6.

SUPERPOSITION OF INAVES
"BACCHA BACCHA
SCORE KARENA
"

By PROF
B
URHANUDDIN
 SUPERPOSITION OF ES

Wave Motion
Stationary Waves
Introduction -Stationary Waves & Analytical
Method for Production
of Stationary
Toansverse Waves
waves
-

-
Modes of Vibration produced on

stretched stoing
-

Longitudinal Waves a

-Laws Of Vibrating Stoing

Transverse Waves
-
Reflection of
-
Modes of Vibration in
Organ Pipe

Waves
-

Reflection of Longitudinal -

Pipe closed at one end

Displacement of a
simple harmonic progressive at both end
-
Pipe Open
Wave
-
End Conjection
-

Superposition Of Wave

-
Production Of Beats & Beat Frequency
 INAVEMOTION
Have: Any -
sort of disturbance created in a medium due to which particles of the medium

are set into vibration

Progressive (ave: -
The waves which continues to travel in a
given direction without change of form

& transfering energy.

called
echanical Have: The
↑ -
waves which need material medium for their propogation are as

mechanical waves

ansverse Ilaves
T & Its chaoacteristics: -

1) The waves in which

particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propogation
of waves.

divided into alternate

as when to ansverse waves are set up in a medium, the medium is

cost & through

Modulus
For
3) propogation of transverse waves the medium should posses property of Rigidity
solids
Therefore, to ansverse waves can propogate through only

When transverse
a) waves are set up
in a medium these is no
change in pressure density at

the medium
any point of
set on a
storing is given by
Velocity of transverse up
waves
5)

in
sting.
↑

-> Tersion
F
v =

m -> lineas density.

& Its characteristics:
Longitudinal Waves

1) The waves in which

particles of the medium vibrate
parallel to the direction of propogation
of waves.

divided into alternate

as when set up in a medium, the medium is
longitudinal waves are

compression & Rarefaction

medium should posses Bulk Modulus
For
3) propogation of longitudinal
waves the property of
can propogate through solid, liquid &
Therefore, longitudinal waves gass

a) When longitudinal waves are set up

in a medium these is
change in pressure & density at

differnt point of the medium

set up in
his is given by
Velocity of longitudinal
waves
5)

=>
-> Modulus of flasticity.
E
v =

9 ->
Dusity of Medium.
 Reflection Of Transverse Waves: -

From Races to Dense Medium

desser
1) When transverse waves are incident on the boundary of a

medium, cost is reflected back as through

Phase
2)
change is produced by i
From Denses to Paseo Medium

1) When transverse waves are incident on the boundary of a based

back trough
medium, reflected back of trough is reflected
as
cost is as crest

2) Phase
change is produced by 0

Reflection Of Longitudinal Waves: -

From Races to Dense Medium

the boundary of denses

3) When longitudinal waves are incident on

medium compression is reflected back as compression

03
2) Phase change is
produced by
FromDenses to Paseo Medium

3) When longitudinal waves are incident on the boundary of cases

medium compression is reflected back as

Jasefaction.
2) Phase is
produced by i
change

Principle Of Superposition of Wave:

tedium assive at
When two simple harmonic progressive wave. Havelling in the same

then each produces its own displacement independently

a
point of the medium simultaneously wave

vector of individual displacement.

the resultant displacement at that point is
given by sum

i y y, 52
= +

Explanation: -

arrive at point phase crest due to one wave falls on

When the two interfering waves a in of

the
due to another
the cost due to another,
or trough due to one wave falls on the trough
rise to constructive Interference
amplitude at that point is maximum, hence giving
resultant
crest due to one wave falls on
assive at a point out of phase or

When the two interfering waves

at that point is minimum hence
vice versa the resultant amplitude
due to another of
the
trough
rise to Destructive Interference
giving
Production of Beats: -

sound after regular interval of time due to principle

The alternatewaxing & waning of
osuperposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies is called as production of
Beats

Application:
musical instruments
1) The phenomenon of beats is used for matching the frequencies of different
by artists.

used in RADAR system

2) It is

3)It is used in Dopples Ultrasonography & Echocardiography.

used to determine harmful gases in mines.
is
It
4)

sound note.
It
5) is used to determine the unknown frequency of a

For Beat Foequency:

Expression
·

Consider two simple harmonic progressive wave having same amplitude travelling in the same

medium with
slightly different frequencies
Let at time instance oftheir displacement
is
given by
any
Y. = asin2th, t

