1Q
SITE/PLANT ARRANGEMENTS
Roger M. Prewitt
The site arrangements and plant arrangements for an elec­
tricity generating power plant are drawings that provide the
basis for the engineering and design of a power plant project.
The site arrangements show the locations of major facilities
and areas on the power plant site, the locations of the major
utilities and facilities entering and exiting the site and inter­
connecting the major areas on the site, and traffic patterns for
the site. The plant arrangements define the physical arrange­
ment of the specific buildings on the site. This includes the
location and spacing of support columns for the building; the
location of exterior and interior walls; the locations of floors,
doors, walkways, access ways, platforms, and roofs; and the
location of the significant equipment within the building.
These drawings provide a primary means of communica­
tion and coordination between the various design engineer­
ing disciplines on a specific project, and offer a primary
means of communication between the architect-engineer,
client/owner, regulatory agencies, and other interested par­
ties. Because the site and plant arrangement drawings are
used in these ways, they must be developed at the very
beginning of a project.
The location of a building relative to other buildings,
facilities, and areas on the site impacts the physical arrange­
ment of that building. Therefore, it is necessary to determine
and develop the site arrangements before developing plant
arrangements of the individual buildings. More importantly,
the site arrangement drawings are essential for the licensing
and permitting of a project, which occurs prior to the more
detailed design associated with the plant arrangements.
19.1 SITE ARRANGEMENTS
19.1.1 Site Selection
The first step in producing the site arrangement for a power
plant is selecting the site. The site must be carefully chosen,
considering the economics of site development, plant life­
time costs, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors,
and licensability factors. These requirements are frequently
in conflict with one another and require careful screening to
ensure the optimum location is selected.
A major consideration for site selection is the impact of
federal, state, and local regulations on air quality, water
allocation, water quality, wastewater treatment, noise, and
642
solid waste disposal for the specific site. The National Envi­
ronment Policy Act (NEPA) is the basic national charter for
protecting the environment. NEPA establishes policy, sets
goals, and provides the means for carrying out that policy.
Federal agencies initiate the measures needed to direct their
policies, plans, and programs so as to meet national environ­
mental goals. Individual states typically adopt parallel pro­
grams for actions within their particular state.
The major federal statute regulating water quality and
wastewater discharges is the Clean Water Act (CWA). The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for
administering the CWA. Individual states determine if more
stringent standards are required to meet their standards and
they administer permits and review water treatment system
designs.
The federal requirements for potable water supplies are
established by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Indi­
vidual state agencies implement provisions of the SDWA
and require the use of standard plumbing codes.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is
the controlling federal legislation for the regulation of solid
waste disposal. The EPA and individual state agencies are
responsible for implementing the provisions of the RCRA.
The Noise Control Act (NCA) provides the statutory
guidance for federal noise control activities. The EPA and
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
are responsible for determining noise emission standards and
administering the requirements of the NCA. The impact of
these regulations must be carefully considered during the site
screening process.
The screening process used to select the site for a new
power plant should involve the following major steps:
• Define the potential types and sizes of power plants to be
placed on the site.
• Define the area from which the site is to be selected. This
generally includes the owner's service territory, if the owner is
a utility, or may include areas near a proposed load center or
qualifying cogeneration host if the owner is an independent
power producer, developer, or cogenerator.
• Characterize the siting area by reviewing USGS maps, aerial
photographs, and transmission maps. These maps and photo­
graphs should be reviewed to identify major existing water­
ways, existing transmission routes, and potential sources for
fuel.

• Define exclusion areas based on proximity to national or state
parks, Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) nonat-
tainment areas, and other areas where a power generating
facility could not be sited.
• Identify potential sites by further reviewing the maps; photo­
graphs; and available data on hydrology, soils, vegetation, and
land use. The potential sites need to consider water sources,
fuel sources, transportation access, access to adequate trans­
mission lines, provisions for combustion waste disposal, to­
pography, geology, land availability, environmental impacts,
and availability of a work force.
Once the potential sites have been identified, a score or
value should be determined for each of the factors noted
previously for each site. Based on these scores, an overall
ranking of the sites can be determined. From this ranking,
several of the top ranking sites can be selected for further
detailed evaluation. It is recommended that both a primary
site and a secondary site be considered so that the plant can
be relocated if insurmountable problems occur during land
acquisition or permitting and licensing.
During detailed evaluation of the selected sites, site visits
are mandatory to verify map work and to investigate existing
site conditions. These site investigations can help verify the
amount of wetlands, the likelihood of hazardous waste, or
the types of foundation materials encountered. A factor that
plays a large part in the determination of the site is the
availability of water. Water sources and the long-term via­
bility of these sources must be carefully evaluated. In some
areas, an onsite reservoir may be necessary to store water for
use by the plant during periods of drought. In addition, the
site should be located so that two competitive sources of fuel
are available. Fuel cost is one of the largest lifetime operat­
ing costs of a project, and in a deregulated environment,
competition between sources of fuel and transportation com­
panies or transportation modes is the surest guarantee for an
economical delivered cost of fuel. For areas where selected
sites are remote or isolated, the problems of housing and
infrastructure for construction and operations staff must be
addressed.
Following the site visits, site-specific evaluation criteria
and parameters should be defined. These criteria will include
fixed charges, rate of return, water sources, competitive fuel
sources, transportation access, access to adequate transmis­
sion lines, provisions for combustion waste disposal, site
topography, environmental considerations, licensability fac­
tors, and site development cost factors. The specific sites can
then be evaluated and scored based on these criteria and
parameters. By comparing the scores and evaluations, the
sites can be ranked and a primary and secondary site se­
lected.
It is sometimes necessary to perform sensitivity analyses
for selected sites to determine the importance of one or more
of the evaluation factors on the overall rankings of the sites.
The sensitivity analyses are performed by varying the degree
of importance for one or more of the evaluation factors with
respect to the overall score for a site. The results of these
Site/Plant Arrangements 643
analyses can be of help in determining how the evaluation
factors affect the scoring and ranking of the sites.
19.1.2 Development of Site Arrangement
Once the site has been selected, the arrangement of the
power plant on the site can be developed. The development
of the site arrangement should be conducted in an orderly
and logical fashion. To establish a site arrangement, the
following items should be defined and identified, as appro­
priate for the type of power plants or sites:
• Fuel delivery modes (rail carriers, barge, truck, pipeline, etc.);
• Location of railroad connections;
• Location and type of water sources;
• Location of connection points to water and sewer lines;
• Amount of water to be stored on the site and the storage
method (tanks or pond);
• Type of circulating water system (cooling tower or once-
through);
• Location of public road connections;
• Location of connection point to electrical transmission system;
• Probable location of wastewater discharge points;
• Location of combustion waste disposal areas and amount of
combustion wastes to be stored on the site;
• Direction of prevailing winds for winter and summer;
• Amount of fuel storage and flue gas desulfurization system
additive storage to be maintained on site;
• Location of environmentally sensitive areas on the site or
adjacent to the site that may affect the site arrangement; and
• Location of areas for construction facilities and construction
laydown.
Of primary interest among these items are the major high
unit cost utilities and facilities entering and exiting the cen­
tral plant complex, and the traffic patterns throughout the
site. The central plant complex includes the power genera­
tion facilities area, the control center area, and the air quality
control equipment facilities. The major utilities and facilities
and comparative installed unit costs typically include the
following:
Major utility/facility entering Comparative installed
or exiting the central plant complex unit cost*
Plant access roads $ X per foot
Railroad trackwork $ X per foot
Natural gas pipeline $ X per foot
Plant makeup water pipeline $ X per foot
Electrical transmission lines $2.5X per foot
Circulating water pipeline $7X per foot
Coal conveyors
On ground $10X per foot
Overhead $20X per foot
*The access roads, trackwork, and pipelines have a similar unit cost,
denoted by the value "X." The comparative unit costs for the remaining
items in the list are denoted as a multiple of "X" (2.5 time X, 7 times X, and
so on).
Having established the major utilities/facilities and their
unit costs, the "radial concept" of site arrangement can be
644 Power Plant Engineering

