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Hypertext and Multimedia in HCI

Human computer Interaction (Crawford University)

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1.The DEFINITION AND HISTORY OF HYPERTEXT AND

MULTIMEDIA IN HCI
DEFINITION:

Hypertext is text that is non-linear in structure and contains references to other text or content
through the use of a net structure. These references are usually implemented via hyperlinks. This
form of text is created in markup languages like HTML or XML, which contain explicit
instructions for the visual formatting of text as well as hyperlinks

Multimedia incorporates different media: sound, images, video. The world wide web is a global
hypermedia system. Animation and video can show information that is difficult to convey
statically.

HISTORY:

Before the invention of the World Wide Web (WWW), text was primarily presented in linear
structures which led to coherent text being read page by page one after the other and this was too
much of an issue with such texts.This is because such a text consists of a large number of
coherent parts located in different places. In a conventional text, these are barely linked and the
contexts can only be recognized after reading the entire document.

To solve this problem, an American computer scientist called Ted Nelson started to develop a
non-linear knowledge database that was not limited in size in 1965. All the basic concepts of
hypertext were defined by the beginning of the 1970s. However, non-academic use of hypertext
was not common until the 1990s, when the WWW appeared.

When computer scientist and inventor of the internet, John Berners Lee, spoke about making
hypertext available on the World Wide Web through a web browser in 1990, he formulated three
main criteria to support this process:

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i) a standardized address syntax for URIs (Uniform Resource Identifier), to uniquely identify
individual resources on the internet

ii) a Hypertext Markup Language for the WWW (HTML)

iii) a Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The WWW is the most popular and widespread hypertext system today. Strictly speaking, it is a
hypermedia system because it also allows the use and hyperlinking of video and audio content.
Hypertexts on the WWW are written in what is called Hypertext Markup Language which is
used to create HTML documents (websites).
2. The role of hypertext and multimedia in supporting user-centered design and evaluation

If hypertext isn't a new idea, why has it recently become so popular? In fact, hypertext has been
an idea waiting for technology to catch up with it. In order to implement active links, it is
necessary to use a dynamic display medium such as a computer screen. Hence, in the 1960s in
the research laboratories, several groups started using large mainframe computers in order to
explore the potential of hypertext. Advances in computer technology have led to the
development of the minicomputer and the microcomputer, making considerable computer power
available to the individual user: the personal computer with so-called "user friendly" interfaces.
On such computers, "popular" hypertext becomes feasible.

Hypermedia is presented as a further development of hypertext. As computers have moved

from being able to present little more than uppercase text to being able to present information in
a variety of communication media sound, graphics, videoso it is possible to link these media
together using hypertext techniques, hence the term hypermedia. However, in the same way
that a book can contain text, drawings, tables, photographs, or even pop-up models, so the
distinction between hypertext and hypermedia is somewhat arbitrary. We will use either term to
refer to a set of nodes of information that are dynamically linked

3. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPERTEXT AND MULTIMEDIA CONTENT,

INCLUDING TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, AND VIDEO, AND THEIR IMPACT
ON USER EXPERIENCE

.Different types of hypertext :

Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic
(continually changing in response to user input, such as dynamic web pages). Static hypertext

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can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents, software applications, or books

on CDs.
.Different types of multimedia content: text, video, audio, images, animation, virtual reality.

Impact of hypertext context on user experience :

_it allows user of electronic media to select a word from text and receive additional information
pertaining to that word such as a definition or related reference within the text.

_it enables the easy to use publication of information over the internet

_it ease the linking of different pieces of information

It gives user a strong context and easier access to create connection .

Impact of multimedia context on user experience.

_It allows the user to control, combine and manipulate a variety of Media types such as text ,
computer graphics, audio and video material as well as animation .

_it integrates computer, storage, data, phone, tv and other information technologies.

_it helps to vary and enhance the learning process and leads to better knowledge retention.

