Electrical Systems 2 From Diagnosis To Prognosis Hubert Razik Full Chapter

Electrical Systems 2: From Diagnosis to
Prognosis Hubert Razik

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/electrical-systems-2-from-diagnosis-to-prognosis-hub
ert-razik/
Electrical Systems 2
Electrical Systems 2
From Diagnosis to Prognosis
Edited by
Abdenour Soualhi
Hubert Razik
First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA
www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2020

The rights of Abdenour Soualhi and Hubert Razik to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019956924
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-608-1
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter 1. Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by

External Field Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Remus PUSCA, Eric LEFEVRE, David MERCIER, Raphael ROMARY and
Miftah IRHOUMAH
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Extracting indicators from the external magnetic field . . . . . . 3
1.2.1. External field classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2. Attenuation of the transverse field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3. Measurement of the transverse field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4. Modeling a healthy machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.5. Modeling a faulty machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.6. Effect of the load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3. Information fusion to detect the inter-turn
short-circuit faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.1. Belief function theory: basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2. Fault detection with the fusion method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.3. Calculation example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4. Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.1. Presentation of rotating electrical machines . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.2. Presentation of experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vi Electrical Systems 2
Chapter 2. Signal Processing Techniques for

Transient Fault Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
José Alfonso Antonino DAVIU and Roque Alfredo Osornio RIOS
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 37
2.2. Fault detection via motor current analysis . . . . . . . . . . . ... 41
2.2.1. Classical tools (MCSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 41
2.2.2. New techniques based on transient analysis (ATCSA) .. 45
2.3. Signal processing tools for transient analysis . . . . . . . . . ... 47
2.3.1. Example of a discrete tool: the DWT . . . . . . . . . . . ... 48
2.3.2. Example of a continuous tool: the HHT . . . . . . . . . . ... 54
2.4. Application of transient-based tools for electric motor
fault detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 67
2.4.1. Application of the DWT for the detection of
rotor damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 68
2.4.2. Application of the HHT for the detection of
rotor damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 70
2.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 71
2.6. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 72
Chapter 3. Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction

Motor Using the Symmetrical Current Components . . . . . . . 77
Monia BOUZID and Gérard CHAMPENOIS
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 77
3.2. Study of the SCCs behavior in an IM under different
stator faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 79
3.2.1. Simulation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 79
3.2.2. Analytical study of the SCCs in an IM under
different stator faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 86
3.3. Extracting stator fault indicators from an IM . . . . . . . ..... 97
3.4. Automatic and accurate detection and diagnosis of
stator faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 98
3.4.1. Description of the monitoring system of the
IM operating state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 98
3.4.2. Improving the accuracy of incipient stator
fault detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.4.3. Automatic incipient stator fault diagnosis in an IM . . . . . 114
3.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.6. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Contents vii
Chapter 4. Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machines . . 123

Claude DELPHA, Demba DIALLO, Jinane HARMOUCHE,
Mohamed BENBOUZID, Yassine AMIRAT and Elhoussin ELBOUCHIKHI
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.1.1. Bearing fault detection and diagnosis overview . . . . . . . . 124
4.1.2. Problem statement and proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.2. Method description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2.1. The global spectral analysis description . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2.2. Discrimination of faults in the bearing balls using LDA . . 133
4.3. Experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.3.1. Experimental test bed description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.3.2. Time-domain detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.4. Global spectra bearing diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4.1. Data preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4.2. Global spectra results with PCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.4.3. Global spectra results with LDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.6. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Chapter 5. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Zhongliang LI, Zhixue ZHENG and Fei GAO
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2. PEMFC functioning principle and development status . . . . . . 154
5.2.1. From a PEMFC to a PEMFC system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2.2. Current status of the PEMFC technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.3. Faults and degradation of PEMFCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.3.1. Degradation related to the aging effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.3.2. Degradation related to system operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3.3. Variables used for PEMFC degradation evaluation . . . . . 161
5.4. PEMFC diagnostic methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4.1. Model-based diagnostic methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4.2. Data-driven diagnostic methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.4.3. Case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.5. Prognosis of PEMFCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.5.1. Health index and EoL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.5.2. Model-based prognostic methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.5.3. Data-driven and hybrid prognostic methods . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.5.4. Case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.6. Remaining challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.7. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
viii Electrical Systems 2
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Summary of Volume 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Introduction
The diagnosis and prognosis of electrical systems is still a relevant field

of research. The research that has been carried out over the years has made
it possible to acquire enough knowledge, to build a base from which we can
delve further into this field of research. This study is a new challenge that
estimates the remaining lifetime of the analyzed process. Many studies have
been carried out to establish a diagnosis of the state of health of an electric
motor, for example. However, making a diagnosis is like giving binary
information: the condition is either healthy or defective. Of course, this
may seem simplistic, but detecting a failure requires the use of suitable
sensors that provide signals. These will be processed to monitor health
indicators (features) for defects. Then, we witnessed a multitude of research
activities around classification. It was indeed appropriate to distinguish the
operating states, to differentiate them from one another and to inform
the operator of the level of severity of a failure or even of the type of failure
among a predefined panel. A major effort has been made to estimate the
remaining lifetime or even the lifetime consumed. This is a challenge that
many researchers are still trying to meet.
This book, which has been divided into two volumes, informs readers
about the theoretical approaches and results obtained in different laboratories
in France and also in other countries such as Spain, and so on. To this end,
many researchers from the scientific community have contributed to this
book by sharing their research results.
Introduction written by Abdenour SOUALHI and Hubert RAZIK.

x Electrical Systems 2
Chapter 1, Volume 1, “Diagnostic Methods for the Health Monitoring of

Gearboxes”, by A. Soualhi and H. Razik, presents state-of-the-art diagnostic
methods used to analyze the defects present in gearboxes. First of all, there is
a bibliographical presentation regarding different types of gears and their
defects. We conclude that gear defects represent the predominant defect at
this level, thus justifying the interest in detecting and diagnosing them. Then,
we present various gear analyses and monitoring techniques proposed as part
of the condition-based maintenance and propose a diagnostic method. Thus,
we show the three main phases of diagnosis: First, the analysis presented as a
set of technical processes ensuring control of the representative quantities of
operation; then the monitoring that exploits the fault indicators for detection;
finally, the diagnosis which is the identification of the detected defect.
Chapter 2, Volume 1, “Techniques for Predicting Defects in Bearings and

Gears”, by A. Soualhi and H. Razik, deals with strategies based on features
characterizing the health status of the system to predict the appearance of
possible failures. The prognosis of faults in a system means the prediction of
the failure imminence and/or the estimation of its remaining life. It is in this
context that we propose, in this chapter, the three methods of prognosis. In
the first method, the degradation process of each system is modeled by a
hidden Markov model (HMM). In a measured sequence of observations, the
solution consists of identifying among the HMMs the one that best
represents this sequence which allows predicting the imminence of the next
degradation state and thus the defect of the studied system. In the second
method (evolutionary Markov model), the computation of the probability
that a sequence of observations arrives at a degradation state at the moment
t+1, given the HMM modeled from the same sequence of observations, also
allows us to predict the imminence of a defect. The third method predicts the
imminence of a fault not by modeling the degradation process of the system,
but by modeling each degradation state.
Chapter 3, Volume 1, “Electrical Signatures Analysis for Condition

Monitoring of Gears in Complex Electromechanical Systems,” written by
S. Hedayati Kia and M. Hoseintabar Marzebali, deals with a review of their
most remarkable research, which has been carried out in the last 10 years. A
particular emphasis has been placed on the topic of noninvasive fault
detection in gears using electrical signatures analysis. The main aim is to
utilize the electrical machine as a sensor for the identification of gear
defects. In this regard, a universal approach is developed for the first time by
the authors which allows evaluating the efficacy of noninvasive techniques
in the diagnosis of torsional vibration induced by the faulty gear located
Introduction xi
within the drive train. This technique can be considered an upstream phase
for studying the feasibility of gear fault detection using noninvasive
measurement in any complex electromechanical system.
Chapter 4, Volume 1, “Modal Decomposition for Bearing Fault

Detection”, by Y. Amirat, Z. Elbouchikri, C. Delpha, M. Benbouzid and D.
Diallo, deals with induction machine bearing faults detection based on modal
decomposition approaches combined to a statistical tool. In particular, a
comparative study of a notch filter based on modal decomposition, through
an ensemble empirical mode decomposition and a variational mode
decomposition, is proposed. The validation of these two approaches is based
on simulations and experiments. The achieved simulation and experimental
results clearly show that, in terms of fault detection criterion, the variational
mode decomposition outperforms the ensemble empirical mode
decomposition.
Chapter 5, Volume 1, “Methods for Lifespan Modeling in Electrical