ELECTRICITY • Fuel supply,

и • Transmission lines,
• Makeup water, and
• Access road.

CENTRAL
FUEL PLANT WATER
COMPLEX
WASTE
Fig. 19-1. Radial concept.
used to begin development of the arrangement. The radial
concept involves arranging the major utilities/facilities in a
radial manner around the central plant complex so that these
major utilities/facilities do not interfere with one another.
Figure 19-1 illustrates the radial concept.
The first step in developing the site arrangement is to
analyze the shortest distance to bring the following major
items from offsite to the central plant complex while adher­
ing to the radial concept:
After establishing these directions, at least three site ar­
rangements should be developed for evaluation. Figures
19-2,19-3, and 19-4 show three proposed arrangements for a
multiple-unit, pulverized coal power plant site with a cooling
tower circulating water system. For each arrangement, the
fuel supply is delivered by rail from the south of the site, the
transmission lines exit the site to the north, and the makeup
water and plant access road enter the site from the north.
Each of these arrangements was developed considering the
appropriate items from the screening process and the radial
concept, as follows.
The central plant complex is centrally located on the site
in each arrangement to support the radial concept. This
central location enables optimum use of the site for the
remaining major areas (including coal storage area, combus­
tion waste disposal area, cooling towers, recycle basin, and
water supply storage pond) and allows for expansion of the
storage and disposal areas. The central location also creates

Fig. 19-2. Alternative site arrangement A.

 Site/Plant Arrangements 645

TRANSMISSION
LINES - - _ ,

SUBSTATION
PLANT
ACCESS \ i
ROAD >»||
CONSTRUCTION
LAYDOWN AREA
^ ^.COOLING
^J ^TOWERS

Fig. 19-3. Alternative site arrangement B.

open space, or "buffer zones," between the central plant and
property adjacent to the site.
When the remaining major areas of the site are first ar­
ranged, the prevailing winter and summer winds must be
taken into account. The drift from the cooling towers (dis­
cussed in Chapter 12) carried by the prevailing winds can
create a major operating problem for the electrical substation
equipment, transmission lines between the substation and
central plant, and generator transformers located at the cen­
tral plant. Mechanical draft cooling towers should be located
so that the prevailing winter wind cannot blow the cooling
tower drift onto the substation. Drift should also be pre­
vented from blowing onto the coal storage area or the central
plant complex, if possible. In any case, mechanical draft
cooling towers should be located a minimum of 1,000 ft from
a substation and 700 ft from a major structure such as the
central plant complex. These location requirements some­
what dictate the length of the circulating water piping be­
tween the towers and the central plant, but this piping length
should be kept as short as practical because of the high unit
cost of this piping. Once the central plant and cooling towers
have been located, the coal storage area should be located.
Coal storage requires a large, level space. The storage
area should be large enough to contain sufficient coal to
allow the plant to continue operation in the event that coal
deliveries are interrupted. This storage capacity may range
from as little as 15 days of operation to as many as 120 days,
depending on the reliability of delivery system.
For rail delivery systems, space is required for a track
loop for efficient unit train delivery for a high-capacity,
3,500 to 4,000 tons per hour unloading system. Unloading
rates are determined by the length and net tonnage of the unit
train and the free unloading time allowed by the railroad. A
series of "ladder tracks" may be required for systems with
random-car dumping systems. These systems may have
longer free unloading times to allow for car switching. The
railroad curves and grades required to reach the storage area
and the length of the train to be used for delivery constrain
the actual unloading point in the storage area. As noted
previously, the unit cost of coal conveyors is the highest of
any of the major utilities/facilities and this cost must be
considered in the location and arrangement of the coal stor­
age area relative to the central plant complex.
If coal is handled by track, provisions should be made
onsite to allow for a queue of trucks waiting to weigh or
unload. Special treatment of the access road and its intersec­
tion with the public road system will likely be required for
the increased truck traffic.
For barge delivery of coal, the distance between the barge
dock, storage area, and the central plant should be kept to a
 646 Power Plant Engineering
TRANSMISSION
LINES ■
CONSTRUCTION
LAYDOWN AREA
Fig. 19-4. Alternative site arrangement С
minimum to minimize the conveyor length. Space must be
provided adjacent to the coal storage area for a runoff pond
to catch and treat rainfall runoff from the storage area. The
prevailing seasonal wind directions must also be considered
in the location of the coal storage area so that coal dust is not
blown onto the central plant complex or onto the adjacent
property. See Chapter 5 for more details on coal handling
systems.
Onsite combustion waste disposal requires significant
storage area. Typically, this area is sized to contain all the
combustion waste generated over the life of the plant. For the
examples shown in Figs. 19-2, 19-3, and 19-4, the combus­
tion waste disposal area requires approximately 10% of the
total site area. An alternative to onsite storage that should be
investigated is to return the combustion wastes to the coal
mine supplying the fuel for the plant. Combustion wastes
generated in a pulverized coal power plant typically include
bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
system waste. Fly ash and FGD system wastes are typically
handled dry. Short-term storage for these wastes, usually 3
days accumulation, is provided at the central plant, where
-\
SUBSTATION
PLANT
D WATER
SUPPLY
PIPELINE
ACCESS \ |
ROAD ^ |
COOLING
TOWERS
oo
trucks or other mobile equipment can pick up the wastes for
transport to the disposal area. Bottom ash can be handled
either wet or dry. When it is handled wet it is sluiced from
the steam generator in the central plant to ponds in the waste
disposal area. The sluice water is then decanted and returned
to the plant for reuse.
Whether the combustion wastes are handled and stored
dry, wet, or in a combination of the two, the site soil condi­
tions and environmental requirements must be reviewed to
determine if the ground in the disposal area must be lined.
The disposal area should be developed such that only small
areas are active at any one time. As with the coal storage
area, space must be provided adjacent to the combustion
waste disposal area for a pond to catch and treat any rainfall
runoff from the disposal area.
For the water storage area, sufficient storage capacity
should be provided to allow the plant to continue operation
in the event that the supply of water to the site is interrupted
or the water treatment equipment located at the plant site is
out of service. This storage capacity is usually between 3 and
7 days of operation.

The recycle basin and other ponds designated for the
containment of waste water should be sized to contain the
runoff resulting from a 100-year, 24-hour storm.
With these major areas sized and located in alternative
arrangements as shown in Figs. 19-2,19-3, and 19-4, a com­
parative cost evaluation can be performed using the unit
costs for the major utilities and facilities noted previously. In
comparing Figs. 19-2, 19-3, and 19-4, the site arrangement
shown in Fig. 19-2 has the lowest cost for transmission lines,
access road, and coal and waste handling systems. It has a
slightly higher cost for water supply pipeline and the cost
for its railroad is higher than the arrangement in Fig. 19-3,
but less than that in Fig. 19-4. Overall, the cost for the
arrangement in Fig. 19-2 is approximately 20% less than the
cost for the arrangement in Fig. 19-3, and approximately
30% less than the cost of the arrangement in Fig. 19-4.
The process of developing alternative site arrangements
and performing cost evaluations should be repeated until an
optimum arrangement is achieved.
The development of an optimum site arrangement is a
detailed and complicated process that involves the consid­
eration of a wide variety of factors. As explained and illus­
trated previously, in many cases, these factors will be in
conflict with one another. However, if the development pro­
cess is performed as described, an efficient and economical
site arrangement can be determined.
19.2 PLANT ARRANGEMENTS
As stated previously, plant arrangements are drawings that
define the physical arrangement of a building and the loca­
tion and arrangement of the major equipment within that
building. Major equipment is generally that equipment that
has a significant effect on the building layout.
The physical arrangement of a building includes the over­
all length, width, and height of the building; the location and
spacing of support columns; the location and heights of
floors, platforms, and roofs; the location of exterior and
interior walls; and the location of vertical and horizontal
access ways, including stairs, elevators, access aisles, and
doors.
Equipment within the building is typically located by the
use of a three-coordinate system (X, Y, Z). The X and Y
coordinates are horizontal dimensions off the building col­
umn rows. The Z coordinate is the elevation of the equip­
ment. These coordinates are typically the dimensions to the
centerline of the equipment. However, a piece of equipment
may be composed of several subassemblies that each have a
centerline. In this case, to avoid confusion, it is typical to
dimension to a corner of the piece of equipment with the X
and Y coordinates and to dimension to the bottom of the
equipment with the Z coordinate.
When showing the arrangement of a piece of equipment
on a plant arrangement drawing, it is not necessary to show
every detail of the piece of equipment. What is important is
Site/Plant Arrangements 647
to show enough detail to indicate the overall size and shape
of the piece of equipment; its length, width, and height; the
location of major piping connections; the space required for
disassembly or inspection of the equipment (such as tube or
shell pull space for a heat exchanger, or access door opening
space for a cabinet); the arrangement of any significant
appurtenances on the equipment that impacts the building
layout; and enough detail to allow the construction contrac­
tor to properly set and install the equipment. This level of
detail provides a significant amount of information without
duplicating information that is available on other drawings
or from other sources.
The primary purpose of the plant arrangement drawings is
to provide the basis for engineering design. By defining the
physical arrangement of a building and the location of equip­
ment, the foundations, structural steel supports, platforms
and floors, and roof and floor drain systems can be designed,
and the architectural design can be developed. The plant
arrangement drawings provide the basis for designing the
piping systems that interconnect the mechanical equipment
and provide the basis for routing these piping systems. The
plant arrangement drawings also provide the basis for the
design and layout of the electrical power and control cable
systems and the design and layout of the raceway system for
these power and control cable systems.
The plant arrangement drawings provide a primary means
of coordination and communication among the various de­
sign engineering disciplines on a particular project. They
also provide a primary means of communication between the
architect-engineer, client/owner, regulatory agencies, and
other interested parties.
19.2.1 Development of Plant Arrangements
Plant arrangement drawings typically are produced for every
building of a power plant project. However, to illustrate the
development process, only the plant arrangement drawings
for a portion of the central plant complex are discussed in
this chapter. The central plant complex includes the power
generation facilities area, the control center area, and the air
quality control facilities area. The power generation facilities
area and the control center area compose what is commonly
referred to as the Generation Building. The power generation
facilities area is typically separated into the steam generator
area and the steam turbine-generator area. For the purposes
of this chapter, the development of the Generation Building
plant arrangements for a 675-megawatt (MW) pulverized-
coal-fueled power plant are discussed in detail. The meth­
odology and procedures described are appropriate and appli­
cable for any building of a power plant project.
The steps that should be followed in developing the plant
arrangements for the Generation Building are as follows:
• Identify all the major equipment that will be located in the
building and that will be shown on the plant arrangement
drawings.
• Review and locate each piece of equipment with respect to its
648 Power Plant Engineering

requirements for maintainability, constructibility, and oper­
ability.
• Based on the equipment locations, determine the overall
length, width, and height of the building; the location and
spacing of building support column rows; the location and
heights of floors, platforms, and roofs; the location of exterior
and interior walls; and the location of vertical and horizontal
accessways including stairs, elevators, access aisles, and
doors.
An important consideration in the development of plant
arrangements is the impact of federal, state, and local regula­
tions on the arrangement. Common federal regulations to be
considered include the Uniform Building Code (UBC), Na­
tional Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards, and
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
standards. Where these regulations directly affect the ar­
rangements, they are referenced in the text. The individual
states typically have construction codes and building codes
that must be adhered to.
The first step in the development process is identifying
the major equipment to be located in the Generation Building
(Table 19-1). This is only a partial list, but it includes a
variety of equipment with unique characteristics and loca­
tion requirements.
Before beginning the second step in the process, the
general criteria for maintainability, constructibility, and
operability that apply specifically to the development of
plant arrangements need to be reviewed before applying
these concepts to the individual pieces of equipment. These
three concepts are part of a larger concept commonly repre­
sented by the acronym MARCO—maintainability, avail­
ability, reliability, constructibility, and operability. The con­
cepts of availability and reliability are more appropriate for
system and equipment design and so are not included in this
development of plant arrangements. The criteria for main­
tainability, constructibility, and operability that apply specif­
ically to developing the plant arrangement drawings are
discussed in the following sections.
19.2.1.1 Maintainability. Plant equipment should be de­
signed to be maintained in place, if possible, with minimum
disassembly of surrounding equipment and minimum usage
of temporary scaffolding and handling equipment. Perma­
nent maintenance platforms should be located where re­
quired to ensure safety and efficiency.
Plant building arrangements, piping routing, and cable
tray locations should be designed for maximum equipment
accessibility and to allow the following types of access:
• Space should be provided to allow plant personnel easy access
to all equipment which may require maintenance.
• Space should be provided to give unobstructed access for
maintenance tools and equipment required for maintenance on
permanently installed equipment.
• Ample space should be provided to facilitate removal of any
equipment that cannot be maintained in place or that may
require replacement.
Permanent cranes and hoists should be provided for
equipment that is not easily maintainable with mobile equip­
ment. Lifting eyes and other portable equipment supports
should be provided.
Structures and internal building spaces should be de­
signed to minimize housecleaning requirements by avoiding
dead pockets and difficult to reach horizontal surfaces.
Floor and equipment drains should be installed within
buildings and structures and at material handling areas so
that hose sprays can be used for washdown.
Special attention should be given to providing enclosures,
curbs, drip guards and collection systems for fugitive water,

Table 19.1. Generation Building Equipment List

Steam Generator Area Steam Turbine-Generator Area Control Center Area

Steam generator Steam turbine-generator Main control room equipment

Coal pulverizers Turbine lube oil reservoir Water treatment equipment
Coal feeders Hydrogen seal oil unit HVAC equipment
Coal silos Electro-hydraulic control unit Battery and inverter equipment
Air heaters Gland condenser Water quality laboratory equipment
Primary air fans Surface condenser
Forced draft fans Turbine-driven boiler feed pumps
Bottom ash hopper Motor-Driven startup boiler feed pump
Ash sluice pumps Deaerator
Boiler blowdown tank Condensate pumps
High-voltage switchgear
Secondary unit substations
Motor control centers
Generator transformer
Main auxiliary transformer
Reserve auxiliary transformers
High-pressure feedwater heaters
Low-pressure feedwater heaters
Closed cooling water heat exchangers
Turbine lube oil storage and purification equipment

hose spray water, chemicals, oils, and coal dust so that
equipment areas are kept as clean as possible.
19.2.1.2 Constructibility. Site traffic routes should be es­
tablished to move material, personnel, and equipment to
their required position with a minimum of effort and time,
and in as short a distance as practical. The establishment of
traffic routes determines access points to each building.
After access points are established at the buildings, verti­
cal and horizontal access routes within the buildings should
be provided.
Construction openings should be provided where equip­
ment access route penetrate walls and slabs, and where
equipment, materials, and personnel must use the route after
the walls or slabs are placed.
Preassembly of equipment and materials should be con­
sidered to reduce onsite labor costs if it also contributes
to reduced overall project cost or schedule benefits.
Piping and ductwork should be routed to minimize con­
flicts between contractors competing for the same work
space.
19.2.1.3 Operability. Each piece of equipment must be
located to ensure that it operates correctly and performs most
efficiently. This can be illustrated with an example of a pump
that is to be located inside a building and that is fed by
gravity from a storage tank outdoors. Assuming that the
storage tank is adjacent to the building and supported at
grade elevation, the pump should be located near the outside
wall adjacent to the tank and no higher than grade elevation
in the building. This helps ensure a flooded suction for the
pump and results in maximum utilization of the storage
volume in the tank.
Systems and equipment should be located for easy opera­
tional access and logical operational sequences. Special at­
tention should be given to adequate lighting, ventilation, and
acoustic dampening of all operational spaces.
To the extent practical, all equipment that requires opera­
tor manipulation, including valves, switches, inspection
ports, and dampers, should be located so that the operator
can manipulate the equipment from a standing position with­
out obstruction and without having to climb ladders or hav­
ing to climb on top of equipment.
The second step in the development process is to review
each piece of equipment with respect to its requirements for
maintainability, constructibility, and operability. This step is
very closely related to the third step, which is actually locat­
ing the equipment. To illustrate these two steps, each piece of
equipment listed in Table 19-1 is reviewed here and its loca­
tion identified. What becomes apparent is that maintain­
ability and operability are the primary criteria for locating
equipment. Where used in these descriptions, the general
reference "access for maintenance" means there is no partic­
ular or unique requirement for that piece of equipment other
than the general criteria previously noted.
The equipment locations are shown in Figs. 19-5 through
19-8, plant arrangement drawings for the Generation Build­
Site/Plant Arrangements 649
ing. Detailed information on the design and operation of the
equipment listed is included in the chapter addressing that
specific piece of equipment in this book.
• Steam Generator Area
—Steam Generator. The steam generator is apulverized-coal-
fueled drum-type reheating unit. The maintenance require­
ments consist of providing access to the drum, burners,
access doors, instrumentation, and various associated com­
ponents such as soot blowers. Access stairs and platforms
must be provided as required by the steam generator manu­
facturer's design. Horizontal and vertical access ways must
be provided for component removal. The operability of the
steam generator is generally addressed by the manufac­
turer's design, but the location of related equipment, such
as fans and coal pulverizers, does impact operation, and the
requirements for this equipment are discussed. A more
important requirement for locating the steam generator is
its position relative to the steam turbine-generator. Since
the steam generator is providing the high-pressure, high-
temperature steam to the turbine, it is important that the
relative locations of these two major pieces of equipment
result in an economical arrangement of the steam piping
connecting them. This arrangement is described in greater
detail in the discussion of the fourth and final step of the
process later in this chapter.
On the basis of these requirements, the steam generator
is located with its principal axis parallel to thefluegas flow
and oriented in a north-south direction. The steam drum is
arranged perpendicular to the principal axis, on the south
side of the steam generator. This orientation provides a
good arrangement of the steam piping to the turbine. The
steam generator elevation must be established to provide
space below it for the bottom ash hopper and related ash
removal equipment.
—Coal Pulverizers, Coal Feeders, and Coal Silos. It is as­
sumed that a 675-MW unit requires eight coal pulverizers,
with a feeder and a silo associated with each pulverizer.
Each pulverizer requires clear space around it and access
space for journal maintenance. Each feeder requires access
space around it for maintenance and inspections. For proper
operation, the coal silo must be located above the feeder,
and the feeder must be located above the pulverizer to allow
for gravity feed of the coal from the silo to the feeder and
from the feeder to the pulverizer. The pulverizers are very
large rotating pieces of equipment and should be located at
grade elevation so that their foundations can be designed to
properly isolate the vibrations that occur during operation.
The pulverizers are connected to the steam generator by
coal feed pipes supplying a coal-air mixture to the steam
generator burners. It is important that these coal feed pipes
be as short as possible to keep pressure drops low and
reduce material costs. There must also be sufficient space
above the pulverizers for proper routing of the coal feed
pipes.
This coal feeding equipment can be positioned around
the steam generator in several configurations to satisfy
these requirements. The eight pulverizers can be positioned
in a single line, parallel with the steam drum and between
the steam generator and the turbine-generator areas. This
location would result in more steam piping between the
 650 Power Plant Engineering

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Fig. 19-5. Generation building arrangement: ground floor elevation 100'-0".

 Site/Plant Arrangements 651

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Fig. 19-6. Generation building arrangement: mezzanine floor elevation 12Г-0".

 652 Power Plant Engineering

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Fig. 19-7. Generation building arrangement: operating floor elevation 142'-0".

© © © © © © ©®
Fig. 19-8. Generation building arrangement: section elevation—east.
turbine and the steam generator. This is not economical
because this steam piping is the most expensive in the plant.
This location would also create obstructions for electrical
tray and other piping which must be routed between the
steam generator area and turbine area. A second choice is to
position all the pulverizers on either the east side or the west
side of the steam generator. This location is not preferred
since it would require more coal feed piping because four of
the pulverizers would be significantly farther from the
burners. The optimum choice is to place four pulverizers
along the east side of the steam generator and four along the
west side of the steam generator. This arrangement offers
the most economical and efficient routing of coal feed
piping and meets the specified maintenance requirements.
Specifically, the pulverizers are located at the ground
floor elevation and are spaced 30 ft apart. The coal feeders
are approximately 56 ft above grade, directly above the
pulverizers, to allow space for routing the coal pipes. The
coal silos are directly above the feeders.
-Primary Air Fans, Forced Draft Fans, and Air Heaters.
The 675-MW unit has two centrifugal primary air fans, two
axial forced draft fans, a single primary air heater, and two
secondary air heaters. These items of equipment are re­
viewed together because the air from the fans is discharged
through ductwork to the air heaters. The air heaters require
Site/Plant Arrangements 653
© © "© © © ©
access for maintenance of motors, bearings, and lubricating
oil systems. Vertical access is required adjacent to the air
heaters for removal and replacement of cold-end baskets.
Access and space are required around the fans for removal
and replacement of rotors and drive motors. The air heaters
typically are located and arranged by the steam generator
manufacturer to be compatible with the steam generator
design. With the orientation and expected design of the
steam generator, the air heaters are located at the rear
(north) of the furnace and elevated to minimize the inter­
connecting ductwork with the steam generator. The fans are
large pieces of rotating equipment and, like the pulverizers,
must be supported at grade elevation for vibration isolation.
From an economical and efficiency perspective, it is impor­
tant to place each fan as close to its associated air heater as
possible to minimize the amount of interconnecting duct­
work, On this basis and because of the noted maintenance
requirements, the two primary air fans are located on the
ground floor elevation directly below the primary air heater,
and one forced draft fan is located on the ground floor
elevation directly below each secondary air heater.
-Bottom Ash Hopper and Ash Sluice Pumps. The bottom ash
hopper and the ash sluice pumps require access for mainte­
nance and inspection. For proper operation, the bottom ash
hopper must be directly below the steam generator furnace
654 Power Plant Engineering
so that the bottom ash can flow by gravity from the furnace
into the hopper. The ash sluice pumps supply water to sluice
the bottom ash to waste storage and to sluice rejects from
the pulverizers to waste storage. These pumps typically
take suction by gravity from a storage tank, so it is impor­
tant to locate them at grade elevation for proper operation.
On the basis of these requirements, the bottom ash hopper
must be directly below the furnace at the ground floor
elevation. The steam generator elevation must be estab­
lished to provide space for this hopper. Ideally, the ash
sluice pumps should be near the perimeter of the building
since they take suction from an outdoor storage tank. But in
the steam generator area, it is more important that that area
be used for locating the pulverizers and fans. Therefore,
these pumps are located at the ground floor elevation adja­
cent to the ash hopper to limit the amount of piping from the
pumps to the ash handling equipment.
—Boiler Blowdown Tank, The blowdown tank receives con­
tinuous blowdown from the steam drum and various other
high-pressure and high-temperature blowdowns from the
steam generator. The tank also receives drains by gravity
from the steam generator when the steam generator is
drained for maintenance. Access should be provided around
the tank for inspection and maintenance. Vertical access
must be provided above the tank because the tank must be
vented to atmosphere for proper operation. The tank should
be as near as possible to an outside wall so that the hot
drains from the tank can be routed directly to an exterior
drain manhole. The tank should be at grade elevation to
allow for gravity drainage of the steam generator.
On the basis of these requirements, the boiler blowdown
tank is located on the ground floor elevation on the east side
of the steam generator and north of the pulverizers.
• Steam Turbine-Generator Area
—Steam Turbine-Generator. The steam turbine-generator is
a tandem compound, four-flow machine. Because of the
size and weight of its components, the turbine-generator
must be accessible by an overhead crane for disassembly,
maintenance, and reassembly. Sufficient clear space must
be retained around the machine for laydown of the various
components during disassembly. Space must be provided at
the generator end of the machine for pulling the generator
rotor. A properly sized vertical access way should be lo­
cated adjacent to the machine for transferring components
into and out of the building. The turbine-generator must be
elevated so that the steam exhausts downward from the
low-pressure turbine sections into the surface condensers.
This elevation must be sufficient for the proper design and
operation of the surface condensers. For proper support, the
turbine-generator requires a reinforced concrete, pedestal-
type foundation that is isolated from the rest of the building
foundations and structure.
On the basis of these requirements, the turbine-gene­
rator is located at an elevation 42 ft above grade elevation.
The longitudinal axis of the machine is oriented east-west,
with the turbine to the east and the generator to the west.
This orientation gives the most economical and efficient
routing of the steam piping between the turbine and the
steam generator.
—Turbine-Generator Auxiliary Equipment. Several items of
equipment support operation of the turbine-generator and
are furnished by the turbine-generator manufacturer. These
items of equipment vary between manufacturers, but there
are common items. Each manufacturer has specific require­
ments for the location of their equipment and these require­
ments must be adhered to for proper operation of the ma­
chine. Some of the common items of equipment, their
maintenance requirements, and their locations according to
typical manufacturer's requirements, are as follows:
(a) Turbine Lube Oil Reservoir. Access is required
for inspection and maintenance of pumps and other
equipment on top of the reservoir. Vertical access is
required above the reservoir for removal of lube oil
coolers. The top of the reservoir is at an elevation 21 ft
above grade and adjacent to the south side of the
turbine to allow gravity drainage of lube oil from the
turbine-generator bearings to the reservoir.
(b) Hydrogen Seal Oil Unit. Access is required for inspec­
tion and maintenance of components on the unit. The
unit is on the ground floor elevation and adjacent to
the south side of the generator end of the machine.
(c) Electro-Hydraulic Control Unit. Access is required
for inspection and maintenance of the components on
the unit. Horizontal clear space is required for tube
pull of heat exchangers located on the unit. The unit is
on the ground floor elevation, on the north side of the
turbine end of the machine.
(d) Gland Condenser. Access is required for inspection
and maintenance. Horizontal clear space is required
for tube pull from the gland condenser. The gland
condenser is located at an elevation 21 ft above grade,
adjacent to the south side of the turbine and west of
the turbine lube oil reservoir. This location allows for
gravity drainage of the turbine steam seal piping.
—Surface Condenser. The surface condenser consists of two
condenser shells, one for each low-pressure section of the
turbine-generator. The shells must be located directly be­
low the low-pressure sections to accept the downward ex­
haust from these sections and to provide the most efficient
operation of the unit. The condenser tubes are arranged
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the turbine-
generator. Horizontal clear space must be provided on the
south side of the condenser for removal and reinstallation of
tubes. The two hot wells are connected and provide conden­
sate storage for suction to the condensate pumps.
On the basis of these requirements, the condensers are
located on the ground floor elevation, between the turbine
pedestal legs for the low-pressure sections.
—Turbine-Driven Boiler Feed Pumps. Two steam turbine
driven, barrel-type boiler feed pumps are provided. Access
is required for inspection and maintenance. Clear space is
required for pump rotor removal and for disassembly of the
steam turbine. For operability requirements, the turbines
must be close to the surface condenser so that the turbine
exhaust duct to the condenser is as short as possible.
On the basis of these requirements, the boiler feed
pumps and drive turbines are located at an elevation 42 ft
above grade, adjacent to the north side of the main turbine-
generator. They are offset from the low-pressure turbines,
with one located next to the generator and one located next

