Kinetics

Of
particles
outlines

∎𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∎ Force and Acceleration
Rectilinear motion
Curvilinear Motion
∎ Work -Energy Principle
∎ Impulse -Momentum Principle
 Introduction

Three general approaches to the solutions of kinetics problems are :

∎ Direct application of Newton’s second law (Force-

mass-Acceleration Method.

∎ Work -Energy Principle.

∎ Impulse -Momentum Principle.

 Force, Mass and Acceleration
i) Rectilinear motion

Newton’s second law A particle will accelerate when it is subjected to unbalanced force

F1 P F2

If F1 = F2 Static

If F1 > F2 or F2 > F1 Dynamics: Unbalanced force

(F1 – F2 ) P mP aP mP aP P (F2 – F1 )

F1 > F 2 F2 > F 1
 Exercise: Find the acceleration of the block. Neglect the friction between the body and the ground.

100 N 10 kg 50 N

Draw the free body diagram showing all the external forces and effective force
mg

100 N 10 kg 50 N = 10 kg ma

N
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑥

100 − 50 = 10𝑎

5 𝑚/𝑠
∴ 𝑎 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎=
𝑠
 v (m/s)
v (m/s)

15

10

5
5

t (s) t (s)
0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3

2nd NL : The acceleration of a particle is 1st NL : A particle remain at rest or continues to

proportional to the resultant force acting move with uniform velocity (in a straight line
on it and is in direction of the force with constant speed) if there is no unbalanced
force acting on it.

3rd NL : The forces of action and reaction

between interacting bodies are equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear
(Normal Reaction).
Exercise: Find the acceleration of the block.

10 kg

10 kg

10 kg
Exercise: It is the same acceleration for two objects of 10-kg ang 2-kg (at rest) thrown
from a building simultaneously?

10 kg
2 kg

2 kg 10 kg

2 kg 10 kg
Force, Mass and Acceleration
For Rectilinear motion

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑦

ii) For Curvilinear motion

Rectangular coordinates
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑦

Polar coordinates
σ 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 σ 𝐹𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎θ = r𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ

Normal-Tangential coordinates
𝑣2 σ 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑡 =𝑣ሶ
σ 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜌𝜃ሶ 2 =
𝜌
 Exercise: The 100-kg block A shown in the figure is released from rest. If the masses of
the pulleys and the cord are neglected, determine the speed of the 20-kg block B in 2 s.

yC

C
yB

B
 Exercise: Determine the required mass of block A so that when it is released from rest
it moves the 5-kg block B 0.75 m up along the smooth inclined plane in t = 2 s. Neglect
the mass of the pulleys and cords.
E
yB
C

yCD
D B

600

A
Exercise: Determine the force that the telescopic arm exerts on the peg at the instant shown. Given that at the
𝑟𝑎𝑑
instant shown 𝜃= 600, mp = 2 kg, 𝜃ሶ = 0.5 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑠
O

0.4 m 90- θ

𝜃ሶ
A
 Static and kinetic friction
Friction is a force resisting relative motion and it occurs at the interface between two bodies. (Force that opposes the motion)

Static Friction Force: is the friction force prior to the initiation of motion.

Dynamic/ kinetic Friction Force: is the friction force developed during the motion.

mg mg
Coefficient of Static friction (𝜇𝑠 ):

𝑓𝑠
𝜇𝑠 =
𝑁 F m kg F m kg
fs fk
Coefficient of kinetic friction (𝜇𝑘 ):
𝑓𝑘
𝜇𝑘 = N N
𝑁

Where N is normal force

Static Condition During motion
Relationship between Static and kinetic friction

FApp m kg
f (friction)
Ground

f (friction) (N)

Limiting friction (𝒇𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 at 𝝁𝒔 ) Static friction (𝑓𝑠 ):

𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁

Static
Kinetic/ Dynamic
friction
friction Dynamic /kinetic friction (𝑓𝑘 ):
fs fk Fapp (N) 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁

Begin to slide, Fmin

 Example: Determine the minimum force, Fmin required to begin the box to slide. Given 𝜇𝑠 = 0.35, 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2 .

F 15 kg

If F = 90 N, what will be the acceleration a?

 C B
Determine the tensions of the cables and the acceleration of each block.

