Integration by Parts

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
The purpose of integration by parts is to replace a “difficult” integration ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 by an “easy” integration ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢.
Examples:
1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Integration by substitution; 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
= 𝑦 ln 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 Integration by parts;
= 𝑦 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝐶 𝑢 = ln 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=𝑦
𝑦
ln(1+√𝑥)
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Integration by substitution; 𝑦 = 1 + √𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 = .
2√𝑥
= 2 ∫ ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2(𝑦 ln 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦) Integration by parts;
= 2(𝑦 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝐶 𝑢 = ln 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 2(1 + √𝑥)[ln(1 + √𝑥) − 1] + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑦
𝑣=𝑦

Exercises:
1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

There are three principal kinds of trigonometric substitutions.
Strategy 1. If √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 occurs in an integrand, try the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.
Strategy 2. If √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 occurs in an integrand, try the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.
Strategy 3. If √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 occurs in an integrand, try the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.

Exercises:
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 2
𝑥 √4+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 2√9−𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 2
√𝑥 −4