to the high-pressure turbine. These locations offer several
advantages. At this elevation, the turbine room crane can be
used for maintenance, disassembly, and reassembly of the
pumps and turbines. These locations allow for a direct and
flexible routing of the turbine exhaust ducts from the bot­
toms of the turbines to the condensers, while avoiding the
congestion with the low-pressure turbine extraction piping
from the condenser necks. At this elevation and location,
each pump will require a reinforced concrete pedestal type
foundation.
—Motor-Driven Startup Boiler Feed Pump. This pump re­
quires access for maintenance and clear space for pump
rotor removal. This pump is designed only for initial plant
startup and low-load operation. It takes suction from the
deaerator storage tank. For proper operation, it should be
located as low as possible to allow for the most net positive
suction head (NPSH) available.
On the basis of these requirements, the pump is located
on the ground floor elevation, north of the turbine end of the
main turbine-generator.
—Deaerator. The deaerator consists of a deaerating section
mounted on top of a storage tank section. Access is required
around the deaerating section for removal and reinstallation
of trays. Access is required around the storage tank for
maintenance and inspection. The deaerator provides the re­
quired NPSH for the turbine driven boiler feed pumps and the
startup boiler feed pump. The deaerator should be located
as high as possible so that adequate NPSH is available at all
times to ensure proper operation of the boiler feed pumps.
On the basis of these requirements, the deaerator is
located at approximately the same elevation as the steam
generator steam drum, on the south side of the steam gener­
ator. The actual elevation of the deaerator is dependent on
the NPSH of the boiler feed pumps actually furnished.
—Condensate Pumps. Two vertical, multistage, centrifugal,
can-type condensate pumps are provided. Access is re­
quired to the pumps for inspection and maintenance. Clear
space is required above the pumps for removing the pumps
from the cans. For proper operation, the pumps should be
located as close to the condenser as possible. The pumps
should be lower than the hot wells to allow for gravity flow
of condensate from the hot wells to the pump cans and to
allow for the most NPSH available.
On the basis of these requirements, the pumps are lo­
cated at the ground floor elevation. The cans will be embed­
ded in the foundation, below grade. The pumps are located
to the west of the west boiler feed pump pedestal to allow
for vertical pull of the pumps, clear of the pedestal, using
the turbine room crane. The pump suction piping between
the hot wells and the pumps is located below grade in a
trench in the foundation.
—High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Feedwater Heaters. The
feedwater heaters are horizontal, U-tube, closed type
heaters. There are four low-pressure heaters and three high-
pressure heaters. Access is required around the heaters for
inspection and maintenance. Clear space is required at each
heater for pulling the heater shell. In addition, an important
consideration in locating the heaters is the economical rou­
ting of all the piping connected to and interconnecting the
heaters.
Site/Plant Arrangements 655
Each heater has extraction steam piping from the tur­
bine; condensate or boiler feed water piping; and, if appli­
cable, heater drains piping from the next higher pressure
heater connected to it.
On the basis of these requirements and considerations,
the heaters are located as follows. The lowest pressure
heater is actually supplied as two, half-capacity heaters
with each one located in the condenser neck directly below
a low-pressure turbine section. These heaters require the
largest diameter extraction steam piping. Locating them in
the condenser neck limits the length of this piping and
avoids the use of floor space for the heaters.
These heaters are designed for tube pull, instead of shell
pull, to the south of the condenser. The remaining heaters
are located between the turbine-generator and the steam
generator, below the deaerator. The low-pressure heaters
get extraction steam from the low-pressure turbines and are
located at the generator end.
The high-pressure heaters get extraction steam from the
high-pressure and intermediate-pressure turbines and are
located at the turbine end. This minimizes the extraction
piping from the turbine to the heaters. In addition, the
heaters are located with the succeeding extraction stage
heaters placed at elevations below the preceding stage
heaters. This means the heaters are stacked vertically, with
a lower pressure heater located below the next higher pres­
sure heater. This arrangement facilitates the heater drain
piping layout and minimizes the required length of the
larger diameter extraction steam piping associated with
each succeeding heater by locating heaters with larger pip­
ing at a lower level. Also, this arrangement facilitates the
layout of the condensate and boiler feed water piping since
the condensate piping is routed from the condensate pumps
through the low-pressure heaters to the deaerator, and the
boiler feedwater piping is routed from the boiler feed
pumps through the high-pressure heaters to the steam gen­
erator. On the basis of these requirements, the second low-
pressure heater is located 21 ft above grade elevation with
shell pull to the east.
The third low-pressure heater and the first high-pressure
heater are located 42 ft above grade, with the low-pressure
heater shell pull to the east and the high-pressure heater
shell pull to the west. The fourth low-pressure heater and
the second high-pressure heater are located approximately
63 ft above grade with shell pulls like the preceding heaters.
This location typically is adjusted to be consistent with the
elevation of the access platform for the first burner level on
the steam generator. The third high-pressure heater is lo­
cated approximately 78 ft above grade with shell pull to the
west. Again, this location typically is adjusted to be consis­
tent with the access to the second burner level on the steam
generator.
—Transformers. The generator transformer, main auxiliary
transformer, and reserve auxiliary transformers require ac­
cess for inspection and maintenance. The transformers
must be located outdoors for safety and to meet National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) code requirements.
The generator transformer should be located as close to the
main generator as possible to minimize the length of the
isolated phase bus duct from the generator terminals to the
656 Power Plant Engineering
transformer. The main and reserve auxiliary transformers
should be located as close as possible to the generator
transformer to minimize the length of bus duct intercon­
necting these transformers.
• Control Center Area. The arrangement of the facilities and
On the basis of these requirements, these transformers
are located at grade elevation, south of the generator and
outside the building. The main and reserve auxiliary trans­
formers are located to the west of the generator transformer
to avoid interference with the condenser tube pull space and
to facilitate routing of bus duct to the high-voltage switch-
gear. The turbine area exterior wall adjacent to the trans­
formers and the fire walls between the transformers are
designed to meet NFPA code requirements.
—High-Voltage Switchgear. Access is required around the
switchgear for breaker removal and maintenance. The
switchgear should be located as close as possible to the
main and reserve auxiliary transformers to minimize the
length of bus duct interconnecting them.
On the basis of these requirements, the switchgear is
located directly north of the transformers, inside the build­
ing, at an elevation 21 ft above grade. This elevation accom­
modates the location of the bus duct connections on the
transformers and allows for connecting the bus duct to the
bottom of the switchgear. A fire wall is required to isolate
the switchgear from adjacent equipment to meet NFPA
requirements.
—Secondary Unit Substations (SUS) and Motor Control Cen­
ters (MCC). The SUS require access for breaker removal
and maintenance. The MCC require access for removal of
starters and maintenance. The SUS are fed from the high-
voltage switchgear and should be located as close to the
switchgear as possible to minimize the interconnecting bus
duct and cable. The MCC are fed from the SUS and should
be as close to the SUS as possible to minimize the intercon­
necting cable.
On the basis of these requirements, the SUS are located
on the ground floor elevation directly below the high-
voltage switchgear. The MCC are located on the ground
floor elevation directly north of the SUS.
—Closed Cooling Water Heat Exchangers. Two horizontal,
shell and tube type heat exchangers are provided. Clear space
is required for tube removal and replacement. The heat
exchangers receive cooling water from the circulating water
system and should be located as low as possible to mini­
mize the amount of interconnecting piping with that system.
On the basis of these requirements; the heat exchangers
are located on the ground floor elevation, west of the tur­
bine foundation.
—Turbine Lube Oil Storage and Purification Equipment. This
equipment is required for draining, storing, and purifying
the main turbine lubricating oil. Access is required for
inspection, maintenance, and delivery and removal of lube
oil in barrels or tank truck. For oil spill containment, the
equipment should be located as low as possible and should
be enclosed by a curb or other means. The equipment
should be located as close as possible to the turbine lube oil
reservoir to minimize the length of interconnecting piping
between the reservoir and the equipment.
On the basis of these requirements, the equipment is
located in a separate room directly to the south of the
reservoir. The floor of this room should be approximately
4 in. lower than the ground floor elevation for oil spill
containment.
equipment in the Control Center Area is typically very spe­
cific to the needs of the particular plant and client. Because of
this, only general location requirements are discussed for the
equipment to be located in this area. The Control Center Area
is located adjacent to the generator end of the main turbine-
generator and north of the high-voltage switchgear and SUS.
This location provides the best access for control cable from
the steam generator and turbine-generator areas and for
power cable from the turbine-generator area.
Water treatment equipment, typically consisting of con­
densate polisher equipment, is located on the ground floor to
minimize the length of interconnecting piping with the con­
densate pump discharge piping. The water quality laboratory,
including water sampling and analysis and fuel analysis
equipment, is located on the second floor. The battery and
inverter rooms are also located on the second floor. The main
control room and associated control equipment, and operating
personnel facilities such as offices, toilets, kitchen, lunch
room, and meeting rooms are on the third floor of the area.
The final step in the plant arrangement development pro­
cess can be accomplished after the above listed equipment is
located. This step is to determine the location and spacing of
the building support column rows; the location and heights of
floors, platforms, and roofs; the location of exterior and inte­
rior walls; and the location of vertical and horizontal access
ways including stairs, elevators, access aisles, and doors. The
plant arrangement drawings shown in Figs. 19-5 through 19-8
are the result of this development process and should be
referred to during the following discussion.
—Building Support Column Rows. The east-west column
row spacing for the Generation Building is based on the
support requirements for the steam turbine-generator. Re­
ferring to Fig. 19-5, six column rows (102 through 108)
spaced 30 ft apart most effectively accommodates the
turbine-generator. A 30 ft wide bay to the east of the
turbine end is provided for routing of the main steam, hot
reheat, and cold reheat piping and for the closed cooling
water heat exchangers. A second 30 ft wide bay is provided
to the east for the vertical access opening required for
transferring turbine-generator components from the tur­
bine floor to the ground floor. An air lock is located directly
north of the vertical access bay for staging equipment and
components into and out of the building, and to isolate the
rest of the building from this area during the transfer of
components. Two 30-ft wide bays are provided to the west
of the generator end to accommodate the SUS and switch-
gear and to accommodate generator rotor removal. Overall,
the turbine-generator area is 300 ft long from column row
100 to column row 110.
This column row spacing accommodates the steam gen­
erator area and the control center area. With its north-south
axis centered between rows 104 and 105, the steam genera­
tor can be located between the three 30-ft bays between
rows 103 and 106. The 30-ft bays to the east and west of the
steam generator (between rows 102 and 103 and rows 106
and 107) can effectively accommodate the routing of hot air