4. The characteristics and elements of Hypertext, such as links, nodes, and

non-linear navigation.
The Characteristics and elements of a hypertext
Hypertexts are characterized by being:
● Non-linear in structure: Unlike traditional linear text, hypertext allows the reader to
navigate through the content in a non-linear fashion, jumping between different parts of
the text using hyperlinks.
● Multimedia: Hypertexts are not limited to written text, but can link to images, sounds,
videos, and other forms of media.
● Digital: Hypertext is typical of digital and cybernetic dynamics, it is impassable to paper
or other media, although human memory seems to work in a similar way.
● Interactive: Hypertexts require user action (usually on operating systems such as
Windows, with a click of the mouse or mouse) to operate, they do not fire automatically.

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● Reusable: The same hypertext can be used infinitely.

● Extendible: Hypertext allows you to extend the reading experience with other documents
and extend the scope of the information available to the user.
● Transients: Since hypertexts are basically links, their validity will depend on the
destination to which they lead is available. Hyperlinks whose fate is not available are
known as “fallen” or “broken.”

Elements of Hypertext
The elements of Hypertext consist of;
● Nodes: Hypertext sometimes called a network of nodes. A node is a collection of data
organized around a specific topic. This node is linked to another node, forming a
network. Node is a fundamental unit of hypertext, although there is no agreement as to
what really constitutes a node.
● Links: Links are also fundamentals unit to form hypertext. Links are almost always
anchored in at their departure point to provide users with some explicit object to activate
in order to follow the link. The destination point is reached by activating the anchor.
● Anchor: There are two properties of an anchor; they are anchor id and an anchor value.
The anchor value is used to locate a part of the content of the component. It depends on
the structure of particular applications, documents, or data types on how to interpret an
anchor.
● Navigation tools: Hypertext often includes various navigation tools that allow the reader
to move around the content, such as menus, search functions, and indexes.
● Multimedia elements: Hypertext may incorporate various types of media, such as images,
videos, audio, and animations, which can enhance the reading experience and provide
additional context or information.
● User interface: The user interface of hypertext is designed to facilitate interactive
navigation, with features such as clickable links, hover-over effects, and menus.

5. The importance of Hypertext and Multimedia in

improving user experience, such as reducing cognitive
load, facilitating navigation, and enhancing engagement.

Hypertext and multimedia are essential tools in improving user experience as they offer various
benefits such as reducing cognitive load, facilitating navigation, and enhancing engagement.

Hypertext is a form of text that includes hyperlinks, allowing users to navigate to other parts of
the document or to different documents altogether. By using hyperlinks, users can quickly and
easily access relevant information, reducing cognitive load by eliminating the need to remember
complex paths to navigate the information. Hypertext also allows users to move from one topic

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to another, which helps them to explore related information and learn more about a particular
subject.

Multimedia, on the other hand, refers to the use of various media types, including audio, video,
images, and animations, to convey information. Multimedia is particularly effective in engaging
users as it can help to break up text-heavy content and make it more visually appealing. This can
be especially beneficial for complex topics that might otherwise be challenging to understand.
For example, an animation or video can help to explain a complex concept or process in a more
accessible way than text alone.

Overall, hypertext and multimedia can greatly enhance the user experience by providing a more
engaging and interactive way to access and explore information. By reducing cognitive load,
facilitating navigation, and enhancing engagement, they can help to improve learning and
retention, making them valuable tools for anyone looking to create effective content for users.

6. The use of Hypertext and Multimedia in website design and

development, including best practices and considerations for
usability and accessibility.

Hypertext and multimedia are key elements of modern website design and development.
Hypertext allows users to navigate between different pages or sections of a website, while
multimedia content such as images, videos, and audio can enhance the user experience and
convey information in a more engaging way. However, it is important to consider best practices
and accessibility when using hypertext and multimedia in website design.