Engineering”, by A. Picot, M. Chabert and P. Maussion, deals with the
statistical methods for electrical device lifespan modeling from small-sized
training sets. Reliability has become an important issue in electrical
engineering because the most critical industries, such as urban transports,
energy, aeronautics or space, are moving toward more electrical-based
systems to replace mechanical- and pneumatic-based ones. In this
framework, increasing constraints such as voltage and operating frequencies
enhance the risk of degradation, particularly due to partial discharges (PDs)
in the electrical machine insulation systems. This chapter focuses on
different methods to model the lifespan of electrical devices under
accelerated stresses. First, parametric methods such as design of experiments
(DoE) and surface responses (SR) are suggested. Although these methods
require different experiments to organize in a certain way, they reduce the
experimental cost. In the case of nonorganized experiments, multilinear
regression can help estimate the lifespan. In the second part, the
nonparametric regression tree method is presented and discussed, resulting
in the proposal of a new hybrid methodology that takes advantages of both
parametric and nonparametric modeling. For illustration purpose, these
different methods are evaluated on experimental data from insulation
materials and organic light-emitting diodes.
Chapter 1, Volume 2, “Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by External

Field Measurement”, by R. Pusca, E. Lefevre, D. Mercier, R. Romary and
M. Irhoumah, presents a diagnostic method that exploits the information
xii Electrical Systems 2
delivered by external flux sensors placed in the vicinity of rotating electrical

machines in order to detect a stator inter-turn short circuit. The external
magnetic field measured by the flux sensors originates from the airgap flux
density and from the end winding currents, attenuated by the magnetic parts
of the machine. In the faulty case, an internal magnetic dissymmetry occurs,
which can be found again in the external magnetic field. Sensitive harmonics
are extracted from the signals delivered by a pair of flux sensors placed at
180° from each other around the machine, and the data obtained for several
sensor positions are analyzed by fusion techniques using the belief function
theory. The diagnosis method is applied on induction and synchronous
machines with artificial stator faults. It is shown that the probability of
detecting the fault using the proposed fusion technique on various series of
measurements is high.
Chapter 2, Volume 2, “Signal Processing Techniques for Transient Fault

Diagnosis”, by J.A. Daviu and R.A.O. Rios, revises the most relevant signal
processing tools employed for condition monitoring of electric motors. First,
the importance of the predictive maintenance area of the electric motors due to
the extensive use of these machines in many industrial applications is pointed
out. In this context, the most important predictive maintenance techniques are
revised, showing the advantages such as the simplicity, remote monitoring
capability and broad fault coverage of motor current analysis methods. In this
regard, two basic approaches based on current analysis are explained: the
classical methods, relying on the Fourier transform of steady-state current
(motor current signature analysis – MCSA), and novel methods based on the
analysis of startup currents (advanced transient current signature
analysis – ATCSA). In the chapter, the most significant signal processing tools
employed for MCSA and ATCSA are explained and revised. For MCSA, the
basic problems derived from the application of the Fourier transform as well
as other constraints of the methodology are explained. For ATCSA, the most
suitable signal processing techniques are described, classifying them into
continuous and discrete transforms. One representative of each group is
accurately described (the discrete wavelet transform for discrete tools and the
Hilbert-Huang transform for continuous tools), accompanying the explanation
with illustrative examples. Finally, we discussed several examples of the
application of each tool to electric motor fault diagnosis.
Chapter 3, Volume 2, “Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction

Motor Using the Symmetrical Current Components”, by M. Bouzid and
G. Champenois, deals with the accurate detection of stator faults such as
inter-turns short circuit, phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults of the
Introduction xiii
induction motor, using the symmetrical current components. The detection

method is based on the monitoring of the behavior of the negative and zero
sequence stator currents of the machine. This chapter also develops
analytical expressions of these components obtained using the coupled
inductance model of the machine. However, despite its efficiency, the
negative sequence current-based method has its own limitations to detect
accurate incipient stator faults in an induction motor. This limit can be
explained by the fact that the negative sequence current generated in a faulty
motor does represent not only the asymmetry introduced by the fault, but
also by other superposed asymmetries, such as the voltage imbalance, the
inherent asymmetry in the machine and the inaccuracy of the sensors. This
aspect can generate false alarm and make the achievement of accurate
incipient stator fault detection very difficult. Thus, to increase the accuracy
of the fault detection and the sensitivity of the negative sequence current
under different disturbances, this chapter proposes an efficient method able
to compensate the effect of the different considered disturbances using
experimental techniques having the originality to isolate the negative
sequence current of each disturbance. The efficiency of all these proposed
methods is validated experimentally on a 1.1-kW motor under different
stator faults. Moreover, an original monitoring system, based on neural
networks, is also presented and described to automatically detect and
diagnose incipient stator faults.
Chapter 4, Volume 2, “Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machines”,

by C. Delpha, D. Diallo, J. Harmouche, M. Benbouzid, Y. Amirat and E.
Elbouchikhi, is focused on detection, estimation and diagnosis of mechanical
faults in electrical machines. Nowadays, it is necessary to rapidly assess the
structural health of a system without disassembling its elements. For this in
situ diagnosis purpose, the use of experimental data is very imperative.
Moreover, the monitoring and maintenance costs must be reduced while
ensuring satisfactory security performances. In this chapter, we focus on
vibration-based signals combined with statistical techniques for bearing fault
evaluation. Based on a four-step diagnosis process (modeling, preprocessing,
feature extraction and feature analysis), the combination of several
techniques such as principal components analysis and linear discriminant
analysis in a global approach is explored to monitor the condition of
vibration-based bearings. The main advantage of this approach is that prior
knowledge on the bearing characteristics is not required. A particularly
reduced frequency analysis has led to efficiently differentiate the bearing
fault types and evaluate the bearing fault severities.
xiv Electrical Systems 2
Chapter 5, Volume 2, “Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cells”, by Z. Li, Z. Zheng and F. Gao, deals with the
diagnostic and prognostic issues of fuel cell systems, especially the proton
exchange membrane (PEMFC) type. First, the basic functioning principle of
PEMFCs and their current development and application status are presented.
Their high cost, low reliability and durability make them unfit for
commercialization. In the following sections, degradation mechanisms
related to both the aging effect and the system operations are analyzed. In
addition, typical variables and characterization tools, such as polarization
curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry
and cyclic voltammetry, are introduced for the evaluation of PEMFC
degradation. Various diagnostic and prognostic methods in the literature are
further classified based on their input-to-output process model of the system,
namely model-based, data-driven and hybrid methods. Finally, two case
studies for diagnosis and prognosis are given at the end of each part to give
the readers a general and clearer illustration of these two issues.
1
Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by

External Field Measurement
1.1. Introduction
Rotating electrical machines are found in all areas of modern domestic

and industrial life [TAV 08]. They are the main electromechanical energy
conversion devices in all industrial processes and have been widely used in
different industrial applications for several decades. They account for
approximately 70% of all electricity consumed on the grid and 80% of
industrial engines involved in manufacturing processes. Regardless of the
size of these units, from 1 kilowatt to several megawatts, the production
losses due to a shutdown relating to an engine failure are greater than those
induced by the actual engine efficiency. The failure of the machines,
therefore, reduces the production rate and increases production and
maintenance costs. It is then important to reduce maintenance costs and
avoid unplanned downtime for these machines. Electrical machines must be
monitored during the production process to improve their reliability and
reduce their downtime [STO 04, ESE 17, NOR 93]. Monitoring of rotating
electrical machines is still an essential part to increase reliability and
operational safety of electrical systems and has been the subject of much
research in recent decades [STO 04, HAN 10, PET 17].
Electric motors encounter a wide range of mechanical problems common

to most machines, such as imbalance, misalignment, bearing faults and
resonance [FOU 15, HAM 15, KAT 16]. But electric motors also encounter
Chapter written by Remus PUSCA, Eric LEFEVRE, David MERCIER, Raphael ROMARY and
Miftah IRHOUMAH.
Electrical Systems 2: From Diagnosis to Prognosis,

First Edition. Edited by Abdenour Soualhi and Hubert Razik.
© ISTE Ltd 2020. Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 Electrical Systems 2
their specific problems, which are the result of electromagnetic phenomena.

The methods conventionally used for the diagnosis of electrical machines are
based on measurements of current, voltage, vibration and noise. Although
their effectiveness has been demonstrated, the generalization of these
methods in the industrial environment remains limited on account of their
relatively important cost.
Other methods based on magnetic field measurements outside the

machine are interesting because they are inexpensive and easy to implement.
Thus, monitoring devices based on the information provided by the magnetic
flux produced by the imbalances in the magnetic or electrical circuit of the
motors can be effectively used in addition to, or as an alternative to the
current monitoring more conventionally used. Thus, many recent methods,
used for the diagnosis of electrical machines, are based on the analysis of
combining measurements of current and magnetic flux, where, on the basis
of an evaluation of many tests, the stator current and the external leakage
flux were selected as the most practical signals containing the information
needed to detect broken bars and short circuit between turns of the stator
winding [CEB 12a, YAZ 10].
The methods presented in this chapter propose solutions to improve the

detection of stator inter-turn short-circuit fault by external field analysis
[CEB 12b]. For this, it uses the processing of data obtained by several field
sensors and fusion methods suitable for applications in signal processing.
In this area, the information fusion must take into account the specificities
of the data in considered process [DAS 01]. In our case, information fusion
tools use the belief function theory [SHA 76, PUS 12, IRH 18]. This theory
is a mathematical framework that offers modeling and fusion tools, and it
also enables a relatively natural integration of the data imperfections in the
analysis. For implementation of the proposed method, the measurements of
the external magnetic field are exploited in order to construct two specific
pieces of information: the difference of variation and the ratio of the
amplitudes. In order to make a more relevant decision, a fusion process is
applied to merge these two pieces of information by transforming them
into belief functions. After their fusion, a decision can be made.
The method proposed in this chapter is fully noninvasive and can be

