.
Humans are emotional beings and their feelings WILLIAM JAMES
have evolved over the years to help them
understand the world. The james-lange theory I-SELF ME-SELF
notes the emotions are challenging for humans • • Is subjective self • Is the self that is
and it is critical to find effective ways of that is aware of an object or the
handling them. it’s own actions self you can
EMOTION AND REACTION • The “I” is a part describe
Which come first? The emotion or the reaction? of self that know • The “Me” is a
Some people believe our emotions who they are and separate
dictate our response and others believe our emotions what they have individual, a
dictate our response and other believe our reaction accomplished in person to when
dictates our emotion. life talking about
According to the james-lange theory of emotion, our their personal
physiological (bodily) reaction occurs first, followed experiences.
by an emotional reaction.
“ A Man’s Self Is The Susm Total Of All That He
Can Call His, Not Only His Body And His Psychic THREE CATEGORIES OF SELF
Powers , But His Clothes And His House .” – 1. Material self refers to the individual’s
William James identification with their physical body,
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF possessions, and overall physical attributes.
SELF: THE ME-SELF; I-SELF 2. Social self relates to the individual’s
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD( 1863-1931) understanding of themselves in relation to others
American philosopher and social and their social roles.
theorist, is often classed with William James, 3. Spiritual self the existence of a spiritual or
Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey as one inner self, which encompasses an individual’s
of the most significant figures in classical thoughts, emotions, and subjective experiences.
American pragmatism. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SELF :
MEAD THEORY OF SELF GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED
• For Mead, all human experience internal MODELS
conversation. This conversation involves the I GLOBAL SLEF
and Me, which he called phases of self. - refers to the general value that a person places
• The I is the acting part of self, as an immediate on him or herself
response to other people. - example is when someone see themselves as:
• The Me is the self that results from the hard working, friendly, compassionate, caring
progressive stages of role-taking and the etc.
DIFFERENTIATED MODELS
 - refers to our ability to seperate our thoughts and
feelings from others
THERE ARE 10 DIFFERENTIATED
MODELS OF SELF, NAMELY:
1. SELF CONSCIOUSNESS
- is a heightened sense of self-awareness
2. SELF AS MULTIPLE
- A man has as many social selves as there are
individuals who recognize him and carry an
image of him in their mind.
3. SELF AS LOOKING GLASS
- Our idea of ourselves is deeply influenced by
what other people think of us, or what we think
other people think of us.
4. SELF AS STRUCTURE
- The self, as that which can be an object to itself,
is essentially a social structure and it arises in
social experience.
5. SELF AS FLOWER
- The self in this view is like a flower, potentially
growing into full bloom.
THE 7 Needs:
 physiological: warmth, food, etc.
 safety needs;
 psychological needs: love, belonging;
 esteem needs: self-satisfaction;
 cognitive needs: education, skills;
 aesthetic needs: harmony, order;
 self-actualization: maturity, joy, creativity
6. SELF AS CREATIVE
- Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.
7. SELF AS ONION
- model is indicated by the phrase "hidden depths" and
reflects tbe notion, that one may really not know
someone
8. SELF AS IDENTITY
- Our self concept is our identity. It is the concept we
develop about ourselves that evolves through the
course of our lives
9. SELF AS UNICORN
- the self is a unicorn since it is partly unknown, even
unknowable because it is so below consciousness
and “in progress”
10. SELF AS CHAMELEON
- the self is a chameleon because it is multiple,
mutable, adaptable, and selective in presentation
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SELF:
REAL AND IDEAL SELF- CONCEPT
The real self and ideal self are terms used to describe
personality domains.
CARL ROGERS
 one of the founders of humanistic psychology
and was known especially for his person-
centered psychotherapy.
 American psychologist.
 He proposed the concept of self theory
 He believe in the inherent goodness of people.
SELF CONCEPT
 Is the image or the idea who have about our self,
it can be thought as perception of our abilities,
behavior or characteristics.
 It helps us draw a mental feature of who we are
physically, socially, and emotionally.
 Refers to the image of oneself
 Is a collection of beliefs about oneself.
REAL SELF CONCEPTS
 Is who someone actually is.
 It is how we think, how we feel, look, and act.
 It is our self image.
 can be seen by others, but because we have no
way of truly knowing how others view us, the
real self is our self-image.
IDEAL SELF CONCEPTS
 Is who someone wants to be.
 Part of a person’s self concept that consists of
their desires, hopes, and wishes.
 Refers to the way we would like to be seen.