● Hypertext
Hypertext is a method of organizing and presenting information in a non-linear way, allowing
users to navigate between different pages or sections of a website by clicking on links. Here are
some best practices for using hypertext in website design:

Use descriptive and concise anchor text: The text that appears as a hyperlink should be clear and
descriptive, indicating what the user can expect to find when they click on the link. Avoid using
generic phrases like “click here” or “read more”, as they do not provide any context for the link’s
destination.
Limit the number of links per page: Too many links on a page can be overwhelming and
confusing for users. Try to limit the number of links on a page to a reasonable amount, and group
them logically to help users understand the structure of the site.
Make it easy to identify links: Users should be able to easily identify links on a page. Links
should be visually distinguishable from the surrounding text, such as through underlining or a
different color.

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Test links regularly: Links can break or become outdated over time, so it is important to regularly
test them to ensure they are still functioning and pointing to the correct destination.

● Multimedia

Multimedia content can enhance the user experience and provide a more engaging way to convey
information. However, it is important to consider usability and accessibility when using
multimedia in website design. Here are some best practices for using multimedia in website
design:

Optimize images and videos for web: Large image and video files can slow down page load
times, which can negatively impact the user experience. Optimize images and videos for web use
by compressing them and reducing their file size.
Use alt text for images: Alt text provides a textual description of an image, which can be read by
screen readers for users with visual impairments. Alt text should be descriptive and concise,
providing enough information to convey the purpose or content of the image.
Provide captions and transcripts for videos: Captions provide a textual representation of the
audio content in a video, making it accessible for users with hearing impairments. Transcripts
provide a written record of the video’s content, which can be helpful for users who prefer to read
rather than watch.
Avoid autoplaying media: Autoplaying videos or audio can be disruptive and annoying for users,
especially if they are on a slow internet connection. Instead, give users control over when they
want to start playing the media.
Provide alternative content: Some users may not be able to access multimedia content due to
technical limitations or disabilities. Provide alternative content, such as a written summary or
transcript, to ensure all users can access the information.
In summary, hypertext and multimedia are valuable tools in website design and development, but
it is important to consider usability and accessibility when using them. By following best
practices and providing alternative content where necessary, you can create a more inclusive and
user-friendly website.

7. The use of Hypertext and Multimedia in e-learning and educational contexts, including
benefits and limitations for learners and instructors.

Hypertext and multimedia technologies have revolutionized the way people learn and access
information. These technologies allow learners to access information in different formats,
including text, images, audio, and video. In e-learning and educational contexts, hypertext and
multimedia have been widely used to enhance learning experiences. In this response, we will
discuss the benefits and limitations of using hypertext and multimedia in e-learning and
educational contexts.

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Benefits for Learners:

Improved Engagement: The use of multimedia in e-learning makes the learning experience more
engaging and interactive. Learners can access videos, animations, and other multimedia content
that make learning more interesting.
Better Retention: Multimedia content can help learners retain information more effectively.
Visual and auditory content can improve memory recall and make it easier to understand
complex concepts.
Flexibility: Hypertext and multimedia technologies offer learners the flexibility to learn at their
own pace and on their own time. They can access learning materials from anywhere and at any
time, making learning more convenient and accessible.
Personalized Learning: Hypertext and multimedia technologies can be used to deliver
personalized learning experiences. Learners can choose the format and pace of learning that best
suits their needs.
Improved Accessibility: Multimedia content can make learning more accessible to learners with
disabilities, such as visual or auditory impairments. Captioning and audio descriptions can make
content accessible to learners who might otherwise struggle to access it.
Benefits for Instructors:

Enhanced Teaching: Hypertext and multimedia technologies provide instructors with a range of
tools to enhance their teaching. They can use multimedia content to illustrate concepts, provide
examples, and explain complex ideas.
Increased Engagement: The use of multimedia content in e-learning can increase learner
engagement, which can lead to improved learning outcomes.
Flexibility: Hypertext and multimedia technologies offer instructors the flexibility to create and
deliver content in a variety of formats. They can choose the format and delivery method that best
suits their learners.
Increased Efficiency: Hypertext and multimedia technologies can help instructors deliver content
more efficiently. They can create reusable multimedia content that can be used across multiple
courses and sessions.
Improved Assessment: Hypertext and multimedia technologies can be used to create more
effective assessments. For example, instructors can use multimedia content to create interactive
quizzes that test learners' understanding of concepts.
Limitations:

Technical Requirements: Hypertext and multimedia technologies require learners and instructors
to have access to appropriate hardware and software. Some learners and instructors may not have
access to the required technology, which can limit their ability to participate fully in e-learning.

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Cost: The development and delivery of hypertext and multimedia content can be expensive.
Instructors may need to invest in software and hardware, as well as pay for the production of
multimedia content.
Limited Interactivity: Some hypertext and multimedia content may have limited interactivity,
which can limit learners' engagement and interaction with the material.
Learning Curve: Learners and instructors may need to learn how to use hypertext and multimedia
technologies, which can be time-consuming and challenging.
Technical Issues: Technical issues, such as slow internet connections or software glitches, can
disrupt the learning experience and frustrate learners and instructors.

In conclusion, the use of hypertext and multimedia technologies in e-learning and educational
contexts offers many benefits, including increased engagement, better retention, flexibility,
personalized learning, improved accessibility, enhanced teaching, increased efficiency, and
improved assessment. However, it is important to be aware of the limitations of these
technologies, including technical requirements, cost, limited interactivity, learning curve, and
technical issues. By understanding these benefits and limitations, instructors can make informed
decisions about how to use hypertext and multimedia technologies in their teaching practice to
enhance the learning experience for their learners.

8.The use of Hypertext and Multimedia in marketing and advertising,

including strategies and techniques for enhancing engagement and
persuasion.

Hypertext and multimedia are effective tools for marketing and advertising. Hypertext involves
links to other documents or web pages, while multimedia involves a combination of media such
as text, images, audio, and video. Using hypertext and multimedia can create engaging and
persuasive content that attracts and retains customers.

Here are some techniques for using hypertext and multimedia in marketing and advertising:
● Create interactive content
● Use visual storytelling
● Personalize your content
● Use social media
● Use data to optimize your campaigns
By implementing these techniques, you can create content that resonates with your target
audience, builds brand awareness, and improves conversion rates. It's essential to track user
engagement and analyze data to optimize your marketing campaigns.

Hypertext and multimedia are powerful tools for marketing and advertising as they allow for the
creation of interactive and engaging content that can grab the attention of potential customers

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and drive conversions. Here are some strategies and techniques for using hypertext and
multimedia in marketing and advertising:
● Use videos: Videos are a highly effective way to engage with customers and can be used
to showcase products, tell stories, or provide educational content. You can use videos on
your website, social media, and in email marketing campaigns to drive engagement and
increase conversions.
● Use images: High-quality images can help you to showcase your products and services in
a visually appealing way. You can use images on your website, social media, and in email
marketing campaigns to grab the attention of potential customers and encourage them to
take action.
● Use infographics: Infographics are a great way to present complex information in an
easy-to-understand way. You can use infographics on your website, social media, and in
email marketing campaigns to provide valuable information to your customers and build
trust.
● Use augmented reality (AR): AR technology can be used to create immersive experiences
that allow customers to interact with your products in a virtual environment. You can use
AR on your website and social media to showcase your products in a unique and
engaging way.
● Use hyperlinks: Hyperlinks can be used to link to related content and provide additional
information to your customers. You can use hyperlinks on your website, social media,
and in email marketing campaigns to provide value to your customers and encourage
them to explore your products and services further.

In conclusion, the use of hypertext and multimedia in marketing and advertising can be highly
effective for enhancing engagement and persuasion. By using a combination of videos, images,
infographics, AR, and hyperlinks, you can create a powerful marketing and advertising campaign
that drives conversions and builds brand loyalty.