ducts to the pulverizers and burners and the routing of coal
piping from the pulverizers to the burners. The 30-ft bays
between rows 101 and 102 and between 107 and 108 provide
the location for the pulverizers and adequate space for
maintenance access to the pulverizers. The space above the
pulverizers is effectively used for locating the coal feeders
and coal silos. Overall, the steam generator area is 210 ft
long from column row 101 to column row 108. The control
center area is located between column rows 108 and 110,
which provides sufficient space for the equipment and facil­
ities in this area and aligns the west column line of this area
with turbine generator area.
The north-south column row spacing is keyed off the
turbine-generator arrangement in the turbine area. From
the longitudinal centerline of the turbine-generator, two 21-
ft, 6-in. bays are located to the south to provide the neces­
sary maintenance space on the turbine floor, and the neces­
sary space on the lower levels for equipment, piping, and
other facilities that must be located near the turbine genera­
tor. The turbine generator area south column line is desig­
nated column row A. The turbine lube oil storage and
purification equipment room is located to the south of
column row A between column rows 101 and 103. Two 21-
ft, 6-in. bays are located to the north of the turbine generator
centerline to provide space for the turbine driven boiler
feed pumps on the turbine floor and space on the lower
floors for equipment, piping, and other facilities. An 18 ft
wide bay is provided between column rows E and F that
runs the length of the turbine generator area. This bay is
provided as a maintenance and access aisle to provide
convenient access to all parts of the area. No equipment is
located in this bay. The turbine generator area from column
row A to column row F is 104 ft wide and accommodates a
100 ft wide turbine room crane located above the turbine-
generator.
A 30-ft bay is provided between column rows F and G,
and a 14-ft bay is provided between column rows G and H.
These bays provide a transition area between the turbine-
generator area and the steam generator area that is com­
monly referred to as the auxiliary bay area. The bay be­
tween rows F and G provides the location for the feedwater
heaters and deaerator and the location for the boiler to
turbine piping transition. The bay between rows G and H
contains the steam generator south wall support wind brac­
ing and provides a transition area for the unit to unit cross­
over of auxiliary services associated with the addition of
future units. The auxiliary bay extends the full height of the
steam generator.
As stated previously, a primary factor in determining
the location of the steam generator relative to the turbine
generator is the need for flexibility in the high-pressure/
high-temperature piping that interconnects these compo­
nents. This piping will be routed from the top, front south of
the steam generator to the front east centerline of the tur­
bine. The main steam and hot reheat steam piping will drop
vertically from the top of the unit, along the front cen­
terline, to a midpoint elevation crossover. This crossover
from the steam generator centerline to the east end of the
auxiliary bay will be followed by a second vertical drop to
the ground floor level. At the lower level, the piping will
run from the east end of the auxiliary bay to the front of the
Site/Plant Arrangements 657
turbine. This down-crossover-down-across arrangement
will effectively provide the required piping flexibility
(while minimizing piping lengths) to accommodate pipe
expansion. The auxiliary bay includes a vertical pipe chase
dedicated to the accommodation of vertical piping runs
including extraction steam, condensate, boiler feedwater,
and other auxiliary piping systems that require significant
elevation transitions. An elevator is also provided in the
auxiliary bay.
Continuing on to the north, five 30 ft wide bays are
provided to accommodate the steam generator and coal
feed equipment. Two vertical access ways are provided
between column rows 101 and 102, and between 107 and
108 at column row M. These access ways extend the full
height of the steam generator and provide the location for
transferring equipment and components up and down the
building. The area to the north of column row N is not
dimensioned, as this will depend on the actual arrangement
of the air heaters. The ground floor level in this area will
accommodate the primary air and forced draft fans and
ductwork.
The control center area is located between column rows
F and К to provide sufficient space for the equipment and
facilities located in this area.
—Building Floor Heights. Figure 19-8 is the Plant Arrange­
ment Sectional Elevation drawing for the Generation
Building and identifies the major floor heights. The ground
floor elevation is set at 100 ft for reference purposes. Based
on the equipment locations and to allow sufficient spacing
for structural steel, multilevel electrical raceway, and mul­
tilevel piping to be installed and maintained above head­
room, the floor-to-floor spacing in the turbine generator
area is 21 ft. The mezzanine floor elevation is 121 ft, and the
operating floor elevation is 142 ft. These floor elevations are
consistent throughout the turbine generator area and extend
from column row A to column row G. The turbine room
crane elevation is determined by the hook height required to
allow removal of the largest turbine generator component
(other than the generator stator). Typically, this height is
set by the height required to lift a low-pressure turbine hood
over the highest component on the turbine generator and is
determined by the turbine generator actually furnished. The
turbine generator area roof elevation is determined by the
crane elevation and crane clearance requirements.
In the auxiliary bay area, a feedwater heater support
floor is located at an elevation of approximately 163 ft. This
elevation should be adjusted to be consistent with the ac­
cess floor for the first burner elevation on the steam genera­
tor for efficient movement through the building. A second
feedwater heater support floor is located at an elevation of
approximately 178 ft. This elevation is typically adjusted to
match the access floor for the second burner elevation on
the steam generator. The deaerator elevation will be based
on the actual NPSH requirements for the boiler feed pumps,
and the deaerator should be no higher than necessary. For this
example, the deaerator is located such that the deaerating
heater section is at the same elevation as the steam drum,
with the storage tank directly below. Access floors are
provided for each. Additional floors will be provided in the
auxiliary bay as necessary for access to other equipment.
 Power Plant Engineering
The major floor in the steam generator area is the coal
feeder floor located at approximately elevation 156 ft. The
actual elevation of this floor is dependent on the size and
arrangement of the pulverizers actually furnished. All re­
maining floors and platforms in this area will be located
based on the access requirements for the steam generator
and auxiliary equipment actually furnished. Access plat­
forms or floors will be required around the ash hopper,
around and above the pulverizers, around the air heaters,
at all burner elevations, at all sootblower elevations, at all
access doors on the steam generator and ductwork, at the
coal unloading equipment elevation above the coal silos, at
the steam drum, and at other locations as required for
inspections and maintenance.
The floors in the control center area are set to match the
mezzanine floor and operating floor elevations to accom­
modate the routing of control and power cable and piping
interconnecting this area with the rest of the building, and to
allow efficient movement through the building.
-Walls and Access Ways. Exterior walls in the turbine gener­
ator area are located along column rows A, 100, and 110.
Interior walls are avoided as much as possible in this area
because they hinder maintenance and access and they cre­
ate dead spaces that affect cleanliness and ventilation. Inte­
rior walls are required for the air lock along column rows
101 and E from the ground floor up to the operatingfloor.A
wall is also required along column row 108 at the mezza­
nine floor to isolate the high-voltage switchgear to meet
NFPA code requirements.
Exterior walls for the control center area are located
along column rows 110 and K. Interior walls are located
along column rows 108 and F from the mezzanine floor up
to provide a clean environment for the control room and
other facilities located in this area. Additional interior walls
will be provided as required to accommodate the facilities
in the area.
The wall along row 110 is designed for expansion to a
future unit. This design would allow the turbine generator
areas and the control center areas of the two units to be
connected. This would also allow the turbine room crane to
be used for the second unit.
Exterior walls for the steam generator area are located
along column rows 101 and 108. Interior walls are avoided
in this area as much as possible unless required for noise
or dust control or to meet code requirements. Partial inte­
rior walls are located along column row H between 101 and
102, and between 107 and 108 to isolate the pulverizers from
the turbine-generator area for noise and dust control.
These walls extend from the ground floor up to the feeder
floor.
Access hatches are provided in the operating floor above
the condensate pumps and above the turbine lube oil
coolers to allow the turbine crane to be used for removal
of the pumps and coolers.
Access stairs are located in the turbine generator area
and auxiliary bay area as noted on the drawings. Access
stairs will be provided in the steam generator area as re­
quired by the specific design of the steam generator, but
typically would be located along column row M, adjacent
to the two vertical access ways.
Large doors are provided at grade level at each end of
the maintenance aisle between column rows E and F to
facilitate moving components and equipment into and out
of the building. Large doors are provided at grade elevation
on the north and south sides of the air lock in the turbine
area.
Large doors will be provided at grade elevation in the
steam generator area near the pulverizers to accommodate
pulverizer maintenance and journal removal.
19.3 SUMMARY
The procedures described in this chapter illustrate that the
development of the site arrangements and plant arrange­
ments for a power plant project is a complicated and difficult
task involving significant time and the resources of a wide
variety of technical disciplines. The procedures presented
are based on significant experience with a broad range of
power plant sites and technologies.