 Is considered to be a motivator within a person’s
self-concepts.
ROGERS SELF THEORY
 Actualizing tendency
 Positive regard
 Self regard
 Striving
 Ambitious
 Self-worth
“THE CURIOUS PARADOX IS THAT WHEN I
ACCEPT JUST AS I AM, THEN I CAN CHANGE”
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF
SELF: MULTIPLE SELFD VS INIFIED
SELVES
DAVID LESTER
• He is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at
Stockton University in Galloway, New Jersey.
• He is a former President of the International
Association for Suicide Prevention.
MULTIPLE SELVES
Personality consists of the hypothesized structures and
processes in the mind that can explain the patterns of
behavior that individuals consistently exhibit.
• Mind is composed of multiple such subselves
that are autonomous sets of psychological
processes –dreams, desires, emotions and
memories.
• He believed that at any given time, one of the
subself will gain dominance or executive
control. however, cautions that not everyone has
multiple selves.
UNIFIED SELVES
Has the opinion that the individual will try to
integrate the subselves into the unified self
• Unified self - integration of the subselves
into one
• However, he believed that integration is a
task for the later part of life.
RITA CARTER AND MULTIPLICITY
• Author of the book called “Mapping the
Mind” which was published in 1998
• Contributed to The Independent, New
Scientist, Daily Mail, and Telegraph
MULTIPLE SELVES
the occurrence of multiple selves are described as
others have defined them.
WHAT IS MULTIPLICITY
The New Science of Personality” producing a joyful
household of personalities, demonstrating how to
distinguish various versions of oneself enabling our
personalities to participate in functioning to be
successful in life
THE DIVISIONS OF MULTIPLE SELVES
MAJOR SELVES
A personality with thoughts, desires, intention,
emotions, , and beliefs
• single major
• double major
MINOR SELVES
Merely enough to deal with a particular
condition as such as a necessity to argue with
certain people, or circumtances.
• Multiple major
MICRO SELVES
It is the “building blocks of personality -
individual responses, thoughts, ideas, habits,” as
small as a physical or vocal contraction or a
renewed interfering thought or emotion.
• A major plus a minor
• Several majors and mi nors
THE BIG 5 OCEAN PERSONLAITY
DIMENSION
• Openness
Emphasizes imagination and insight the most out of
all five personality traits. People who are high in
openness tend to have a broad range of interests.
They are curious about the world and other people
and are eager to learn new things and enjoy new
experiences.
• Conscientiousness
Among each of the personality traits,
conscientiousness is one defined by high levels of
thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-
directed behaviors. Highly conscientious people tend
to be organized and mindful of details. They plan
ahead, think about how their behavior affects others,
and are mindful of deadlines.
• Extroversion
Extraversion (or extroversion) is a personality trait
characterized by excitability,sociability,
talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of
emotional expressiveness. People high in
extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in
social situations.
• Agreeableness
This personality trait includes attributes such as
trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other
prosocial behaviors. People who are high in
agreeableness tend to be more cooperative while
those low in this personality trait tend to be more
competitive and sometimes even manipulative.
• Neuroticism
Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by
sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.
Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to
experience mood swings, anxiety,irritability, and
sadness. Those low in this personality trait tend to be
more stable and emotionally resilient.
THE TYPOLOGY OF SELVES
Defenders - protects and guards against threats
• Controllers - drives and steers one's behavior
Punishers - defenders or controllers whose
energy has become misdirected
• Role players - the personalities created for a
particular situation or purpose
• Relics - the old minors that no longer have a useful
function
• Creatives - originates new ideas, it aims, and
visions
UNIFIEDS SELVES
 For the impression of a unified self, Carter discusses
that every individual has a group of personalities
who are all working together. The unified self is the
integration of the sub-selves into one, however,
integration is a task for the later part of life.
THE TRUE SELF VS THE FALSE SELF
TRUE SELF AND FALSE SELF WERE
INTRODUCED INTO PSYCHOANALYSIS IN
1960 BY DONALD WINNICOTT.
He was an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
who was especially influential in object relations
theory and development psychology.
TRUE SELF
- To be conscious of the self and respond to the world
around you authentically is to be your true self. This
empowers freedom of thought and to be impulsive
with expressing your true self
FALSE SELF
- An artificial persona that people create very early in
life to protect themselves from re - experiencing
developmental trauma, shock and stress in close
relationships.
- This version of the self has a belief that it is
necessary to emotionally protect oneself in order to
gain acceptance.
- This exerted to protect and hide the true self with a
fear of not being accepted by others.