9. The ethical and social implications of hypertext and multimedia such as

privacy, security and the digital divide in HCI.

Personalization in information systems can be considered beneficial but also ethically and
socially harmful. Like many other technologies, the uptake of personalization has been rapid,
with inadequate consideration given to its effects. Personalization in e-learning systems also has
potential for both harmful and beneficial outcomes, but less is known about its effects. The
ethical and social hazards include privacy compromise, lack of control, reduced individual
capability, and the commodification of education. Personalization is appearing in many systems

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already; thus, these hazards may already be occurring. Solutions, more research and community
discussion of the issues are needed.

The main ethical concern associated with digital inequity or inclusion is that a lack of digital
literacy will exclude individual learners and citizens from larger, cultural conversations. As was
stated in Issues and Challenges Related to Digital Equity: An Overview, there are five
dimensions of digital inequity, including:

.Access to hardware, software, and connectivity to the Internet

.Access to meaningful, high quality, and culturally relevant content in local languages
.Access to creating, sharing, and exchanging digital content
.Access to educators who know how to use digital tools
.Access to high-quality research on the application of digital technologies to enhance learning

10. The development process of Multimedia applications, Including the use of

Multimedia authoring tools, Multimedia frameworks, and Multimedia servers

● Development process of multimedia applications

Interactive, rich multimedia development involves the process of organizing content into creative
interactions for presentation in a variety of content forms on diverse delivery platform. So first
we look into the Software Evaluation which deals with the usefulness, the Efficiency, stability of
the multimedia application to be developed. We also look at the Development cycle for example
Software developed for testing with focus groups, such as at Microsoft, takes about half of an 18-
month development cycle for a new title. After testing and revision, the test software yields the
interface and media content, but the application is typically recoded in a lower-level language,
like C++. Most CD-ROM games, educational and reference titles, take about 18 months to
develop also. They are typically coded in a higher-level language, like Lingo, and programming
is also about half of the development cycle. For CPU-intensive 3D games, programming takes up
almost all of the development cycle. Also we have to determine the goals of the multimedia
application such as who the product is aimed at, what is to be achieved at the end of the product
and why it is worth using. Also, a work scope is also developed such as the Schedule of the
work, the budget, also we consider the access system requirements, such as the technical
requirements ( e.g budgetary and scheduling constraints), market or client requirements, current
means of accomplishing the task including competition, then we look into designing the
application (the interface and functional design) then we develop the application where we create
the user interface, writing the codes etc. Then we test the application to ensure everything works
perfectly fine after testing we deliver-here to provide user manuals, training to make learning the
application easy. After this process we move to support because even when the application is

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delivered, it’s not done yet so we maintain the application, fix bugs and gather feedback to
improve the application.

● Uses of multimedia authoring tools

● It gives an integrated environment for boing together the different elements of a
multimedia production
● It gives the framework for organizing and editing the components of a multimedia project
● It enables the developer to create an interactive presentation by combining text, audio,
video, graphics and animation.

● Uses of multimedia frameworks

● It is can be used to build video conferencing applications
● It offers an intuitive API to easily add support for new audio or video

● Uses of multimedia Servers

● It stores multimedia files(texts, graphics, video, audio etc)

● It delivers audio & video content to clients who request it

11.Current trends and innovation in multimedia such as Virtual reality,

Augmented reality, immersive storytelling and gamification.

Nowadays, the widespread information technology claim that the new concepts,
frameworks, models, methods, architectures, tools and mechanisms of communication
technology are driving processes of multimedia systems and design changes and leading
to the creation of the Internet of things (IoT)–enabled innovative multimedia systems.