Yz = asin2Hnct

By principle of superposition of wave

Y y,+ ya
=

asin2anct
Y asin2+n,t
= +

Y a(sin2knit+ sin2Hnct]

a(si n 2x(rENE.c osen(rtyS:si n c sinD=2sir(M.cos(EE)

=

Y =

2acos2(Rupt.Sin2i(RMc
t
Y =

Let R
2acos2π(R
=

et
n
4Ma
=

where R is variable amplitude

n is
average frequency
:Y= R sincant

This is the expression for resultant displacement

For waxing
sound of maximum intensity or amplitude
Waxing means

: R = 12a

2cos2x(rrct =
12/
 cos2+(r
z = I

nc)+ (05(1)
2π(r =

2π(v
t 0,π,2π,3π,4+.... =

** (r
zt 4+ =

Whese, P = 0, 1, 2, 3.....

t =

n Mc
When P= 0, 1, 2, 3.... ↑

t 0,
Enin....
= -
-

which is
integral multiple of t
n, x2
its frequency be obtained
-

can
This is the time interval between two maxima
of sound

by taking occipsocal of above team

i. N n,
=
-

x2

For
Waning:
sound of minimum intensity or amplitude
Having means

. R 0 =

2acos2x(r
rct 0
=

cos2π(v
uct 0 =

n+ (05()
2π(r =

2π(vz)+= I,3,5,7...
** (r
=wzt (2x 4
=
-

whese, 1 = 1,2,3,....
t
=1
r
When P= 0, 1, 2, 3....

tin'crinx trnci- -
-

which is
integral multiple of t
n, x2
its frequency be obtained
-

can
This is the time interval between two minima
of sound

by taking occipsocal of above team

i. N n,
=
-

x2
Stationary Waves: -

When two simple harmonic progressive wave having same amplitude

the same medium but in opposite
& time period, travelling
in

other due to principle of superposition

direction interferp each
called
resultant wave obtained in the form of loops is
owave, the
as stationary waves.

Analytical Method for Production of Stationary Waves: -

Consider two simple harmonic progressive wave

having same amplitude & time period
the same medium but in opposite direction.
Javeling
↓ in

Let at any time instance their displacement be given by

Y asin2π(nt )
-

Yc asin2π(n+ +
A
=

By principle of superposition of wave

y Y, =
+
Y

Y asin2x(n+
=
-

1) asin2π(n+
+
+

)
a(sin2+(n+ ) +(n+
y))
-
+
+ sin2
Y =

Y
a(2sin2x(
=

+*).cos2+(r
Y 2asin2π(**).cos2π()
=

Y =
2asin2nt.Cos2π(*)
Sin2Nt.COSz S:.cos( 0) cospl
-

Y
=

= 2a

Y CacosZEN.SiNat
=

Y R Sinzint
expression for
=

This is the resultant displacement

Condition for Antinodes: -

the medium which vibrate with maximum amplitude

Antinodes are point of
R = 12a
↓

Kalos2I =12/*

cosin= =1
 aft-cost....
2u P
=

whese P = 0, 1, 2, 3....

x
P
=

when 4 =
0, 1, 2, 3....

x
0,5,x,31......
=

Thus distance between two consecutive antimode is

'I
Condition for Nodes:
the medium which vibrate with minimum amplitude
Nodes are point of
: R 0
=

2acoszENN IRO
2
x cos(0) =

SEN=E.SEE,
...

whese p= 1,2,3....

x (2p
=
-

b
when P = 1, 2, 3...

1,3,5,.......
n =

3
tore distance betweentwoconcucutive is
node tosetsare
be

Characteristics of Stationary Waves

1) When stationary waves are set up in a medium these are points of the medium which

while the points which vibrate

vibrate with maximum amplitude called as antinodes,
called as nodes
with minimum amplitude are
antiods is
a) Distance between two consecutive
2

two consecutive node is 'I

Distance between
3)

between nock & adjacent

anticode is
t
4) Distance a
5
Particles within a loop vibrate in phase, while particles in
adjacent loop vibrate

outof phase
time & periodic in space.
doubly periodic, ive periodic
in
stationary waves
6) are

also called as standing Wave because these wave velocity is zeso.