implemented for asynchronous (AM) and synchronous machines (SM). Its
main advantage is that it does not require the knowledge of the healthy state
of the machine. In the analysis, it exploits the load variation of sensitive
spectral lines instead of their magnitude. The sensitive lines are chosen
Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by External Field Measurement 3
considering the AM or SM specificity as presented in the following

section.
1.2. Extracting indicators from the external magnetic field
One of the main issues for exploiting the external magnetic field is to
define reliable indicators from it. This requires a good knowledge of the
electromagnetic behavior of the machine in the faulty condition. Here, we
present an analytical modeling of an electrical machine with a stator inter-
turn short circuit fault, associated with a simplified decomposition of the
external magnetic field.
1.2.1. External field classification
From a physical point of view, an external magnetic field appears in the

vicinity of an electrical machine because the internal magnetic field is not
perfectly channeled by the ferromagnetic parts of the machine. This external
magnetic field can be decomposed in transverse and axial components. The
axial field is in a plane that contains the machine axis. It is generated by the
winding overhang effects. The transverse field is located in a perpendicular
plane to the machine axis. It is an image of the airgap flux density b which is
attenuated by the stator magnetic circuit. Figure 1.1 shows a simplified
representation of both fields.
(a) (b)
Figure 1.1. (a) Axial field. (b) Radial field
Using a simple wound sensor, it is possible to discriminate the transverse

component from the axial component. Figure 1.2 shows different positions
of a wound sensor around the machine.
In position A, only the axial field is measured. Position E, although defined

as being a position for measuring the transverse field, can also embrace a part
of the axial field depending on whether the sensor is more or less distant from
the end coils. Position D is described as “pure radial” since, in theory, no axial
line field can cross the section of the sensor in this position. It should be
pointed out that the amplitude of the signal delivered by the sensor in positions
B and D are generally lower. Actually, in these positions, the sensor is further
away from the motor compared to position E where the sensor is pressed
against the external frame. It is, therefore, possible to define the ideal position
of the sensor that it is placed against the motor, in the center to limit the end
coil effect, and when possible at design, between the stator sheets and the
external frame. In this position, the sensor mainly measures the transverse
field. However, practically, the sensor setting depends on the construction of
the machine, its environment and the accessibility places.
Figure 1.2. Different sensor positions
In the following sections, only the transverse field will be considered and
particularly its normal component that requires us to define an attenuation
coefficient that affects the airgap flux density.
1.2.2. Attenuation of the transverse field
Let us define the airgap flux density as the following double sum
expression:
b bK ,H , [1.1]
K ,H
where bK,H is an elementary flux density component defined as
bK , H bˆK , H cos( K t H s
K ,H ) [1.2]
with K being the frequency rank and H the pole pair number of the
component.
Figure 1.3 shows a simplified representation of an electrical machine,

with smooth airgap, where the main dimensions are presented. The external
transverse field can be itself decomposed in a normal component bn and a
tangential component bt. An elementary component generated in the airgap
of the machine is attenuated across the stator yoke and is found in the air
outside the machine and can be measured by a coil flux sensor.
 M
Bx  x
B M
bn
bt s s
0
sy
Rint ds
0
sy
Rext
Figure 1.3. Simplified geometry of the machine

An attenuation coefficient CH is defined as the ratio between the

magnitude of the normal component of the transverse filed at the level of the
external periphery of the stator and the magnitude of the component in the
airgap. This attenuation coefficient depends on the inner and the outer radii
s s
of the stator laminations, respectively, denoted by Rint and Rext , and the
magnetic permeability r [ROM 09]. It has been shown that CH can be
expressed as
2
CH H 1
. [1.3]
s
r (( R / R )
int
s
ext
s
( Rint s
/ Rext ) H 1)
s
Figure 1.4 shows the evolution of CH versus H for Rint 82.5mm,
s
R 121mm and r = 1,000. We can observe that the more H increases, the
ext
more the components are attenuated.
CH
Figure 1.4. CH versus H
1.2.3. Measurement of the transverse field
We will assume that the measurement is performed with a wound flux

sensor placed very closely to the stator core such that only the CH attenuation
coefficient will be considered. Let bx denotes the normal transverse flux
s
density at radius x Rext . Here bx is defined by
bx CH bˆK , H cos( K t H s
K ,H ). [1.4]
K ,H
Let introduce bKx the harmonic of K rank of bx at the given point

s s s
M (x Rext , 0 ), corresponding to the center of the wound flux sensor.
x
b can be defined by
K
bKx bˆKx cos( K t x

K ), [1.5]
where bˆKx can be computed by introducing complex quantities:
bˆKx CH bˆK , H e
s
j( H )
0 K ,H
. [1.6]
H
The measurements are performed with a coil flux sensor constituted of an

nc turn coil (see Figure 1.3) of area S. The angular frequency flux K linked
by the sensor results from integration of bKx on S:
x
K bKx dS . [1.7]
S
The integration depends on the sensor shape, the nc value, S, H

and x. By introducing these parameters in the coefficient K Hx , Kx is
given by
x
K C Kx , H K Hx Bˆ K , H cos( K t x
K ,H ). [1.8]
H
x
Among the components which constitute K , only few of them,
relative to low pole number (low H), have a significant contribution,
whereas the other components will be absorbed by the ferromagnetic
parts of the machine. The induced emf ex delivered by the sensor is
given by
ex eKx sin( K t x
K ) [1.9]
K
with
K Hs K Hx bˆK , H e
s
j( H )
eˆKx K 0 K ,H
,
H
[1.10]
K K bˆK , H e
s
x s x j( H )
K arg H H
0 K ,H
.
H
1.2.4. Modeling a healthy machine
The airgap flux density b results from the product between the airgap
permeance and the magneto-motive force (mmf) . The following
analytical developments consider a general case relating to a p pole
pair AM.
To determine the airgap flux density b, the following assumptions are

formulated:
– the magnetic permeability of the iron is high enough to neglect the
ampere-turns consumed in the iron compared to those in the airgap,
– the stator inter-turn short circuit only affects the stator flux density.
Therefore, even for the healthy machine, we will focus only on the flux
density components generated by the stator.
– the p pole pair three-phase stator winding, made up by diametrical
opening coils, is energized by a balanced three-phase system of sinusoidal
s
currents iq (q=1, 2 or 3) of rms value IS and angular frequency :
2
iqs I s 2 cos t q 1 .
3
Let us define as space references:
– the d s axis which is confounded with the stator phase 1 axis,

– the d r axis which corresponds to one tooth axis.
Any point M in the airgap can be located by the variables s in relation to

d and r in relation to d r . The axes d s and d r are distant of .
s
1.2.4.1. Airgap permeance

The airgap permeance model is based on rectangular-shaped slots,
assuming that the field lines which cross the airgap are radial. As the field
lines never join the bottom of the slots, practically, in order to express , the
airgap can be modeled considering a fictitious slot with a depth equal to the
fifth of their opening and assuming the field lines are radial. In such
conditions, can be expressed as
kskr cos (ksN s krN r ) p s

pkrN r . [1.11]
ks kr
Here, kskr is a permeance coefficient that depends on the slot geometry.

N s and N r are, respectively, the number of stator and rotor slots per pole
pair. ks and kr are positive, negative or null integers. s is the angular
abscissa of any point in the airgap related to the stator referential d s .
represents the angular position of the rotor tooth 1 axis relatively to d s.
When the machine rotates R angular frequency, can be expressed as
Rt 0
. For an SM, R is given by R (1 s) t / p, where s is the slip
of the machine.
1.2.4.2. Healthy machine mmf

s
The mmf generated by a healthy stator can be expressed as
s
Is Ahss cos( t hs p s
), [1.12]
s
h
s
where hs is defined by hs=6k+1, where k varies between to + . Ahs is a
function that takes into account the winding coefficient tied to the rank hs.
1.2.4.3. Airgap flux density

s
The calculus developments lead to define b= in the reference frame
related to d s as follows:
∑ , , cos 1 1
[1.13]
with bˆhs kskr I 0s Ahss kskr

After regrouping the components of same frequency and same polarity,

we obtain
b bK , H [1.14]
K ,H
with
bK , H bˆK , H cos( K t H s
K ,H ) [1.15]
and
K 1 krN r (1 s ),
[1.16]
H p (hs ksN s krN r ).
1.2.5. Modeling a faulty machine
For modeling the faulty machine, we will consider a three-phase stator

winding. It is supposed that y turns from the n s turns of an elementary
section belonging to the phase q are short-circuited. If y is small compared
with pns, the total number of turns per phase, then it is possible to consider
that the currents flowing in the three phases remain practically unchanged in
faulty conditions. This hypothesis can, therefore, characterize the short
circuit, thanks to a model that preserves the original structure of the
machine. This model assumes that the stator winding in default is equivalent
to the healthy winding, associated with y independent turns in which
circulate the short-circuit current. It will be assumed that these two circuits
are independent. The healthy part of the winding generates, therefore, the
same flux density components without fault.
s s
iqsc iqsc
iqs iqs
= s
+
is
q
s
i
qsc
n turns y s.c.turns
Figure 1.5. Model of a faulty machine