Visual communication technology is widely used in the field of design. With the continuous
advancement of science and technology, multimedia technology in China has also made great
progress. The application of multimedia technology to visual communication technology is of
great significance. Only by combining the two ingeniously and actively can it ensure the long-
term development of visual communication technology and vitality. Based on this, this article
will briefly describe the concept of multimedia technology and visual communication, analyze
the impact of multimedia on visual communication technology, and propose innovative strategies
for multimedia and visual communication technology for reference.

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Multimedia operation and control monitoring IoT-enabled solution detect System behavior while
communicating from one to another end in the Channel. And so, analysis the packet and node
segmentation during the Transmission such as audio, photo, video, live casting and lesharing.

12. The challenges and ethical concerns surrounding the use of Hypertext and
Multimedia, such as copyright infringement, piracy, and user-generated
content.

Hypertext and multimedia have revolutionized the way we create, share, and consume
information. However, along with the benefits, there are also challenges and ethical concerns
surrounding their use. Some of the major challenges and ethical concerns are:
1. Copyright infringement: With the ease of copying and sharing multimedia content, there is a
high risk of copyright infringement. This is a major challenge for creators who rely on their
intellectual property for income. Plagiarism and unauthorized use of copyrighted material can
result in legal consequences.
2. Piracy: Piracy is a growing concern with the rise of digital media. It involves the unauthorized
distribution of copyrighted material, such as music, movies, and software. Piracy not only
deprives creators of their rightful income but also undermines the value of their work.
3. User-generated content: User-generated content has become an integral part of the online
ecosystem. However, there are ethical concerns regarding the ownership and use of such content.
For example, who owns the content that users upload to social media platforms? Can the
platform use this content for commercial purposes without the user's consent?
4. Privacy: Multimedia content often contains personal information about individuals, which can
be exploited for malicious purposes. There is a need for stricter regulations to ensure that
personal information is not misused or accessed without consent.
5. Bias and misinformation: With the ease of creating and sharing multimedia content, there is
a risk of bias and misinformation. This is especially true in the age of social media, where fake
news and propaganda can spread rapidly. There is a need for media literacy to ensure that users
are able to distinguish between credible and unreliable sources.
In conclusion, the challenges and ethical concerns surrounding the use of hypertext and
multimedia are complex and multifaceted. It is important for individuals and organizations to be
aware of these concerns and take appropriate measures to mitigate them. This includes respecting
intellectual property rights, protecting personal information, and promoting media literacy.

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13. The future prospects of Hypertext and Multimedia,( including the

advancements in technology and their potential impact on society.)
In future multimedia systems, seamless access to application services on different devices
available to users in their vicinity, will be commonplace. The availability of these services will
change as the mobile user moves. The multimedia networks of the future would be an
ubiquitous(everywhere) communication platform that allows users to enjoy continuous
multimedia services in any location on any device. The user needs to be able to discover devices,
discover services and cap, negotiate session characteristics, transmit data, adapt media, and
modify sessions including seamless session handover, to enable best in class communication
experience based on the context. A modular framework is needed to satisfy these requirements
and to allow for independent evolution and development. Future multimedia communication will
be based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles. Service composition will involve
the collective use of multiple multimedia applications of different devices. To achieve this, it is
necessary to “logically separate applications from the user’s network interface device” (Jones,
2007).
According to Ted Nelson
The future for hypertext in electronic document would go beyond imitating what is currently
possible on paper such as:
1. Parallelism (marginal notes are one thing that’s going to be on the side) he says consider
history, what is history? Many parallel streams of events meeting at a particular point, he
believes electronic documents can be modeled after this.
2. Many links, he mentioned deeplinks that are able to overlap
3. To be able to see the origin of content to be able to redefine the nature of writing
His version for www would include transclusion, parallelism and generalized media format “In
this system, portions of content are brought in from various sources (local and remote). The
content portions thus brought in may remain visibly connected to their origins. This is an
important case of transclusion, which we define as the same content knowably in more than one
place (For instance, being able to see a quotation or excerpt and its original context in another
document.)”[ CITATION Ted09 \l 1033 ]

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