𝜇𝑘 = 0.3 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2
𝑚𝐴 = 40 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝑔 Given: 𝑚𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚𝐵 = 50 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚𝐶 = 40 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝐶 = 50 𝑘𝑔
A

Solution
Work-energy principle
∎ Work is done when a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement
∎ Energy is the ability to do work

2nd Newton’s Law: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

But: 𝑎=
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣∙
𝑑𝑣
= ∙ = ∙𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Therefore: 𝑑𝑣
𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑣∙
𝑑𝑠

Rearranging: 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝑣

∴ න 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝑚 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝑣

If F and m are constant, then the above integration will produce:

1
𝐹(𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) = 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) Work-Energy Equation
2
Or:
𝑇1 + σ 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2
 ∎ Work of A Constant Force
Forms of work
∎ Work of A Weight

∎ Work of A Spring Force

∎ Work of A Variable/ Constant Force
Elemental work done from P to P’ :
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑥

F 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ∙ 𝑑𝑥
P P’
θ Total work done by the force
2 𝑠2
dx න 𝑑𝑈 = න 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑠1
s1 s2
For variable force
𝑠2
From P to P’ is a very small in time
𝑈1−2 = න 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠1

For constant force

𝑈1−2 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ∙ (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )

Conclusion: 1) If θ = 00, 𝑈1−2 = 𝐹(𝑠2 − 𝑠2 ) Force and displacement are in the same direction

2) If θ = 1800, 𝑈1−2 = −𝐹(𝑠2 − 𝑠2 ) Force and displacement are in the opposite direction

3) If θ = ±900, 𝑈1−2 = 0 No work done

 ∎ Work of A Weight
Y
Final, 2 Elemental work done from P to P’ :
y2
P’ 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑈 = (𝑚𝑔)𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ∙ 𝑑𝑦
dy
h
P
Total work done by the force
dx
2 𝑦2
y1 Initial,1 න 𝑑𝑈 = න (𝑚𝑔)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝑦
mg 1 𝑦1
X

Particle of mass m 𝑈1−2 = −(𝑚𝑔) ∙ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )

From P to P’ is a very small in time
𝑈1−2 = − 𝑚𝑔 ℎ

Conclusion: 1) Work done from bottom to top 𝑈1−2 = − 𝑚𝑔 ℎ

2) Work done from top to bottom 𝑈1−2 = + 𝑚𝑔 ℎ

 ∎ Work of A Spring Force
Force of the spring:
Undeformed
P Fs =k x

Elemental work done from P to P’ :

(x1)
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 1800
dx
Fs Disp
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
P’ Stretched Total work done by the spring force

2 𝑥2
න 𝑑𝑈 = − න (𝑘𝑥) ∙ 𝑑𝑥
Fs 1 𝑥1

(x2)
k is spring stiffness (N/m) 𝑘 𝑘
𝑈1−2 = − ∙ (𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) = − ∙ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 +𝑥1 )
Tension 2 2

Force 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑥1

𝑈1−2 = − (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )( )
2
𝑈1−2 = − (𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙)(𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)

𝑈1−2 = − (𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙)

x
x1 x2
Exercise:
C
300 N
The 50-kg block at A is mounted on walls as shown in the Figure. It moves
horizontally under the action of the constant 300-N force in the cable. The
block is release from A, with the spring to which it is attached extended
1.2 m an initial amount x1 = 0.233 m. The spring has a stiffness k = 80 N/m.
A
Calculate the velocity v of the block as it reaches position B.

B Given: m= 50 kg, vA = 0, FAB =300 N,

initial stretched condition, x1 = 0.233 m

x1 1.2 m 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

impulse-momentum principle

2nd Newton’s Law: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

But: 𝑎=
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡

Therefore: 𝑑𝑣
𝐹=𝑚∙
𝑑𝑡

Rearranging:
න 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑚 ∙ 𝑑𝑣

If F and m are constant, then the above integration will produce:

𝐹(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) Impulse - Momentum Equation

Or:
𝑡
𝑚𝑣1 + σ ‫ 𝑡׬‬2 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡= 𝑚𝑣2
1
Exercise:
The 25-kg crate shown in Figure is acted upon by a force having a variable magnitude P
= (100t) N, where t is in seconds. Determine the crate’s velocity 2 s after P has been
applied. The initial velocity is v1 = 1 m/s down the plane, and the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the crate and the plane is μk = 0.3.
300

Given: m= 25 kg, v1 = 1 m/s, P = 100t N, μk = 0.3 ,