Figure 1.5 shows an elementary section with short-circuit turns. In this

way, the resulting airgap flux density b* is equal to the initial airgap flux
density b, to which is added the flux density bsc generated by the y turns
s
flowing through by the current iqsc : b b bsc .
The short-circuit current is defined as

s
iqsc I sc 2 cos( t sc ), [1.17]
where sc is the phase lag between the short-circuit current and the phase 1
current (see Figure 1.6). This phase actually depends on several parameters
such as the impedance that limits the short-circuit current, the short-circuit
winding, and the position of the fundamental airgap flux density relative to
the phase current q (depending on the load).
i1 s
sc
iqscs
Figure 1.6. Diagram of current
The mmf generated by the y short-circuit turns, shifted of from ds,

is shown in Figure 1.7 in the case of a four-pole machine. It is also shown
the mmf generated by the healthy elementary winding.
is an unidirectional mmf and can be decomposed in rotating fields

which rotates in the opposite direction. In a stator referential, can be
written as
s
qsc I scs Ahs cos( t h s
h ), [1.18]
h
s
where Ahs is a function obtained from the Fourier series of qsc and h is a
not null relative integer, which can take consequently all the values of hs. h
s
is defined as h h q sc .
s
qel
s
i
s q
n
2 2
s 0 s
i
s q
n
2
(a)
s
s qsc
iqsc 2
y
4 0 s
s
iqsc
3y s
4 q
(b)
Figure 1.7. mmf generated by the faulty turns
s
As bsc qsc , the calculus developments lead us to define this quantity
in the reference frame related to ds. After regrouping the components of
same frequency and same polarity, we obtain
bsc bˆscKsc , Hsc cos( K sc t H sc s

sc, K sc , H sc ) [1.19]
K sc , H sc
with
Ksc 1 kr N r (1 s),
[1.20]
H sc h p(ks N s kr N r ),
ks and kr are equivalent to ks and kr, respectively, where they vary from
to + . The resultant flux density appears, after attenuation, at the level of
the external transverse field.
Considering the values that K can take as given by [1.16] and Ksc by
[1.20], it results that Ksc does not bring new frequencies. This means that
with the traditional method of diagnosis, the presence of failure will be
appreciated through the variation of the amplitudes of already existing lines
in the spectrum. This makes the diagnosis by analysis of the changes in the
amplitudes of the measured components difficult.
Concerning the polarities H and Hsc, we can observe that Hsc can take all
positive and negative integers, whereas H is multiple of p. Hsc can
particularly be equal to 1 corresponding to components that are weakly
attenuated by the stator iron. In the following, the properties relating to the
dissymmetry generated by such components will be exploited.
1.2.6. Effect of the load
The analysis concerns the behavior, when the load varies, of the
amplitude of the sensitive harmonic of rank Ksc measured using two sensors
C1 and C2 shifted by 180° with respect to each other to a radius x from the
axis of the machine (as shown in Figure 1.8). To simplify the analysis, we
will consider the main effects generated by the components having the
lowest polarities, namely of polarity p (H = 1) for the healthy machine and
with polarity Hsc = 1 for the components generated by the fault. These low
polarities lead to the lowest attenuation of the flux density components
through the stator laminations.
Figure 1.8. Positioning of two coil sensors. For a color version of the
figures in this book, see www.iste.co.uk/soualhi/electrical2.zip
For both positions: 0 (position 1 for sensor C1) and

(position 2 for sensor C2), the flux density components • and • of rank
K = Ksc can be expressed as the sum of a term relative to the healthy machine
of amplitude and a term related to the faulty turns of amplitude , :
Position 1: bKx1 bˆKx cos( K t x
K ) bˆsc,
x
Ksc cos( K sc t
x
sc, Ksc ), [1.21]
Position 2: bKx 2 bˆKx cos( K t x

K ) bˆsc,
x
Ksc cos( K sc t
x
sc, Ksc ). [1.22]
The only change between positions 1 and 2 is the change in the sign of
the faulty term. This is due to the polarity Hsc=1 that changes the sign of the
cosinus (cos( )= cos( )). The vector diagram for the rank K harmonic
associated with a variation of the load is given in Figure 1.9 (in this diagram,
we take ∅ 0). To make this diagram, it is considered that the current
of the short-circuit part is modified in phase when the load varies, which
leads to a change in the phase of the flux density bsc generated by the short
circuit and consequently the sensitive harmonics of rank Ksc. The load
variation also modifies the flux density coming from the healthy part of the
machine because of the increase in the in-line current .
We can observe several properties concerning the harmonic of rank K.

First, we note that the amplitudes of the resulting complex quantities •
and • are different in the presence of a fault (except in the case where
∅ , would be close to /2). For the healthy machine, as the faulty
component , does not exist, then the amplitude of the harmonic should
remain identical all around the machine. This property related to the
difference in amplitude can be used for the detection of an inter-turn short-
circuit fault. However, the magnetic attenuation effects that are in theory
independent of the position around the machine can disturb the analysis
based on this property. Indeed, practically, structural asymmetries due to the
presence of ferromagnetic parts in the environment close to the machine will
possibly lead to a non-uniform attenuation of the flux density according to
the angular position. It will thus be possible to obtain different amplitudes
even in the case of a healthy machine. Nevertheless, in this case, the
amplitudes • and • , even different, will at least evolve in the same
direction as load variations.
To overcome this problem, we can exploit the behavior of the sensitive

harmonics in the case of load variation. We can see in Figure 1.9 that a load
variation, which induces a change in , and ∅ (and consequently
∅ , ), will lead to a difference in the amplitude variation between • and
•
. This difference in amplitude variation is likely to change when the load
varies.
Actually, the positioning of the sensors regarding the axis of the faulty
winding affects the results. Indeed, the best positioning is when the sensors
are placed perfectly in the axis of the faulty winding. In this position, the
difference in amplitude variation is maximum, and in this case, the
amplitudes may vary in the opposite direction [PUS 10], which is a very
reliable indicator of fault.
(a) (b)
Figure 1.9. Phasor diagram variation: (a) load 1; (b) load 2
Figure 1.10 shows the variations with the load level of the Ksc rank
harmonic of the emf delivered by the two sensors positioned at 180° from
each other around an electrical machine. Two cases are presented: the
healthy case and the case with a stator inter-turn short-circuit fault. The
following observations are consistent with the theoretical analyses:
– in the healthy case, the harmonics vary in the same direction and have
in this case almost the same amplitudes;
– in the faulty case, the harmonics vary differently, and sometimes in
opposite directions.
These types of curves obtained in different machines can be analyzed

from two indicators:
– the ratio of amplitudes (RA), which gives the ratio between the
amplitudes of the harmonics measured on both sides of the machine,
– the difference of variation (DV), which is a Boolean quantity: either the
harmonics vary in the same direction, or they vary in opposite directions.
As the detection performance depends on the position of the sensors

regarding the localization of the fault in the winding, it is possible to
improve the diagnosis using several sensor positions around the machine.
The pair-forming sensors will be shifted by π as shown in Figure 1.11, where
six sensors are used. However, it will not be possible to cover the entire
periphery of the machine, for example, it is not possible to place a sensor
under the base of the machine.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
chair. But if there be objection, or another proposed, a question is
put by the Clerk. 2 Hats., 158. As are also questions of adjournment.
6 Grey, 406. Where the House debated and exchanged messages and
answers with the King for a week without a Speaker, till they were
prorogued. They have done it de die in diem for fourteen days. 1
Chand., 331, 335.
[In the Senate, a President pro tempore, in the absence of the
Vice-President, is proposed and chosen by ballot. His office is
understood to be determined on the Vice-President’s appearing and
taking the chair, or at the meeting of the Senate after the first recess.]
Where the Speaker has been ill, other Speakers pro tempore have
been appointed. Instances of this are 1 H., 4. Sir John Cheyney, and
Sir William Sturton, and in 15 H., 6. Sir John Tyrrel, in 1656,
January 27; 1658, March 9; 1659, January 13.
Sir Job Charlton ill, Seymour chosen, 1673,
February 18.
Not merely pro tempore. 1 Chand.,
Seymour being ill, Sir Robert Sawyer
169, 276, 277.
chosen, 1678, April 15.
Sawyer being ill, Seymour chosen.
Thorpe in execution, a new Speaker chosen, 31 H. VI, 3 Grey, 11;
and March 14, 1694, Sir John Trevor chosen. There have been no
later instances. 2 Hats., 161; 4 Inst. 8; L. Parl., 263.
A Speaker may be removed at the will of the House, and a Speaker
pro tempore appointed. 2 Grey, 186; 5 Grey, 134.
SEC. X.—ADDRESS.
[The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress

information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and
expedient. Const., II, 3.]
A joint address of both Houses of Parliament is read by the
Speaker of the House of Lords. It may be attended by both Houses in
a body, or by a committee from each House, or by the two Speakers
only. An address of the House of Commons only may be presented by
the whole House, or by the Speaker, 9 Grey, 473; 1 Chandler, 298,
301; or by such particular members as are of the privy council. 2
Hats., 278.
SEC. XI.—COMMITTEES.
Standing committees, as of Privileges and Elections, &c., are

usually appointed at the first meeting, to continue through the
session. The person first named is generally permitted to act as
chairman. But this is a matter of courtesy; every committee having a
right to elect their own chairman, who presides over them, puts
questions, and reports their proceedings to the House. 4 Inst., 11, 12;
Scob., 9; 1 Grey, 122.
At these committees the members are to speak standing, and not
sitting; though there is reason to conjecture it was formerly
otherwise. D’Ewes, 630, col. 1; 4 Parl., Hist., 440; 2 Hats., 77.
Their proceedings are not to be published, as they are of no force
till confirmed by the House, Rushw., part 3, vol. 2, 74; 3 Grey, 401;
Scob., 39. Nor can they receive a petition but through the House. 9
Grey, 412.
When a committee is charged with an inquiry, if a member prove
to be involved, they cannot proceed against him, but must make a
special report to the House; whereupon the member is heard in his
place, or at the bar, or a special authority is given to the committee to
inquire concerning him. 9 Grey, 523.
So soon as the House sits, and a committee is notified of it, the
chairman is in duty bound to rise instantly, and the members to
attend the service of the House. 2 Nals., 319.
It appears that on joint committees of the Lords and Commons,
each committee acted integrally in the following instances: 7 Grey,
261, 278, 285, 338; 1 Chandler, 357, 462. In the following instances
it does not appear whether they did or not; 6 Grey, 129; 7 Grey, 213,
229, 321.
SEC. XII.—COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.

The speech, messages, and other matters of great concernment,
are usually referred to a committee of the Whole House, (6 Grey,
311,) where general principles are digested in the form of resolutions,
which are debated and amended till they get into a shape which
meets the approbation of a majority. These being reported and
confirmed by the House, are then referred to one or more select
committees, according as the subject divides itself into one or more
bills. Scob., 36, 44. Propositions for any charge on the people are
especially to be first made in a Committee of the Whole. 3 Hats., 127.
The sense of the whole is better taken in committee, because in all
committees every one speaks as often as he pleases. Scob., 49. They
generally acquiesce in the chairman named by the Speaker; but, as
well as all other committees, have a right to elect one, some member,
by consent, putting the question. Scob., 36; 3 Grey, 301. The form of
going from the House into committee, is for the Speaker, on motion,
to put the question that the House do now resolve itself into a
Committee of the Whole to take into consideration such a matter,
naming it. If determined in the affirmative, he leaves the chair and
takes a seat elsewhere, as any other member; and the person
appointed chairman seats himself at the Clerk’s table. Scob., 36.
Their quorum is the same as that of the House; and if a defect
happens, the chairman, on a motion and question, rises, the Speaker
resumes the chair, and the chairman can make no other report than
to inform the House of the cause of their dissolution. If a message is
announced during a committee, the Speaker takes the chair and
receives it, because the committee cannot. 2 Hats., 125, 126.
In a Committee of the Whole, the tellers on a division differing as
to numbers, great heats and confusion arose, and danger of a
decision by the sword. The Speaker took the chair, the mace was
forcibly laid on the table; whereupon, the members retiring to their
places, the Speaker told the House “he had taken the chair without
an order, to bring the House into order.” Some excepted against it;
but it was generally approved, as the only expedient to suppress the
disorder. And every member was required, standing up in his place,
to engage that he would proceed no further in consequence of what
had happened in the grand committee, which was done. 3 Grey, 128.
A Committee of the Whole being broken up in disorder, and the
chair resumed by the Speaker without an order, the House was
adjourned. The next day the committee was considered as thereby
dissolved, and the subject again before the House; and it was decided
in the House, without returning into committee. 3 Grey, 130.
No previous question can be put in a committee; nor can this
committee adjourn as others may; but if their business is unfinished,
they rise, on a question, the House is resumed, and the chairman
reports that the Committee of the Whole have, according to order,
had under their consideration such a matter, and have made
progress therein; but not having had time to go through the same,
have directed him to ask leave to sit again. Whereupon a question is
put on their having leave, and on the time the House will again
resolve itself into a committee. Scob., 38. But if they have gone
through the matter referred to them, a member moves that the
committee may rise, and the chairman report their proceedings to
the House; which being resolved, the chairman rises, the Speaker
resumes the chair, the chairman informs him that the committee
have gone through the business referred to them, and that he is
ready to make report when the House shall think proper to receive it.
If the House have time to receive it, there is usually a cry of “now,
now,” whereupon he makes the report; but if it be late, the cry is “to-
morrow, to-morrow,” or “Monday,” &c., or a motion is made to that
effect, and a question put that it be received to-morrow, &c. Scob.,
38.
In other things the rules of proceeding are to be the same as in the
House. Scob., 39.
SEC. XIII.—EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES.
Common fame is a good ground for the House to proceed by

inquiry, and even to accusation. Resolution House of Commons, 1
Car. 1, 1625; Rush, L. Parl, 115; 1 Grey, 16–22, 92; 8 Grey, 21, 23, 27,
45.
Witnesses are not to be produced but where the House has
previously instituted an inquiry, 2 Hats., 102, nor then are orders for
their attendance given blank. 3 Grey, 51.
When any person is examined before a committee, or at the bar of
the House, any member wishing to ask the person a question, must
address it to the Speaker or chairman, who repeats the question to
the person, or says to him, “You hear the question—answer it.” But if
the propriety of the question be objected to, the Speaker directs the
witness, counsel, and parties to withdraw; for no question can be
moved or put or debated while they are there. 2 Hats., 108.
Sometimes the questions are previously settled in writing before the
witness enters. Ib., 106, 107; 8 Grey, 64. The questions asked must
be entered in the journals. 3 Grey, 81. But the testimony given in
answer before the House is never written down; but before a
committee, it must be, for the information of the House, who are not
present to hear it. 7 Grey, 52, 334.
If either House have occasion for the presence of a person in
custody of the other, they ask the other their leave that he may be
brought up to them in custody. 3 Hats., 52.
A member, in his place, gives information to the House of what he
knows of any matter under hearing at the bar. Jour. H. of C., Jan. 22,
1744–5.
Either House may request, but not command, the attendance of a
member of the other. They are to make the request by message of the
other House, and to express clearly the purpose of attendance, that
no improper subject of examination may be tendered to him. The
House then gives leave to the member to attend, if he choose it;
waiting first to know from the member himself whether he chooses
to attend, till which they do not take the message into consideration.
But when the peers are sitting as a court of criminal judicature, they
may order attendance, unless where it be a case of impeachment by
the Commons. There, it is to be a request. 3 Hats., 17; 9 Grey, 306,
406; 10 Grey, 133.
Counsel are to be heard only on private, not on public bills, and on
such points of law only as the House shall direct. 10 Grey, 61.
SEC. XIV.—ARRANGEMENT OF BUSINESS.
The Speaker is not precisely bound to any rules as to what bills or

other matter shall be first taken up; but it is left to his own
discretion, unless the House on a question decide to take up a
particular subject. Hakew., 136.
A settled order of business is, however, necessary for the
government of the presiding person, and to restrain individual
members from calling up favorite measures, or matters under their
special patronage, out of their just turn. It is useful also for directing
the discretion of the House, when they are moved to take up a
particular matter, to the prejudice of others, having priority of right
to their attention in the general order of business.
[In the Senate, the bills and other papers which are in possession
of the House, and in a state to be acted on, are arranged every
morning and brought on in the following order:]
[1. Bills ready for a second reading are read, that they may be
referred to committees, and so be put under way. But if, on their
being read, no motion is made for commitment, they are then laid on
the table in the general file, to be taken up in their just turn.]
[2. After 12 o’clock, bills ready for it are put on their passage.]
[3. Reports in possession of the House, which offer grounds for a
bill, are to be taken up, that the bill may be ordered in.]
[4. Bills or other matters before the House, and unfinished on the
preceding day, whether taken up in turn or on special order, are
entitled to be resumed and passed on through their present stage.]
[5. These matters being dispatched, for preparing and expediting
business, the general file of bills and other papers is then taken up,
and each article of it is brought on according to its seniority,
reckoned by the date of its first introduction to the House. Reports
on bills belong to the dates of their bills.]
[The arrangement of the business of the Senate is now as follows:]
[98]
[1. Motions previously submitted.]

[2. Reports of committees previously made.]
[3. Bills from the House of Representatives, and those introduced
on leave, which have been read the first time, are read the second
time; and if not referred to a committee, are considered in
Committee of the Whole, and proceeded with as in other cases.]
[4. After twelve o’clock, engrossed bills of the Senate, and bills of
the House of Representatives, on third reading, are put on their
passage.]
[5. If the above are finished before one o’clock, the general file of
bills, consisting of those reported from committees on the second
reading, and those reported from committees after having been
referred, are taken up in the order in which they were reported to the
Senate by the respective committees.]
[6. At one o’clock, if no business be pending, or if no motion be
made to proceed to other business, the special orders are called, at
the head of which stands the unfinished business of the preceding
day.]
[In this way we do not waste our time in debating what shall be
taken up. We do one thing at a time; follow up a subject while it is
fresh, and till it is done with; clear the House of business gradatim as
it is brought on, and prevent, to a certain degree, its immense
accumulation toward the close of the session.]
[Arrangement, however, can only take hold of matters in
possession of the House. New matter may be moved at any time
when no question is before the House. Such are original motions and
reports on bills. Such are bills from the other House, which are
received at all times, and receive their first reading as soon as the
question then before the House is disposed of; and bills brought in
on leave, which are read first whenever presented. So messages from
the other House respecting amendments to bills are taken up as soon
as the House is clear of a question, unless they require to be printed,
for better consideration. Orders of the day may be called for even
when another question is before the House.]
SEC. XV.—ORDER.
[Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings; punish

its members for disorderly behavior; and, with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member. Const., I, 5.]
In Parliament, “instances make order,” per Speaker Onslow. 2
Hats., 141. But what is done only by one Parliament, cannot be called
custom of Parliament, by Prynne. 1 Grey, 52.
SEC. XVI.—ORDER RESPECTING PAPERS.

The Clerk is to let no journals, records, accounts, or papers be
taken from the table or out of his custody. 2 Hats., 193, 194.
Mr. Prynne, having at a Committee of the Whole amended a
mistake in a bill without order or knowledge of the committee, was
reprimanded. 1 Chand., 77.
A bill being missing, the House resolved that a protestation should
be made and subscribed by the members “before Almighty God, and
this honorable House, that neither myself, nor any other to my
knowledge, have taken away, or do at this present conceal a bill
entitled,” &c. 5 Grey, 202.
After a bill is engrossed, it is put into the Speaker’s hands, and he
is not to let any one have it to look into. Town. col., 209.
SEC. XVII.—ORDER IN DEBATE.
When the Speaker is seated in his chair, every member is to sit in

his place. Scob., 6; Grey, 403.
When any member means to speak, he is to stand up in his place,
uncovered, and to address himself, not to the House, or any
particular member, but to the Speaker, who calls him by his name,
that the House may take notice who it is that speaks. Scob., 6;
D’Ewes, 487, col. 1; 2 Hats., 77; 4 Grey, 66; 8 Grey, 108. But
members who are indisposed may be indulged to speak sitting. 2
Hats., 75, 77; 1 Grey, 143.
[In Senate, every member, when he speaks, shall address the Chair
standing in his place, and, when he has finished, shall sit down. Rule
3.]
When a member stands up to speak, no question is to be put, but
he is to be heard, unless the House overrule him. 4 Grey, 390; 5
Grey, 6, 143.
If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the Speaker
determines who was first up, and calls him by name, whereupon he
proceeds, unless he voluntarily sits down and gives way to the other.
But sometimes the House does not acquiesce in the Speaker’s
decision, in which case the question is put, “which member was first
up?” 2 Hats., 76; Scob., 7; D’Ewes, 434, col. 1, 2.
[In the Senate of the United States, the President’s decision is
without appeal. Their rule is: When two members rise at the same
time, the President shall name the person to speak; but in all cases
the member who shall first rise and address the Chair shall speak
first. Rule 38.]
No man may speak more than once on the same bill on the same
day; or even on another day, if the debate be adjourned. But if it be
read more than once in the same day, he may speak once at every
reading. Co., 12, 115; Hakew., 148; Scob., 58; 2 Hats., 75. Even a
change of opinion does not give a right to be heard a second time.
Smyth’s Comw., L. 2, c. 3; Arcan. Parl., 17.
[The corresponding rule of the Senate is in these words: No
member shall speak more than twice, in any one debate, on the same
day, without leave of the Senate. Rule 39.]
But he may be permitted to speak again to clear a matter of fact, 3
Grey, 357, 416; or merely to explain himself 2 Hats., 73, in some
material part of his speech, Ib., 75; or to the manner or words of the
question, keeping himself to that only, and not traveling into the
merits of it, Memorials in Hakew., 29; or to the orders of the House
if they be transgressed, keeping within that line, and not falling into
the matter itself. Mem. Hakew., 30, 31.
But if the Speaker rise to speak, the member standing up ought to
sit down, that he may be first heard. Town., col. 205; Hale Parl., 133;
Mem. in Hakew., 30, 31. Nevertheless, though the Speaker may of
right speak to matters of order, and be first heard, he is restrained
from speaking on any other subject, except where the House have
occasion for facts within his knowledge; then he may, with their
leave, state the matter of fact. 3 Grey, 38.
No one is to speak impertinently or beside the question,
superfluous, or tediously. Scob., 31, 33; 2 Hats., 166, 168; Hale Parl.,
133.
No person is to use indecent language against the proceedings of
the House; no prior determination of which is to be reflected on by
any member, unless he means to conclude with a motion to rescind
it. 2 Hats., 169, 170; Rushw., p. 3, v. 1, fol. 42. But while a
proposition under consideration is still in fieri, though it has even
been reported by a committee, reflections on it are no reflections on
the House. 9 Grey, 508.
No person, in speaking, is to mention a member then present by
his name, but to describe him by his seat in the House, or who spoke
last, or on the other side of the question, &c., Mem. in Hakew., 3;
Smyth’s Comw., L. 2, c. 3; nor to digress from the matter to fall upon
the person Scob., 31; Hale Parl., 133; 2 Hats., 166 by speaking,
reviling, nipping, or unmannerly words against a particular member.
Smyth’s Comw., L. 2, c. 3. The consequences of a measure may be
reprobated in strong terms; but to arraign the motives of those who
propose to advocate it is a personality, and against order. Qui
digreditur a materia ad personam, Mr. Speaker ought to suppress.
Ord. Com., 1604, Apr. 19.
[When a member shall be called to order by the President or a
Senator, he shall sit down; and every question of order shall be
decided by the President, without debate, subject to an appeal to the
Senate; and the President may call for the sense of the Senate on any
question of order. Rule 40.]
[No member shall speak to another or otherwise interrupt the
business of the Senate, or read any newspapers while the journals or
public papers are being read, or when any member is speaking in any
debate. Rule 38.]
No one is to disturb another in his speech by hissing, coughing,
spitting, 6 Grey, 332; Scob., 8; D’Ewes, 332, col. 1, 640, col. 2,
speaking or whispering to another, Scob., 6; D’Ewes, 487, col. 1; nor
stand up to interrupt him, Town., col. 205; Mem. in Hakew., 31; nor
to pass between the Speaker and the speaking member, nor to go
across the House, Scob., 6, to walk up and down it, or to take books
or papers from the table or write there, 2 Hats., 171.
Nevertheless, if a member finds that it is not the inclination of the
House to hear him, and that by conversation or any other noise they
endeavor to drown his voice, it is his most prudent way to submit to
the pleasure of the House, and sit down; for it scarcely ever happens
that they are guilty of this piece of ill-manners without sufficient
reason, or inattentive to a member who says anything worth their
hearing. 2 Hats., 77, 78.
If repeated calls do not produce order, the Speaker may call by his
name any member obstinately persisting in irregularity; whereupon
the House may require the member to withdraw. He is then to be
heard in exculpation, and to withdraw. Then the Speaker states the
offense committed; and the House considers the degree of
punishment they will inflict. 2 Hats., 167, 7, 8, 172.
For instances of assaults and affrays in the House of Commons,
and the proceedings thereon, see 1 Pet. Misc., 82; 3 Grey, 128; 4
Grey, 328; 5 Grey, 382; 6 Grey, 254; 10 Grey, 8. Whenever warm
words or an assault have passed between members, the House, for
the protection of their members, requires them to declare in their
places not to prosecute any quarrel, 3 Grey, 128, 293; 5 Grey, 280; or
orders them to attend the Speaker, who is to accommodate their
differences, and report to the House, 3 Grey, 419; and they are put
under restraint if they refuse, or until they do. 9 Grey, 234, 312.
Disorderly works are not to be noticed till the member has finished
his speech. 5 Grey, 356; 6 Grey, 60. Then the person objecting to
them, and desiring them to be taken down by the Clerk at the table,
must repeat them. The Speaker then may direct the Clerk to take
them down in his minutes; but if he thinks them not disorderly, he
delays the direction. If the call becomes pretty general, he orders the
Clerk to take them down, as stated by the objecting member. They
are then a part of his minutes, and when read to the offending
member, he may deny they were his words, and the House must then
decide by a question whether they are his words or not. Then the
member may justify them, or explain the sense in which he used
them, or apologize. If the House is satisfied, no further proceeding is
necessary. But if two members still insist to take the sense of the
House, the member must withdraw before that question is stated,
and then the sense of the House is to be taken. 2 Hats., 199; 4 Grey,
170; 6 Grey, 59. When any member has spoken, or other business
intervened, after offensive words spoken, they cannot be taken notice
of for censure. And this is for the common security of all, and to
prevent mistakes which must happen if words are not taken down
immediately. Formerly they might be taken down at any time the
same day. 2 Hats, 196; Mem. in Hakew., 71; 3 Grey, 48; 9 Grey, 514.
Disorderly words spoken in a committee must be written down as
in the House; but the committee can only report them to the House
for animadversion. 6 Grey, 46.
[The rule of the Senate says: If the member be called to order by a
Senator for words spoken, the exceptionable words shall
immediately be taken down in writing, that the President may be
better able to judge of the matter. Rule 37.]
In Parliament, to speak irreverently or seditiously against the
King, is against order. Smyth’s Comw., L. 2, c. 3; 2 Hats., 170.
It is a breach of order in debate to notice what has been said on the
same subject in the other House, or the particular votes or majorities
on it there; because the opinion of each House should be left to its
own independency, not to be influenced by the proceedings of the
other; and the quoting them might beget reflections leading to a
misunderstanding between the two Houses. 2 Grey, 22.
Neither House can exercise any authority over a member or officer
of the other, but should complain to the House of which he is, and
leave the punishment to them. Where the complaint is of words
disrespectfully spoken by a member of another House, it is difficult
to obtain punishment, because of the rules supposed necessary to be
observed (as to the immediate noting down of words) for the security
of members. Therefore it is the duty of the House, and more
particularly of the Speaker, to interfere immediately, and not to
permit expressions to go unnoticed which may give a ground of
complaint to the other House, and introduce proceedings and mutual
accusations between the two Houses, which can hardly be
terminated without difficulty and disorder. 3 Hats., 51.
No member may be present when a bill or any business concerning
himself is debating; nor is any member to speak to the merits of it till
he withdraws. 2 Hats., 219. The rule is, that if a charge against a
member arise out of a report of a committee, or examination of
witnesses in the House, as the member knows from that to what
points he is to direct his exculpation, he may be heard to those points
before any question is moved or stated against him. He is then to be
heard, and withdraw before any question is moved. But if the
question itself is the charge, as for breach of order or matter arising
in the debate, then the charge must be stated, (that is, the question
must be moved,) himself heard, and then to withdraw. 2 Hats., 121,
122.
Where the private interests of a member are concerned in a bill or
question he is to withdraw. And where such an interest has
appeared, his voice has been disallowed, even after a division. In a
case so contrary, not only to the laws of decency, but to the
fundamental principle of the social compact, which denies to any
man to be a judge in his own cause, it is for the honor of the House
that this rule of immemorial observance should be strictly adhered
to. 2 Hats., 119, 121; 6 Grey, 368.
No member is to come into the House with his head covered, nor
to remove from one place to another with his hat on, nor is he to put
on his hat in coming in or removing, until he be set down in his
place. Scob., 6.
A question of order may be adjourned to give time to look into
precedents. 2 Hats., 118.
In Parliament, all decisions of the Speaker may be controlled by
the House. 3 Grey, 319.
SEC. XVIII.—ORDERS OF THE HOUSE.
Of right, the door of the House ought not to be shut, but to be kept
by porters, or Sergeants-at-Arms, assigned for that purpose. Mod.
ten. Parl., 23.
[By the rules of the Senate, on motion made and seconded to shut
the doors of the Senate on the discussion of any business which may,
in the opinion of a member, require secrecy, the President shall
direct the gallery to be cleared; and during the discussion of such
motion the doors shall remain shut. Rule 64.]
[No motion shall be deemed in order to admit any person or
persons whatsoever within the doors of the Senate chamber to
present any petition, memorial, or address, or to hear any such read.
Rule 19.]
The only case where a member has a right to insist on anything, is
where he calls for the execution of a subsisting order of the House.
Here, there having been already a resolution, any person has a right
to insist that the Speaker, or any other whose duty it is, shall carry it
into execution; and no debate or delay can be had on it. Thus any
member has a right to have the House or gallery cleared of strangers,
an order existing for that purpose; or to have the House told when
there is not a quorum present. 2 Hats., 87, 129. How far an order of
the House is binding, see Hakew., 392.
But where an order is made that any particular matter be taken up
on a particular day, there a question is to be put, when it is called for,
whether the House will now proceed to that matter? Where orders of
the day are on important or interesting matter, they ought not to be
proceeded on till an hour at which the House is usually full, [which
in Senate is at noon.]
Orders of the day may be discharged at any time, and a new one
made for a different day. 3 Grey, 48, 313.
When a session is drawing to a close, and the important bills are
all brought in, the House, in order to prevent interruption by further
unimportant bills, sometimes comes to a resolution that no new bill
be brought in, except it be sent from the other House. 3 Grey, 156.
All orders of the House determine with the session; and one taken
under such an order may, after the session is ended, be discharged
on a habeas corpus. Raym., 120; Jacob’s L. D. by Ruffhead;
Parliament, 1 Lev., 165, Pritchard’s case.
[Where the Constitution authorizes each House to determine the
rules of its proceedings, it must mean in those cases (legislative,
executive, or judiciary) submitted to them by the Constitution, or in
something relating to these, and necessary toward their execution.
But orders and resolutions are sometimes entered in the journals
having no relation to these, such as acceptances of invitations to
attend orations, take part in processions, &c. These must be
understood to be merely conventional among those who are willing
to participate in the ceremony, and are therefore, perhaps,
improperly placed among the records of the House.]
SEC. XIX.—PETITION.
A petition prays something. A remonstrance has no prayer. 1 Grey,