stationary
7) waves are

lodes
↑
of Vibration Produced on a stocked
string: -

Consider a
string of length't' lineas density in
tightly clamped between two rigid support,
different points produces toansverse
when plucked at
is
waves whose velocity given by
where

v=A ↑ -> Tesion

stoing
in

m -> linear mass density

ode: In fundamental of
#

mode vibration

string is plucked from cuts as shown in

nodes & antinode

figual forming two one

:1 = 1.x 21 =

We know that,
V nx
=

=
n

the
fundamental frequency I harmonic
This
is as

wet
plucked from certin & it vibrates
ode:
# In second mode of vibration string is

three nodes & two antipodes

in the manner as shown in
fig(b) forming
:.l x, =

We know that,
v x,
=
X,

n = 1

n
=
n =

Fn
This is the harmonic on I overtone.
n. = 2n
Podai-INthiodmod of vibationStoingisblockedatdiffesel pointRes
#

antinodes
1
i
3x 2
=
=

We know that
V R,Xz
=

nott
note
this is the #hasmonic of Iovestone

Conclusions:
the Satio
1) The frequencies of vibration are in n,inc::..=1:2:3:....

2) For pth overtone up=(P Dr +

3) free as well as odd harmonics are present as overtone in vibration produced on

the stoutched stoing

Laws of Vibrating Stoing:
> Law of length (1): The fundamental frequency of transverse vibration produced on a stretched string is
& linear (m)
the vibrating length (1) provided that Tension (t) density are kept
inversely proportional
to

constant

> Law of Tasion (T): The fundamental frequency of transverse vibration produced on a stretched string is
& linear (m)
that
length) density are kept
disactly soportional
↑ to the
square boot
of Fusion() Provided
constant

Law
3)
of lines density(m): The fundamental frequency of transverse vibration produced on a stretched string is

inversely proportional to the

square soot
of linear density provided
that Tension (t) &
length (1) are kept

constant
lodes
↑
of Vibration produced in an
Organ Pipe:

Pipe closed at one end:

Consider an
organ pipe of length'('closed at one end. Take a
tuning for strike it on a

& closed
subber pad place it
horizontally over the open end
of the pipe.
Let travel in downward direction when it reaches the closed and it get reflected back as
a
compression
a
compression, when it reaches the open end is gets reflected back as a surfaction.
The necessary condition is that to complete a half cycle wave needs to travel twice the
length of pipe

Time-or
i
↓

4
T =

i.n 1 =

↳L

vibrate in the manned shown in above fig al formingon

Rodvi-Infisstmodeofvibration
as
air column

:L =

x,x 4) =

We know that,
v nx
=

n k
=

x
n :

This
is the fundamental frequency of I hasmonic

ode: -Insecond mode

# of vibration air column vibrate in the manned as shown in above fig(b) forming
antinode
two node & two
:L
3.x b =
=

We know that,
v n,x,
=

n
.
=

nibThis is the #hasmonic of I ovestone

ode:
# -
In third mode of vibration air column vibrate in the manned as shown in above figid forming
the node & three antimode
i 2=
5,x,b =

We know that,
v n,X,
=

n
=
v
5
=

5n This the harmonic on I overtone

n = is
Conclusion:
vibration in the ratio
frequencies of nimin=1: 3: 5.....
1) The are

2) For pth overtone up=(2p+1r

Only
3) Odd hasmonics are
present as overtone in vibration of air column in a
pipe closed at

one end
Pipe Open at both end: -

Consider an
organ pipe of length'('closed at one end. Take a
tuning for strike it on a

&
subber pad place it
horizontally over the open end
of the open pipe.
Let downward direction when it reaches the other and it get reflected back as
a
compression toarel in

a sasefaction.
The necessary condition is that to complete a half cycle wave needs to travel once the length of pipe

Time-or
i
↓

2
T =

i.n
=

vibrate in the manned shown in above fig al formingon

Rodv:-Infisstmodeofvibration
as
air column

:c = 1, x = 21
2

We know that,
v nx
=

n k
=

x
n =

A
This is the fundamental frequency of I hasmonic

ode: -Insecond mode

# of vibration air column vibrate in the manned as shown in above fig(b) forming
two node & three antinode
:L x.,x 1
=
=

We know that,
v n,x,
=

n
.
=

n = 2V
--

22
This the harmonic on I overtone.
n. 2x
=

is

#
ode: -
In third mode of vibration air column vibrate in the manned as shown in above figid forming
antinode
tbser node & four
iL
3,x2
=
=

We know that,
v =
n,X,
n
=
v
3
=

This the harmonic on I overtone

ne =
3n is
Conclusions:
the Satio
1) The frequencies of vibration are in n,inc::..=1:2:3:....

2) For pth overtone up=(P Dr

+

free
3) as well as odd harmonics are present as overtone in vibration of air column

end.
in a
pipe open at both

End Coosection: