ISLAMIC, HISTORY & CULTURE

PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE TASK

Western Secular Approach: Multidisciplinary Studies –

Branches of Social Sciences

AZERBAIJAN:
Western Secular Perspective & Islamic Stateness

Submitted By:
Kyle Caroline R. De Vera
PS-41

Submitted To:
Mr. Francisco R. Fojas
PART 1. AZERBAIJAN: Western Secular Perspective & Islamic Stateness
Branches of Social Sciences Definition Significance

Anthropology
(Indigenous Peoples)

1.1 Medical Anthropology:
Health and Healing
It studies how different cultures
perceive, diagnose, and treat health
conditions, as well as the social,
economic, and political factors that
influence health and healthcare
systems.
Understanding Health Beliefs and
Practices: Medical anthropology can shed
light on traditional Azeri medicine,
including herbal remedies, spiritual
healing practices, and folk beliefs about
illness. This knowledge can improve
communication and collaboration between
traditional healers and biomedicine
practitioners, leading to better patient
care. (Source: Squire, Corinne. "Medical
Anthropology." Annual Review of
Anthropology 21.1 (1992): 349-376)

Addressing Social Determinants of Health:

Azerbaijan faces health challenges like
unequal access to healthcare, nutritional
deficiencies, and the impact of
environmental pollution. Medical
anthropology can explore the social and
cultural factors that contribute to these
issues, informing public health
interventions and policies. (Source: World
Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/countries/aze)

Culturally Sensitive Healthcare: A

medical anthropological approach can
 help healthcare providers understand the
cultural context of illness in Azerbaijan.
This can lead to more culturally sensitive
and effective communication with patients,
improving health outcomes. (Source:
Kleinman, Arthur. Social medicine and
social anthropology. Cambridge University
Press, 2009)

1.2. Psychological It examines how cultural norms, values, Understanding Mental Health Concepts:
Anthropology and practices shape human cognition, Psychological anthropology can illuminate
emotion, personality, and mental health. how Azerbaijanis conceptualize mental
illness. This can help bridge the gap
between traditional understandings of
mental health and biomedicine, leading to
more effective treatment approaches.
(Source: Fabrega, Horacio. "Toward a
unified theory of illness behavior."
Transcultural psychiatry (1977): 258-278)

Culturally Sensitive Mental Health

Services: By understanding cultural
influences on mental health, psychological
anthropology can inform the development
of culturally sensitive mental health
services in Azerbaijan. This can improve
access to care and treatment outcomes
for individuals experiencing mental health
problems. (Source: APA Task Force on
International Mental Health.
https://www.apa.org/)

1.3. Applied Anthropology It focuses on applying anthropological
insights concerning culture, social
structures, and human behavior to
practical situations.
Social and Cultural Factors Affecting
Mental Health: Azerbaijan has undergone
social and economic transitions that can
impact mental health. Psychological
anthropology can explore how these
changes influence mental wellbeing,
informing public health policies and
interventions. (Source: World Health
Organization
Social Development Projects:
Anthropologists can assist with designing
and implementing social development
projects that are sensitive to local cultural
contexts. This can ensure initiatives
promoting education, healthcare, or
environmental sustainability are effective
and well-received by communities.
(Source: Montgomery, John. "Applied
anthropology: An introduction." AltaMira
Press, 2009)
Conflict Resolution: Azerbaijan has a
complex history with ethnic enclaves.
Applied anthropologists can help mediate
inter-group conflicts by facilitating
communication and understanding cultural
differences. (Source: Shafir, Gershon.
"Mediation for social change: Theories
and practices of community action."
Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003).

1.4 Development Anthropology
It adopts a critical perspective,
analyzing the social, cultural, and
political forces that shape development
processes.
Empowering Local Communities:
Development anthropological research
can empower local communities in
Azerbaijan by giving them a voice in
development processes. This participation
ensures projects address their needs and
priorities. (Source: Collier, Paul. The
bottom billion: Why the poorest countries
are failing and what can be done about it.
Oxford University Press, 2007)
Empowering Local Communities:
Development anthropological research
can empower local communities in
Azerbaijan by giving them a voice in
development processes. This participation
ensures projects address their needs and
priorities. (Source: Collier, Paul. The
bottom billion: Why the poorest countries
are failing and what can be done about it.
Oxford University Press, 2007)
Evaluating Development Impact:
Anthropologists can provide valuable
insights into the social and cultural effects
of development projects in Azerbaijan.
This helps assess project effectiveness
and identify areas for improvement.
(Source: Narayan, Deepa. Putting people
in the picture: Gender realities in
development. World Bank Publications,
1997)
1.5 Environmental It examines how cultural beliefs, social
Anthropology structures, and economic systems
influence how people interact with the
natural world.
1.6 Feminist Anthropology Feminist anthropologists employ various
methodologies, including fieldwork and
participant observation, to understand
how gender is constructed, performed,
and interacts with power structures
within various cultures.
Sustainable Resource Management: By
studying cultural practices related to
resource use, anthropologists can
develop recommendations for sustainable
management strategies. This could
involve studying traditional water
management practices or understanding
herding practices that impact grasslands.
Environmental Impact Assessments:
Environmental anthropologists can
contribute to environmental impact
assessments (EIAs) by examining the
social and cultural implications of
proposed development projects. This
ensures EIAs consider not just ecological
factors but also potential impacts on local
communities and cultural heritage.
Understanding Gender Roles: Feminist
anthropological research can illuminate
the social construction of gender roles
and expectations in Azerbaijan. This
knowledge can inform policies and
initiatives promoting gender equality.
(Source: Firouzabadi, Elaheh. "From
gender equality to women's
empowerment: Development discourse
and practice in Iran." Journal of Gender
Studies (2010): 191-210)
Women's Experiences: By giving voice to
women's experiences in Azerbaijan,
 feminist anthropology can uncover
gender-based inequalities and injustices.
This research can inform advocacy efforts
and legal reforms to ensure women's
rights are protected. (Source: Lind, Tania.
"Engendering development: Gender in
theory and practice." Berghahn Books,
2015)

1.7 Urban Anthropology It examines how people navigate, adapt Understanding Urbanization Trends:
to, and shape the urban environment. Urban anthropology can shed light on the
social, economic, and cultural factors
driving urbanization in Azerbaijan. This
knowledge can inform policies that
manage urban growth effectively and
create sustainable and livable cities.
(Source: Dunn, Kevin M. "The
anthropology of the city." School of
American Research Press, 2017)

Informal Urban Economy: A significant

portion of Azerbaijan's urban workforce
might participate in the informal economy.
Urban anthropologists can study these
informal economies, providing insights for
policymakers to better understand and
integrate them into the formal economy.
(Source: Portes, Alejandro. "Informal
urban economies: Studies in working-
class culture." Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2010)
1.8 Rural Anthropology Rural anthropologists aim to understand
the unique challenges and opportunities
faced by people in rural settings. Their
research sheds light on:
The resilience and adaptability of rural
communities in the face of change
The importance of traditional ecological
knowledge for sustainable resource
management
The social and cultural factors
influencing rural-to-urban migration
patterns
Preserving Cultural Heritage: Rural
communities in Azerbaijan are
repositories of traditional ecological
knowledge, agricultural practices, and
cultural heritage. Anthropological
research can document these traditions,
ensuring their preservation and potential
integration into sustainable development
strategies. (Source: [][Orlove, Benjamin
S. "Lines in the water: Race and
environment in a coastal society."
University of California Press, 2009])
Understanding Livelihood Strategies:
Studying how rural communities manage
their resources and adapt to
environmental changes can inform
policies that support sustainable
agriculture and improve livelihoods. This
could involve research on traditional
irrigation practices or land management
techniques. (Source: [][Brush, John C.
"Fatalism and food security: Peasants
and ecological change in the Peruvian
Andes." American anthropologist (1992):
110-121])

1.9 Cultural Anthropology It examines how cultures develop, Preserving Cultural Identity: Cultural
change, and influence our behaviors, anthropology helps document and
beliefs, and values. preserve Azerbaijan's diverse cultural
traditions, languages, and art forms. This
fosters cultural pride and strengthens

1.10 Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropologists borrow
techniques from archaeology, such as
meticulous excavation methods and
documentation procedures, to ensure
proper collection and analysis of skeletal
evidence at crime scenes or mass
graves.
national identity. (Source: UNESCO
Cultural Heritage in Azerbaijan:
https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/azerbaijan-
AZ?info=elements-on-the-lists)
Culturally Appropriate Development:
Anthropological insights ensure
development projects in Azerbaijan are
sensitive to local cultural contexts. This
leads to more effective and sustainable
outcomes. (Source:[Tsing, Anna
Lowenhaupt. "Friction: An ethnography of
global connection." Princeton University
Press, 2005])
Unresolved Conflicts: Azerbaijan has
unresolved territorial conflicts that have
resulted in missing persons. Forensic
anthropology can aid in the identification
of recovered remains, providing closure to
families and contributing to truth-seeking
efforts. (Source: International Committee
of the Red Cross, "Missing persons"
https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/prote
cted-persons/missing-persons)
Disaster Victim Identification: In the
unfortunate event of mass disasters like
natural disasters or accidents, forensic
anthropology can assist in identifying
victims. This is crucial for proper burials
 and returning remains to loved ones.
(Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC6968550/)

1.11 Human Biology It examines our evolutionary history, Understanding Population History: By
Anthropology biology, and adaptation across studying genetic variations and skeletal
populations and throughout time. remains, anthropologists can reconstruct
population migrations and admixture
events that shaped Azerbaijan's
demographic landscape. This knowledge
enriches the understanding of the
country's rich cultural tapestry. (Source:
[Özkan, Mustafa Kemal, et al. "Ancestry-
informative allele frequencies for
worldwide populations." Forensic Science
International: Genetics Supplement
Series (2016): e45-e47])

1.12 Biological Anthropology
It examines our evolutionary history, Nutritional Status and Disease
biology, and adaptation across Patterns: Anthropological analyses of
populations and throughout time. skeletal remains and dental health can
provide clues about historical dietary
patterns and potential nutritional
deficiencies faced by past populations in
Azerbaijan. (Source: Larsen, Clark
Spencer. "Bioarchaeology: Interpreting
lifeways from the skeletal remains."
Cambridge University Press, 2015).
1.13 Paleoanthropology Paleoanthropology itself is a subfield
within anthropology focused on studying
human origins and evolution through
fossil and archaeological evidence
Understanding Human Ancestry:
Azerbaijan lies within a geographic region
considered significant for human
evolution, positioned between Europe and
Asia. Paleoanthropological research can
shed light on potential hominin migration
routes or even uncover new hominin sites
within Azerbaijan, contributing to our
understanding of early human dispersals.
(Source: [Rightmire, GP. "The evolution of
Homo erectus." Cambridge University
Press, 2008])

1.14 Historical Anthropology
it's a methodological approach that Preserving Cultural Heritage: Historical
applies anthropological theories and anthropology can contribute to the
methods to the study of past societies. preservation of Azerbaijan's cultural
heritage by documenting and interpreting
past traditions, customs, and belief
systems reflected in historical sources.
This knowledge can be used to foster
cultural pride and inform contemporary
cultural practices. (Source: Hodder, Ian.
Interpreting Archaeology: Finding
Meaning in the Past. Routledge, 2012)

1.15 Linguistic Anthropology Documenting Endangered Languages:

Azerbaijan has several minority
languages facing endangerment.
Linguistic anthropologists can document
these languages, including their grammar,
vocabulary, and usage patterns. This
creates a record for future generations

1.16 Educational Anthropology
and supports language revitalization
efforts. (Source: UNESCO Atlas of the
World's Languages in Danger:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf
0000192416)
Language and Social Change:
Azerbaijan has undergone significant
social changes in recent decades.
Linguistic anthropologists can examine
how these changes influence language
use and communication patterns within
Azerbaijani society. This can inform
language policies and educational
practices. (Source: [Gumperz, John J.
"Language and social identity."
Cambridge University Press, 2011]).
It's a distinct field that studies education Educational Equity for Minority Groups:
and learning processes through an Azerbaijan has a multilingual and
anthropological lens. multicultural population. Educational
anthropology can explore how to ensure
equitable access to quality education for
all, including minority ethnic groups. This
might involve studying the challenges
faced by minority language speakers in
Azerbaijani schools and developing
strategies for inclusive education.
(Source: [Tsui, Amy Bik-Yun. "Learning
for all: Culturally responsive pedagogy
and the education of second-language
learners." Cassell, 2007])
 Effectiveness of Educational
Interventions: As Azerbaijan implements
educational reforms, anthropological
research can assess the effectiveness of
these interventions from a cultural
perspective. This can help identify
potential shortcomings and ensure
reforms are sensitive to the existing
cultural context within schools and
communities. (Source: [Carnoy, Martin.
"Culture and educational policy in Afro-
Latin America." Teachers College Press).

History
(Study of Change)
2.1 Political History The study of political history has a long Understanding State Formation and
and rich history, evolving over time Nationalism: Azerbaijan's path to
alongside the development of the field of becoming an independent nation involved
history itself complex historical processes. Studying
political history sheds light on periods like
khanates, the Russian and Soviet eras,
and the struggle for independence. This
knowledge fosters a deeper
understanding of national identity and the
evolution of the Azerbaijani state.
(Source: [Britannica, Azerbaijan:
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Aze
rbaijan])

Analyzing Political Systems and

Transitions: Azerbaijan has undergone

2.2 Art History Ancient World and Middle Ages:
Appreciation and documentation of art
existed, but not as a systematic study.
Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle
discussed aesthetics and the purpose of
art.
Artworks were often valued for their
religious or cultural significance rather
than their historical context or artistic
merit.
21st Century and Beyond:
Digital technologies and globalization
continue to shape the study of art
history.
Increased focus on contemporary art,
audience reception, and the role of art in
the digital age.
significant political transformations
throughout its history. Examining past
political systems, like the Soviet one-party
state or the early years of independence,
allows for a critical evaluation of the
current political landscape. This
knowledge can inform ongoing debates
about democracy, governance, and
political reforms. (Source: [The Library of
Congress Country Studies - Azerbaijan:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/nes/cty/caj/c
ajhome.html]).
Understanding Cultural Identity: Art
history allows Azerbaijanis to trace the
evolution of their artistic traditions,
encompassing everything from prehistoric
cave paintings to Islamic calligraphy and
Soviet-era Socialist Realism. This
knowledge strengthens cultural identity
and fosters appreciation for the artistic
legacy of the Azerbaijani people. (Source:
[Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum:
https://en/)
Appreciating Contemporary Art:
Azerbaijan has a flourishing
contemporary art scene. Understanding
the historical context through art history
allows for a deeper appreciation of the
themes and techniques employed by
contemporary Azerbaijani artists. This can
foster dialogue about the role of art in
 society today.

2.3 Social History Social history, sometimes referred to as Understanding Everyday Life: Social
"history from below," is a field of history delves into the experiences of
historical study that emerged in the 19th ordinary people – their work, family
century and gained significant structures, social hierarchies, and cultural
prominence in the 20th century practices. This knowledge provides a
richer understanding of Azerbaijan's past
beyond the actions of elites or major
historical events.

2.4 Economic History Economic history explores the evolution Understanding Economic Development:
of economic systems and their impact By examining historical economic trends,
on societies throughout time Azerbaijan can gain insights into factors
that contributed to past periods of
economic growth or decline. This
knowledge can inform strategies for
sustainable economic development in the
present. (Source: [World Bank -
Azerbaijan Economic Overview:
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/aze
rbaijan/overview)

2.5 Diplomatic History Diplomatic history, as a dedicated field
of study, emerged in the 19th century
alongside the development of the
discipline of history itself
Strengthening Negotiations: Studying
historical diplomatic successes can
provide valuable lessons for future
negotiations, particularly regarding
ongoing territorial disputes like Nagorno-
Karabakh. Analyzing past diplomatic
strategies employed by Azerbaijani

2.6 Women’s and Feminist Women’s feminist history refers to the
History study and documentation of the
struggles, achievements, and ideologies
of women advocating for gender
equality, social, political, and economic
rights throughout history.
2.7 History of Science The History of Science delves into the
development of scientific knowledge and
practices throughout human history. It's
not just about memorizing dates and
discoveries; it's a broader exploration of
how humanity has come to understand
the natural world
2.8 Environmental History Environmental history examines the Understanding
leaders can strengthen their negotiating
skills in the present. (Source:
[International Crisis Group, Europe
Report #298 - Azerbaijan/Armenia:
Avoiding War, Narrowing the Peace Gap:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-
central-asia/caucasus/armenia])
Promoting Social Justice: Women's and
feminist history highlight the historical
experiences of women from diverse
backgrounds, including ethnic minorities
and rural populations. Understanding
these experiences can inform policies that
promote social inclusion and address the
specific needs of marginalized groups
within Azerbaijani society. (Source:
[World Bank - Women, Business and the
Law 2022 - Azerbaijan:
https://wbl.worldbank.org/)]
Appreciating Azerbaijan's Scientific
Legacy: Azerbaijan has a long history of
scientific contributions, from medieval
astronomers like Nasir al-Din al-Tusi to
mathematicians like Mahmud ibn
Muhammad al-Ghalaqi. Studying this
history fosters national pride and
highlights the intellectual achievements of
Azerbaijani scholars.
Human-Environment

2.9 Intellectual/Educational
History
2.10 Cultural History
dynamic relationship between humans Interactions: Environmental history
and the natural world over time. It examines how societies have interacted
transcends simply viewing nature as a with their environment over time. Studying
backdrop for human events. past practices like agriculture, resource
extraction, and land management can
inform present-day environmental policies
in Azerbaijan. (Source: [Ponting, Clive.
"A Green History of the World: The
Environment and the Collaborations of
Mankind." Penguin Books, 2007])
Adapting to Climate Change:
Environmental history can shed light on
how past societies have adapted to
environmental changes. Studying these
past adaptations can inform strategies for
mitigating the impacts of climate change
on Azerbaijan's environment and society.
(Source: World Bank - Climate Change
and Environmental Risks in Azerbaijan)
Intellectual History: Understanding National Identity: By
Focuses on major philosophical studying the ideas and works of
movements, scientific theories, literary Azerbaijani philosophers, scientists, and
currents, and religious thought. writers, Azerbaijan can gain a deeper
Examines the development and understanding of its intellectual heritage
evolution of educational systems, and its contribution to broader intellectual
theories, and practices throughout movements. This fosters national pride
history. and strengthens cultural identity.
Cultural history delves into the everyday Understanding National Identity: Cultural
lives, beliefs, and practices of people history delves into the everyday lives,
 throughout history, offering a rich
tapestry of how societies have
functioned beyond the traditional focus
on political leaders and major events.
Political Science
(The State)
3.1 Domestic Politics It encompasses the processes by which
decisions are made and implemented,
as well as the different actors involved,
such as political parties, interest groups,
and voters.
3.2 Comparative Politics It utilizes the comparative method to
analyze similarities and differences in
political institutions, political behavior,
and political outcomes.
traditions, and customs of Azerbaijani
people throughout history. Examining
these aspects fosters a deeper
appreciation for the nation's unique
cultural heritage and strengthens national
identity. (Source: [Azerbaijan National
Carpet Museum:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_C
arpet_Museum
Azerbaijan's domestic politics are
significant for several reasons. The
country operates under an authoritarian
system with limited political freedoms and
a concentration of power in the hands of
President Ilham Aliyev and his family
[Freedom House, Azerbaijan: Freedom in
the World 2022 Country Report]. This lack
of democratic participation can hinder
Azerbaijan's economic development and
foreign relations.
Azerbaijan could learn from democracies
in the region about promoting political
participation and economic growth.
Conversely, studying authoritarian
regimes elsewhere could provide
cautionary tales about the pitfalls of
limited political freedoms
3.3 Public Administration It examines how government agencies Improved service delivery: Efficient public
operate, how civil servants are hired and administration ensures that citizens have
managed, and how public services are access to essential services like
delivered. education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

3.4 Public Policy It encompasses the entire decision- Economic development: Public policy
making process, from identifying steers resource allocation, infrastructure
problems to formulating solutions and development, and industrial strategies,
evaluating their effectiveness impacting economic growth and
diversification.

3.5 Political Dynamics It examines how these elements interact Concentration of Power: Azerbaijan's
to create political processes, outcomes, authoritarian system, with power
and change. concentrated in the Aliyev family and
limited opposition, shapes decision-
making processes and restricts political
participation [Freedom House,
Azerbaijan: Freedom in the World 2022
Country Report].

3.6 Public Law It establishes the framework for how Rule of Law: A robust public law system
governmental power is exercised, establishes a framework for exercising
ensuring it's done lawfully and fairly. governmental power lawfully and fairly,
which is vital in Azerbaijan's context of
transitioning from an authoritarian regime
[Freedom House, Azerbaijan: Freedom in
the World 2022 Country Report].

3.7 Political Theory It examines core concepts like power, Analytical Tool: Political theory provides
justice, liberty, and rights. concepts and frameworks to analyze
Azerbaijan's authoritarian system,
including its legitimacy, distribution of
power, and limitations on individual

3.8 International Relations
3.9 Political Parties and
Pressure Groups
3.10 Public Opinion and Mass
Media
freedoms [Freedom House, Azerbaijan:
Freedom in the World 2022 Country
Report].
It examines the political, economic, Security: Azerbaijan's location between
security, and legal dimensions of these regional powers like Russia, Iran, and
interactions Turkey necessitates careful navigation to
ensure security [IAI Istituto Affari
Internazionali, Azerbaijan's Foreign
Policy: Between East and West].
International relations play a key role in
securing Azerbaijan's borders and
fostering regional stability.
Political Parties: Political Parties:
Formal Organizations: Political parties Limited Role: Azerbaijan's one-party
are structured organizations with a dominant system, led by the New
defined membership and hierarchy. Azerbaijan Party (YAP), restricts the role
of opposition parties. The YAP's
Pressure Groups: dominance limits competition and
Interest-Based Groups: Pressure groups alternative viewpoints in policymaking.
are typically single-issue oriented, Pressure Groups:
representing a specific interest or cause. Constrained Environment: Pressure
groups also face limitations due to
restrictions on freedom of assembly and
association. Government pressure can
limit their ability to mobilize and advocate
for their interests
Public Opinion: Public Opinion:
Collective Beliefs: Public opinion refers Limited Influence: Due to restricted
to the collective beliefs, attitudes, and freedom of expression and limited access
preferences of a society on political and to independent media, public opinion has

3.11 Education Institutions
social issues.
Mass Media:
Communication Channels: Mass media
encompasses communication channels
that reach large audiences, such as
newspapers, television, radio, and social
media.
Educational institutions aren't directly
studied as a subfield within political
science. However, political science
examines how they influence and are
shaped by political systems.
a weaker influence on government policy
compared to democracies.
Potential for Change: Public opinion can
still influence government decisions,
particularly on social and economic
issues. Discontent can erupt into protests,
prompting the government to address
public concerns to some extent.
Mass Media:
Government Control: The government
exerts significant control over mass
media, shaping public opinion by
influencing the information available to
citizens.
Limited Access to Diverse Viewpoints:
Restricted media freedom limits public
exposure to diverse viewpoints and
critical perspectives on government
policies.
Human Capital Development: Education
is essential for building a skilled workforce
that can drive economic growth and
diversification, a key goal for Azerbaijan
as it moves away from its reliance on oil
[The World Bank, Azerbaijan Overview].
Political Stability: Educational

3.12 Political Philosophy
3.13 Local Politics and Local
Government Administration
3.14 National and Local E-
Governance
Political philosophy is a subfield of
political science that examines the
fundamental questions about political
life.
Local politics and local government
administration, through the lens of
political science, are intertwined
concepts that deal with the decision-
making processes and institutions at the
most granular level of governance
National E-Governance:
Leveraging Technology: It refers to the
utilization of information and
institutions can promote political stability
by fostering civic engagement, tolerance,
and critical thinking skills. This is
especially important in a country
transitioning from an authoritarian system
[OSCE Academy in Bishkek, The Role of
Education in Promoting Tolerance and
Non-Discrimination in Azerbaijan].
Analytical Tool: Political philosophy
equips us with concepts and frameworks
to analyze Azerbaijan's authoritarian
system. This analysis can delve into its
legitimacy, distribution of power, and
limitations on individual freedoms
[Freedom House, Azerbaijan: Freedom in
the World 2022 Country Report].
Addressing Local Needs: Local
governments are well-positioned to
address the specific needs and
challenges faced by their communities.
They can tailor policies and allocate
resources for issues like sanitation,
infrastructure maintenance, and local
economic development.
Enhanced Service Delivery: E-
governance initiatives can streamline
bureaucratic processes, allowing citizens
to access government services (e.g.,
 communication technologies (ICTs) by
national governments to enhance the
delivery of public services, improve
citizen engagement, and streamline
government operations.
Local E-Governance:
renewing IDs, paying taxes) online,
saving time and reducing hassle [United
Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(UNESCAP), E-Government Survey
2019: Azerbaijan].

Local Focus: Local e-governance refers

to the application of ICTs by local
governments (municipalities, counties)
to improve service delivery at the local
level.

Archeology
(Prehistory and Excavations)

4.1 4.1. Historical Archaeology In Azerbaijan's case, this would be Unearthing Azerbaijan's Past: Studies
anything after the introduction of writing material remains from historically
systems around 3rd millennium BC. documented periods, shedding light on
Excavation methods for historical sites empires, settlements, and everyday life
may involve trenching, strategic removal across various eras in Azerbaijan's
of soil layers, and careful documentation history. Excavations of historical sites like
of artifacts and architectural features. the walled city of Baku and the ancient
Albanian settlements contribute
significantly to understanding the
country's development. (Citation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_
of_Azerbaijan

4.2. Bioarcheology Analyzes human remains and Insights into Ancient Lifestyles: Analyzes
associated materials to understand past human skeletal remains and associated
populations' health, diet, and lifestyles. materials to understand health, diet, and
 Applicable to both prehistoric and
historic contexts. Excavation techniques
will depend on the site and may involve
careful recovery of skeletal remains and
associated artifacts.
subsistence patterns of past populations
in Azerbaijan. This can reveal information
about diseases, migration patterns, and
environmental adaptations.

4.3Aviation Archaeology Focuses on crashed aircraft and related Primarily focuses on crashed aircraft and
artifacts. Not directly applicable to related artifacts. While Azerbaijan has an
prehistory or traditional archaeological aviation history, this subfield is likely less
excavation relevant compared to others.

4.4 Forensic Science Primarily used in criminal investigations, Supporting Archaeological Investigations:
but can be supplementary to Forensic techniques like radiocarbon
archaeology, especially for dating and dating and DNA analysis can be used to
analyzing human remains from historical date archaeological finds and potentially
burials. identify human remains in burials, aiding
historical understanding in Azerbaijan

4.5 Medieval Archaeology Focuses on the period between roughly
5th and 15th centuries AD. While some
overlap with prehistory might exist in
regions where writing emerged later, it
generally deals with historical eras in
Azerbaijan.
.Understanding the Middle Ages: Focuses
on the period roughly between the 5th
and 15th centuries AD. Azerbaijan
witnessed significant developments
during this time, including the rise of
Islamic empires and the flourishing of
trade along the Silk Road. Archaeological
investigations can reveal details about
urban planning, trade networks, and
cultural exchange.

4.6 Digital Archaeology Utilizes digital technologies for data Preserving and Analyzing Archaeological
recording, analysis, and visualization. Data: Utilizes digital technologies like 3D
Applicable to both prehistoric and modeling and Geographic Information
 historic sites. It supports analysis of Systems (GIS) to record, analyze, and
excavated materials. visualize archaeological data. This allows
for better preservation of findings,
facilitates data sharing, and provides new
insights into past societies in Azerbaijan.

4.7 Experimental Archaeology
Attempts to replicate and understand
past technologies through
experimentation. Applicable to both
prehistoric and historic contexts. Doesn't
involve excavation directly but can
inform interpretations of excavated
artifacts.
Reconstructing Ancient Technologies:
Attempts to replicate tools, crafts, and
technologies used by past societies
through experimentation. This can
provide insights into how people lived and
worked in Azerbaijan and validate
interpretations of archaeological finds.

4.8. Commercial Archaeology Often associated with for-profit Often associated with for-profit
development projects. May involve development projects, this may not be a
excavation, but the primary focus is not major focus in Azerbaijan's cultural
necessarily on prehistory or academic heritage management
research.

4.9 Underwater Archaeology
Studies submerged cultural remains. Caspian Sea Exploration: Studies
While potentially applicable to submerged settlements, shipwrecks, and
submerged prehistoric settlements in the other cultural remains underwater. The
Caspian Sea, most relevant sites in Caspian Sea borders Azerbaijan, and
Azerbaijan likely belong to historical potential for underwater archaeological
periods. Requires specialized discoveries exists.
excavation techniques for underwater
environments.

4.10 Ethnoarchaeology Studies present-day cultures to Studies present-day cultures to

understand past societies. Doesn't understand past societies. This could be
directly involve prehistory or excavation relevant for studying certain aspects of
but can inform interpretations of traditional crafts or nomadic lifestyles in
 archaeological finds, particularly related Azerbaijan, but its overall significance
to material culture and traditional might be less compared to other
practices subfields.

Types of Philosophy
5.1.1. Idealism The belief that ideas and consciousness Idealism emphasizes the primacy of ideas
are fundamental, and the material world and consciousness over the material
is secondary or dependent on the mind. world. This can be seen in Azerbaijan's
rich artistic traditions and cultural
heritage, where ideas and expressions of
beauty hold value. (Citation:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/trave
l/destination/azerbaijan)

5.2.2. Realism The belief that the material world exists Realism emphasizes the material world
independently of our minds and and objective reality. This can be relevant
perceptions in understanding Azerbaijan's geopolitical
considerations and its focus on economic
development to improve the lives of its
citizens.

5.2.3. Logic The study of reasoning and Logic provides tools for clear and
argumentation, providing tools for clear reasoned thinking. It can be indirectly
and valid thinking. significant in various aspects of
Azerbaijani society, from legal systems to
educational institutions that emphasize
critical thinking skills.

5.4.5. Ethics Examines concepts of right and wrong, Ethics examines concepts of right and
good and bad, morality, justice, and how wrong, morality, and justice. This is
to live a good life crucial for any society, and Azerbaijan is
no exception. Ethical considerations
 influence government policies, social
norms, and individual behavior. (Citation:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaij
an/freedom-world/2022)

5.4.6. Metaphysics
Investigates the nature of reality, Metaphysics delves into the nature of
existence, first principles, and the reality, existence, and first principles.
fundamental questions of being. While not directly applicable to governing
a state, it can influence philosophical and
religious thought in Azerbaijan.

5.4.7. Cosmology
Studies the origin, structure,
evolution of the universe.
and Cosmology studies the origin and
structure of the universe. Similar to
metaphysics, it has less direct relevance
to governance but can be part of
Azerbaijan's intellectual discourse.

5.4.9. Theology Explores the nature of God or gods, Theology explores the nature of God or
religious beliefs, and their implications gods and religious beliefs. Azerbaijan has
for human life a predominantly Muslim population, and
theology plays a role in shaping societal
values and cultural practices.

5.4.10. Aesthetics
Examines beauty, art, and artistic
expression, exploring the nature of
beauty and its impact on human
experience.
Aesthetics examines beauty, art, and
artistic expression. This is significant for
understanding Azerbaijan's rich cultural
heritage, including music, poetry, and
visual arts. (Citation:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/trave
l/destination/azerbaijan)

5.2.1. Speculative Philosophy Concerned with the search for The search for order and connections in

5.2.2. Perspective Philosophy
5.2.3. Occidental Philosophy
5.2.4. Continental Philosophy
5.2.5. Analytical Philosophy
underlying order and relationships in ideas is crucial for a developing nation
ideas. like Azerbaijan. This approach can be
seen in efforts to modernize the economy
and society while preserving cultural
traditions. (Citation: The World Bank:
"Azerbaijan Economic Diversification
Report")
Focuses on the viewpoints and ideas of Understanding the ideas and opinions of
individual thinkers influential thinkers can shed light on
different schools of thought within
Azerbaijan. This can include historical
figures, religious scholars, or
contemporary intellectuals who debate
the country's future.
Traditionally emphasizes understanding The emphasis on cause-and-effect
the causes and effects of phenomena. relationships can be relevant to
Azerbaijan's focus on economic
development strategies and evaluating
policies based on their outcomes.
Explores the historical connections and The focus on historical connections of
development of philosophical ideas. ideas might be less directly applicable to
daily governance in Azerbaijan, but it can
influence intellectual discourse and
debates about the country's identity and
historical trajectory.
Emphasizes the logical analysis of The emphasis on the process of
language and concepts in philosophical analyzing historical discourse can be
 inquiry. valuable for critically examining
Azerbaijan's past and present, fostering a
culture of open inquiry.

5.2.6. Pure Philosophy
Relies on thought experiments and Thought experiments, while not directly
theoretical reasoning rather than shaping policy, can contribute to
empirical evidence intellectual discussions and exploring
hypothetical solutions to problems faced
by Azerbaijan.

5.2.7. Practical Application of
Ideas
Applies philosophical ideas to address Ultimately, the value of philosophy lies in
real-world problems and guide human its practical application to real-world
conduct. problems. Azerbaijan can benefit from
using philosophical reasoning to address
social, political, and economic challenges
effectively.

6.1 Educational Pyschology Optimizes teaching methods, Plays a crucial role in improving teaching
understanding student learning styles, methods, understanding student learning
and fostering effective learning styles, and promoting effective learning
environments environments. It can help educators in
Azerbaijan.

6.2 Behavioral Psychology Helps understand and modify student Can be applied to understand and modify
behavior in classrooms to promote student behavior in classrooms. By
positive learning understanding the principles of
reinforcement and punishment, educators
can:
- Promote positive learning
behaviors.
- Manage disruptive behavior
effectively.
 - Motivate students through positive
reinforcement strategies.
Source:
(https://wcu.edu.az/en/faculties/psycholog
y)

6.3 Neuropsychology Informs educational practices by Can inform educational practices by

explaining the brain's role in learning providing insights into the brain's role in
and memory learning and memory. This knowledge
can help educators in Azerbaijan:

Design learning materials that cater to

different brain functions.
Develop strategies to improve student
memory and retention.
Identify students with potential learning
difficulties related to brain functioning.

6.4 Abnormal Psychology Equips educators to identify and support Can equip educators to identify and
students with mental health challenges support students with mental health
challenges. By understanding abnormal
psychology, educators can:

6.5 Evolutionary Psychology Offers insights into natural learning Can offer insights into the natural human
processes to design effective capacity for learning and development.
educational programs This knowledge can help educators in
Azerbaijan:
- Design educational programs that
align with natural learning
processes.
- Understand the motivational
factors that drive student learning.

6.6 Cross-Cultural Psychology
6.7 Humanism/Humanistic
Psychology
6.8 Anomalist Psychology
- Develop strategies to promote
critical thinking and problem-
solving skills.
Particularly important in Azerbaijan's Is particularly important in Azerbaijan's
diverse society, it helps educators diverse society. It helps educators:
understand cultural influences on Understand the influence of culture on
learning (Source: UNESCO learning styles and expectations.
Develop culturally sensitive teaching
methods.
Promote intercultural understanding and
tolerance among students.
Source:
(https://unesdoc.unesco.org/notice?
id=f270e7bc-ad39-4721-ab6e-
0fd7cd3501cb
Emphasizes student potential and well- Emphasizes the importance of individual
being, fostering a student-centered student potential and well-being. This
learning environment approach can help educators in
Azerbaijan:
- Foster a student-centered learning
environment.
- Encourage creativity and self-
expression in students.
- Promote the holistic development
of students (intellectual, emotional,
and social).
Focused on studying and explaining Though less directly applicable to
unusual/anomalous experiences, education, it can help educators
 events, & behaviors, such as psychic understand unusual experiences or
phenomena or extraordinary beliefs. behaviors students might exhibit.

6.9 Health Psychology A branch of psychology that focuses on Can contribute to promoting healthy
how psychological factors influence lifestyles and behaviors among students.
health, illness, and healthcare This includes:
behaviors. - Encouraging healthy eating habits
and physical activity.
- Teaching stress management
techniques.
- Raising awareness of mental
health issues

6.10 Social Psychology Scientific study of how individuals think,
feel, and behave in social situations,
examining factors such as social
influence, perception, attitudes, and
group dynamics.
Provides insights into group dynamics
and social interactions in the classroom. It
can help educators in Azerbaijan:
Manage group dynamics effectively.
Promote positive social interactions and
collaboration among students.
Foster a sense of community within the
classroom.

6.11 Sport Pyshcology Enhances athletic performance by Can enhance athletic performance for
improving focus, managing competition Azerbaijan's growing number of athletes
anxiety, and building team cohesion by:
- Improving mental focus and
concentration.
- Developing coping mechanisms for
competition anxiety.
 - Building team cohesion and
motivation.

6.12 Community Psychology Addresses social issues and promotes Can address social issues and promote
well-being in communities by developing well-being in Azerbaijani communities by:
mental health programs and - Developing community-based
empowering communities programs to address mental health
concerns.
- Empowering communities to
identify and solve their own
problems.
- Enhancing social support networks.
Source:
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
338019607_Community_psychology)

6.13 Biopsychology Contributes to understanding the Contributes to understanding the

biological bases of behavior, potentially biological bases of behavior in
informing mental health treatments Azerbaijanis, potentially informing:

Treatments for mental health disorders.

The link between brain function and
learning.

6.14 Psychodynamic While not as prominent in modern

Perspective psychology, it can provide some insights
into unconscious motivations in
Azerbaijani individuals.

6.15 Applied Behavior Analysis Useful tool for behavior modification in Can be a useful tool for behavior
(ABA)
6.16 Counseling Psychology
6.17 Personality Psychology
6.18 Behavioral Neuroscience
special needs education and behavioral modification in various settings, including:
management
Special needs education programs.
Behavioral management interventions.
Source:
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
378933149_Deep_Structure_of_Azerbaija
n_and_Its_Relationship_with_Hydrocarbo
n_Reserves
mental health concerns like anxiety, Can address a wide range of mental
depression, and relationship issues health concerns in Azerbaijan, including:
- Anxiety and depression.
- Relationship issues.
- Career counseling.
Source: The need for mental health
professionals is growing in Azerbaijan,
and counseling psychology can play a
vital role.
Helps understand individual differences Can help understand individual
for applications in employee selection differences and potential in Azerbaijanis,
and educational guidance with applications in:
- Employee selection and training.
- Educational guidance.
Similar to biopsychology, it explores the
 neural underpinnings of behavior,
potentially informing areas like:
- Addiction treatment.
- Neurological disorders.

6.19 Environmental Psychology Improves well-being by designing Can be applied to improve the well-being
buildings that promote mental health of Azerbaijanis by:
and understanding environmental - Designing buildings and
factors workplaces that promote mental
health.
- Understanding the impact of
environmental factors on behavior.

6.20 Military Psychology
Benefits armed forces by enhancing Can benefit Azerbaijan's armed forces by:
soldier well-being, optimizing training, - Enhancing soldier well-being and
and supporting veterans with PTSD resilience.
- Optimizing training methods.
- Providing support for veterans with
PTSD.

6.21 Animal Psychology
Provides general insights into animal While the field primarily focuses on non-
behavior, potentially relevant to animal- human animals, it can provide some
assisted therapy and conservation general insights into animal behavior in
Azerbaijan, potentially relevant to areas
like:
- Animal-assisted therapy.
- Animal conservation efforts.

6.22 Behaviorism Lays the historical foundation for Though a founding school of psychology,
psychology and can contribute to its focus on observable behaviors might
understanding basic learning processes. be less prominent in contemporary
Azerbaijan. However, it can still contribute

7.1 Theoretical Sociology
7.2 Historical Sociology
7.3 Educational
Sociology/Sociology of
Knowledge
7.4 Sociology of Criminology
7.5 Sociology of Law
7.6 Sociology of Religion
7.7 Sociology of the Economy
to understanding basic learning
processes.
Sociology
Provides frameworks for understanding Provides theoretical frameworks to
Azerbaijani society, family structures, analyze Azerbaijani society, family
social change, etc structures, social change, and social
movements
Examines how Azerbaijan's society Examines how Azerbaijan's society
developed over time, analyzing past developed over time, offering insights into
events' impact on the present how past events influence the present
Explores how education shapes society Explores how education shapes
in Azerbaijan, including social Azerbaijani society, including social
reproduction and knowledge reproduction, knowledge transmission,
transmission and educational inequalities
Analyzes crime rates, causes of crime, Analyzes crime rates, causes of crime,
and criminal justice in Azerbaijan and the criminal justice system, aiding in
developing preventive strategies
Studies the role of law in Azerbaijani Studies the role of law in Azerbaijani
society, focusing on legal institutions society, focusing on legal institutions and
and their impact their impact on social order
Examines the role of religion in Examines the role of religion in
Azerbaijan, including religious Azerbaijan, including religious institutions,
institutions, beliefs, and practices beliefs, and practices, contributing to
intercultural understanding.
Analyzes economic structures, social Analyzes economic structures, social

7.8 Urban Sociology
7.9 Rural Sociology
7.10 Political Sociology
7.11 Industrial Sociology
7.12 / 7.13 Sociology of Family
8.1 Animal Geography
stratification, and social mobility in stratification, and social mobility, providing
Azerbaijan's economy insights into social inequalities and
economic development.
Studies the growth, characteristics, and Studies the growth, characteristics, and
social issues of urban centers in social issues of urban centers like Baku,
Azerbaijan, like Baku informing urban planning and addressing
social problems in cities.
Examines the social structures, Examines social structures, challenges,
challenges, and changes in Azerbaijan's and changes in rural areas, contributing
rural areas to rural development and supporting
agricultural communities.
Analyzes the power structure, political Analyzes the power structure, political
institutions, and social movements in institutions, and social movements,
Azerbaijan offering a deeper understanding of power
dynamics and political participation
Studies the impact of industries on Studies the impact of industries on
Azerbaijani society, including labor Azerbaijani society, including labor
relations and workplace dynamics relations and workplace dynamics
Investigates family structures, dynamics, Investigates family structures, dynamics,
and their transformations in Azerbaijani and their transformations, providing
society insights into social change and family
well-being.
Geography
Explores the relationships between wild Explores the distribution, interactions, and
and domestic animals, livestock grazing, conservation of wild and domestic
and conservation efforts in Azerbaijan's animals in Azerbaijan, informing wildlife
diverse landscapes. management and sustainable practices
8.1.2 Sexuality and Space Examines how LGBTQ+ communities Examines how LGBTQ+ communities
navigate physical and social spaces in navigate physical and social spaces in
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan, highlighting potential social
inequalities and promoting inclusivity.

8.1.3 Cultural Geography Studies the distribution of cultural traits, Studies the distribution of cultural traits,
ethnicities, and languages across ethnicities, languages, and religions
Azerbaijan, fostering intercultural across Azerbaijan, fostering intercultural
understanding understanding and social cohesion

8.1.4 Language Geography Analyzes the distribution and variations Analyzes the distribution and variations of
of languages spoken in Azerbaijan, languages spoken in Azerbaijan,
including Azerbaijani dialects and including Azerbaijani dialects and minority
minority languages languages, contributing to cultural
heritage preservation.

8.1.5 Religion Geography Examines the spatial distribution of Examines the spatial distribution of
religious beliefs and practices in religious beliefs and practices in
Azerbaijan, contributing to religious Azerbaijan, aiding in religious tolerance
tolerance and understanding. and understanding cultural diversity.

8.1.6 . Economic Geography Analyzes the spatial distribution of Analyzes the spatial distribution of
economic activities, resources, and economic activities, resources, and
development patterns in Azerbaijan. development patterns in Azerbaijan,
informing economic development
strategies that consider regional
disparities.

8.1.7 Marketing/Trade Studies trade routes, consumer Studies trade routes, consumer behavior,
Geography behavior, and location factors affecting and location factors affecting businesses
businesses in Azerbaijan in Azerbaijan, influencing marketing
strategies and economic development.

6.1.8 Time Geography Analyzes how time constraints and Examines how time constraints and

8.1.9 Health Geography
8.1.10 Political Geography
8.1.11 Tourism Geography
8.1.12 Development Geography
8.1.13 Transportation
Geography
8.1.14 Historical Geography
accessibility to resources affect people's accessibility to resources affect people's
activities and well-being in Azerbaijan. activities and well-being in Azerbaijan.
This emerging field can inform urban
planning to optimize time use
Studies the spatial distribution of health Studies the spatial distribution of health
outcomes, healthcare access, and outcomes, healthcare access, and
environmental health risks in Azerbaijan. environmental health risks in Azerbaijan,
informing public health policies to address
regional disparities.
Analyzes the impact of borders, Analyzes the impact of borders,
territories, and geopolitical power territories, and geopolitical power
dynamics on Azerbaijan's international dynamics on Azerbaijan's international
relations relations, informing foreign policy
decisions.
Studies tourism destinations, tourist Studies tourism destinations, tourist flows,
flows, and the impact of tourism on and the impact of tourism on Azerbaijan's
Azerbaijan's economy and culture economy and culture, guiding sustainable
tourism development
Examines regional disparities, poverty Examines regional disparities, poverty
reduction strategies, and sustainable reduction strategies, and sustainable
development practices in Azerbaijan. development practices in Azerbaijan,
informing policies to bridge development
gaps.
Analyzes transportation networks, Analyzes transportation networks,
accessibility, and logistics in Azerbaijan, accessibility, and logistics in Azerbaijan,
influencing economic development and influencing economic development, social
social mobility mobility, and regional integration.
Studies how geographic factors shaped Studies how geographic factors shaped

8.1.16 Population Geography
8.1.17 History Geography
8.1.19 Regional Development
Geography
8.1.20 Agricultural Geography
historical events and population historical events, population distribution,
distribution in Azerbaijan's past. and migration patterns in Azerbaijan's
past, providing context for the present
Analyzes population distribution, Analyzes population distribution,
migration patterns, and demographic migration patterns, and demographic
changes in Azerbaijan. changes in Azerbaijan, informing social
policies, urban planning, and resource
allocation.
Studies how geographic factors shaped Focuses on the economic, social, and
historical events and population environmental development of specific
distribution in Azerbaijan's past. regions within Azerbaijan, addressing
regional inequalities.
Overlaps with health geography, Overlaps with health geography, focusing
focusing on the spatial aspects of on the spatial aspects of healthcare
healthcare delivery and disease delivery and disease outbreaks, informing
outbreaks. public health planning.
Studies the spatial distribution of Examining Factors Affecting Productivity:
agricultural activities, land use patterns, Investigates the influence of climate, soil
and challenges faced by Azerbaijani quality, water availability, and irrigation
farmers. systems on agricultural productivity. This
knowledge informs strategies to improve
yields, adapt to climate change, and
ensure.