58.
Petitions must be subscribed by the petitioners, Scob., 87; L. Parl,
c. 22; 9 Grey, 362, unless they are attending, 1 Grey, 401, or unable
to sign, and averred by a member, 3 Grey, 418. But a petition not
subscribed, but which the member presenting it affirmed to be all in
the handwriting of the petitioner, and his name written in the
beginning, was on the question (March 14, 1800) received by the
Senate. The averment of a member, or of somebody without doors,
that they know the handwriting of the petitioners, is necessary, if it
be questioned. 6 Grey, 36. It must be presented by a member—not
by the petitioners, and must be opened by him holding it in his hand.
10 Grey, 57.
[Before any petition or memorial addressed to the Senate shall be
received and read at the table, whether the same shall be introduced
by the President or a member, a brief statement of the contents of
the petition or memorial shall verbally be made by the introducer.
Rule 14.]
Regularly a motion for receiving it must be made and seconded,
and a question put, whether it shall be received? but a cry from the
House of “received,” or even its silence, dispenses with the formality
of this question. It is then to be read at the table and disposed of.
SEC. XX.—MOTIONS.
When a motion has been made, it is not to be put to the question

or debated until it is seconded. Scob., 21.
[The Senate says: No motion shall be debated until the same shall
be seconded. Rule 42.]
It is then, and not till then, in possession of the House, and cannot
be withdrawn but by leave of the House. It is to be put into writing, if
the House or Speaker require it, and must be read to the House by
the Speaker as often as any member desires it for his information. 2
Hats., 82.
[The rule of the Senate is, when a motion shall be made and
seconded, it shall be reduced to writing, if desired by the President or
any member, delivered in at the table, and read by the President,
before the same shall be debated. Rule 42.]
It might be asked whether a motion for adjournment or for the
orders of the day can be made by one member while another is
speaking? It cannot. When two members offer to speak, he who rose
first is to be heard, and it is a breach of order in another to interrupt
him, unless by calling him to order if he departs from it. And the
question of order being decided, he is still to be heard through. A call
for adjournment, or for the order of the day, or for the question, by
gentlemen from their seats, is not a motion. No motion can be made
without rising and addressing the Chair. Such calls are themselves
breaches of order, which, though the member who has risen may
respect, as an expression of impatience of the House against further
debate, yet, if he chooses, he has a right to go on.
SEC. XXI.—RESOLUTIONS.
When the House commands, it is by an “order.” But fact,

principles, and their own opinions and purposes, are expressed in
the form of resolutions.
[A resolution for an allowance of money to the clerks being moved,
it was objected to as not in order, and so ruled by the Chair; but on
appeal to the Senate, (i. e., a call for their sense by the President, on
account of doubt in his mind, according to Rule 6,) the decision was
overruled. Jour. Senate, June 1, 1796. I presume the doubt was,
whether an allowance of money could be made otherwise than by
bill.]
SEC. XXII.—BILLS.
[Every bill shall receive three readings previous to its being

passed; and the President shall give notice at each whether it be first,
second, or third; which readings shall be on three different days,
unless the Senate unanimously direct otherwise. Rule 23.]
SEC. XXIII.—BILLS, LEAVE TO BRING IN.

[One day’s notice, at least, shall be given of an intended motion for
leave to bring in a bill. Rule 22.]
When a member desires to bring in a bill on any subject, he states
to the House in general terms the causes for doing it, and concludes
by moving for leave to bring in a bill, entitled, &c. Leave being given,
on the question, a committee is appointed to prepare and bring in
the bill. The mover and seconder are always appointed of this
committee, and one or more in addition. Hakew., 132; Scob., 40.
It is to be presented fairly written, without any erasure or
interlineation, or the Speaker may refuse it. Scob., 41; 1 Grey, 82, 84.
SEC. XXIV.—BILLS, FIRST READING.
When a bill is first presented, the Clerk reads it at the table, and
hands it to the Speaker, who, rising, states to the House the title of
the bill; that this is the first time of reading it; and the question will
be, whether it shall be read a second time? then sitting down to give
an opening for objections. If none be made, he rises again, and puts
the question, whether it shall be read a second time? Hakew, 137,
141. A bill cannot be amended on the first reading, 6 Grey, 286; nor
is it usual for it to be opposed then, but it may be done, and rejected.
D’Ewes, 335, col. 1; 3 Hats., 198.
SEC. XXV.—BILLS, SECOND READING.
The second reading must regularly be on another day. Hakew.,

143. It is done by the Clerk at the table, who then hands it to the
Speaker. The Speaker, rising, states to the House the title of the bill;
that this is the second time of reading it; and that the question will
be, whether it shall be committed, or engrossed and read a third
time? But if the bill came from the other House, as it always comes
engrossed, he states that the question will be read a third time? and
before he has so reported the state of the bill, no one is to speak to it.
Hakew., 143–146.
[In the Senate of the United States, the President reports the title
of the bill; that this is the second time of reading it; that it is now to
be considered as in a Committee of the Whole; and the question will
be, whether it shall be read a third time? or that it may be referred to
a special committee?]
SEC. XXVI.—BILLS, COMMITMENT.
If on motion and question it be decided that the bill shall be

committed, it may then be moved to be referred to Committee of the
Whole House, or to a special committee. If the latter, the Speaker
proceeds to name the committee. Any member also may name a
single person, and the Clerk is to write him down as of the
committee. But the House have a controlling power over the names
and number, if a question be moved against any one; and may in any
case put in and put out whom they please.
Those who take exceptions to some particulars in the bill are to be
of the committee, but none who speak directly against the body of
the bill; for he that would totally destroy will not amend it, Hakew.,
146; Town., col. 208; D’Ewes, 634, col. 2; Scob., 47, or, as is said, 5
Grey, 145, the child is not to be put to a nurse that cares not for it, 6
Grey, 373. It is therefore a constant rule “that no man is to be
employed in any matter who has declared himself against it.” And
when any member who is against the bill hears himself named of its
committee, he ought to ask to be excused. Thus, March 7, 1606, Mr.
Hadley was, on the question being put, excused from being of a
committee, declaring himself to be against the matter itself. Scob.,
46.
[No bill shall be committed or amended until it shall have been
twice read; after which it may be referred to a committee. Rule 24.]
In the appointment of the standing committees, the Senate will
proceed, by ballot, severally to appoint the chairman of each
committee, and then, by one ballot, the other members necessary to
complete the same; and a majority of the whole number of votes
given shall be necessary to the choice of a chairman of a standing
committee. All other committees shall be appointed by ballot, and a
plurality of votes shall make a choice. When any subject or matter
shall have been referred to a committee, any other subject or matter
of a similar nature, may, on motion, be referred to such committee.
The Clerk may deliver the bill to any member of the committee,
Town., col. 138; but it is usual to deliver it to him who is first named.
In some cases the House has ordered a committee to withdraw
immediately into the committee chamber, and act on and bring back
the bill, sitting the House, Scob., 48. A committee meet when and
where they please, if the House has not ordered time and place for
them, 6 Grey, 370; but they can only act when together, and not by
separate consultation and consent—nothing being the report of the
committee but what has been agreed to in committee actually
assembled.
A majority of the committee constitutes a quorum for business.
Elsynge’s Method of Passing Bills, 11.
Any member of the House may be present at any select committee,
but cannot vote, and must give place to all of the committee, and sit
below them. Elsynge, 12; Scob., 49.
The committee have full power over the bill or other paper
committed to them, except that they cannot change the title or
subject. 8 Grey, 228.
The paper before a committee, whether select or of the whole, may
be a bill, resolutions, draught of an address, &c., and it may either
originate with them or be referred to them. In every case the whole
paper is read first by the Clerk, and then by the chairman, by
paragraphs, Scob., 49, pausing at the end of each paragraph, and
putting questions for amending, if proposed. In case of resolutions
on distinct subjects, originating with themselves, a question is put on
each separately, as amended or unamended, and no final question on
the whole, 3 Hats., 276; but if they relate to the same subject, a
question is put on the whole. If it be a bill, draught of an address, or
other paper originating with them, they proceed by paragraphs,
putting questions for amending, either by insertion or striking out, if
proposed; but no question on agreeing to the paragraphs separately;
this is reserved to the close, when a question is put on the whole, for
agreeing to it as amended or unamended. But if it be a paper referred
to them, they proceed to put questions of amendment, if proposed,
but no final question on the whole; because all parts of the paper,
having been adopted by the House, stand, of course, unless altered or
struck out by a vote. Even if they are opposed to the whole paper, and
think it cannot be made good by amendments, they cannot reject it,
but must report it back to the House without amendments, and there
make their opposition.
The natural order in considering and amending any paper is, to
begin at the beginning, and proceed through it by paragraphs; and
this order is so strictly adhered to in Parliament, that when a latter
part has been amended, you cannot recur back and make any
alteration in a former part. 2 Hats., 90. In numerous assemblies this
restraint is doubtless important. [But in the Senate of the United
States, though in the main we consider and amend the paragraphs in
their natural order, yet recurrences are indulged; and they seem, on
the whole, in that small body, to produce advantages overweighing
their inconveniences.]
To this natural order of beginning at the beginning, there is a
single exception found in parliamentary usage. When a bill is taken
up in committee, or on its second reading, they postpone the
preamble till the other parts of the bill are gone through. The reason
is, that on consideration of the body of the bill such alterations may
therein be made as may also occasion the alteration of the preamble.
Scob., 50; 7 Grey, 431.
On this head the following case occurred in the Senate, March 6,
1800: A resolution which had no preamble having been already
amended by the House so that a few words only of the original
remained in it, a motion was made to prefix a preamble, which
having an aspect very different from the resolution, the mover
intimated that he should afterwards propose a correspondent
amendment in the body of the resolution. It was objected that a
preamble could not be taken up till the body of the resolution is done
with; but the preamble was received, because we are in fact through
the body of the resolution; we have amended that as far as
amendments have been offered, and, indeed, till little of the original
is left. It is the proper time, therefore, to consider a preamble; and
whether the one offered be consistent with the resolution is for the
House to determine. The mover, indeed, has intimated that he shall
offer a subsequent proposition for the body of the resolution; but the
House is not in possession of it; it remains in his breast, and may be
withheld. The rules of the House can only operate on what is before
them. [The practice of the Senate, too, allows recurrences backward
and forward for the purposes of amendment, not permitting

Electrical Systems 2 From Diagnosis To Prognosis Hubert Razik Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Electrical Systems 2 From Diagnosis To Prognosis Hubert Razik Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Systems 2 From Diagnosis To Prognosis Hubert Razik Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Systems 2: From Diagnosis to

Prognosis Hubert Razik

From Diagnosis to Prognosis

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

© ISTE Ltd 2020

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019956924

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Chapter 1. Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by

Chapter 2. Signal Processing Techniques for

Chapter 3. Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction

Chapter 4. Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machines . . 123

Chapter 5. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proton Exchange

List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Summary of Volume 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

The diagnosis and prognosis of electrical systems is still a relevant field

Introduction written by Abdenour SOUALHI and Hubert RAZIK.

Chapter 1, Volume 1, “Diagnostic Methods for the Health Monitoring of

Chapter 2, Volume 1, “Techniques for Predicting Defects in Bearings and

Chapter 3, Volume 1, “Electrical Signatures Analysis for Condition

Chapter 4, Volume 1, “Modal Decomposition for Bearing Fault

Chapter 5, Volume 1, “Methods for Lifespan Modeling in Electrical

Chapter 1, Volume 2, “Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by External

delivered by external flux sensors placed in the vicinity of rotating electrical

Chapter 2, Volume 2, “Signal Processing Techniques for Transient Fault

Chapter 3, Volume 2, “Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction

induction motor, using the symmetrical current components. The detection

Chapter 4, Volume 2, “Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machines”,

Chapter 5, Volume 2, “Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proton Exchange

Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by

Rotating electrical machines are found in all areas of modern domestic

Electric motors encounter a wide range of mechanical problems common

Electrical Systems 2: From Diagnosis to Prognosis,

their specific problems, which are the result of electromagnetic phenomena.

Other methods based on magnetic field measurements outside the

The methods presented in this chapter propose solutions to improve the

The method proposed in this chapter is fully noninvasive and can be

considering the AM or SM specificity as presented in the following

1.2. Extracting indicators from the external magnetic field

1.2.1. External field classification

From a physical point of view, an external magnetic field appears in the

Using a simple wound sensor, it is possible to discriminate the transverse

In position A, only the axial field is measured. Position E, although defined

Figure 1.2. Different sensor positions

1.2.2. Attenuation of the transverse field

where bK,H is an elementary flux density component defined as

Figure 1.3 shows a simplified representation of an electrical machine,

Figure 1.3. Simplified geometry of the machine

An attenuation coefficient CH is defined as the ratio between the

Figure 1.4. CH versus H

1.2.3. Measurement of the transverse field

We will assume that the measurement is performed with a wound flux

Let introduce bKx the harmonic of K rank of bx at the given point

bKx bˆKx cos( K t x

where bˆKx can be computed by introducing complex quantities:

The measurements are performed with a coil flux sensor constituted of an

The integration depends on the sensor shape, the nc value, S, H

1.2.4. Modeling a healthy machine

To determine the airgap flux density b, the following assumptions are